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    allen class8th advance batch

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    allen class8th advance batch

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    19 views8 pages

    Adv8 Thrust and Pressure

    Uploaded by

    Soham
    allen class8th advance batch

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    eee _© Pressure is a scalar quantity. Ahvays remember itis the component of the force normal (perpendicular) to | the area under consideration for calculating pressure not the force vector. ‘© ‘Sl unit of pressure is N/m? or N m*. In honour of scientist Blaise Pascal, the SI unit of pressure is called Pascal, denoted as Pa.1 Pa = 1 N/m? ‘© A.common unit of pressure is the atmosphere (atm), i. the pressure exerted by the atmosphere at sea level, 1 atm = 1.013 x 10% Pa Another unit of pressure is bar, 1 Bar = 10° Pa © Fora given force, pressure is inversely proportional to the area. Thus, the same force acting on a smaller area exerts a larger pressure, and a smaller pressure on a larger area. ‘© Some common examples related to pressure : » You cannot cut vegetables with a bint knife. But, if you use a sharp knife, itis quite easy to cut the vegetables. This is because the area of sharp edge of the knife is quite small and thus, pressure is large enough to cut the vegetables. » Nail has a pointed tip because the area of the pointed tip of the nail is very small due to which a large Pressure is created at a surface that is sufficient to insert it into that surface. > The straps of shoulder bags are made wide (broad). This is because the wide straps have larger area so that the pressure exerted on the shoulder becomes quite small. Thus, it becomes quite comfortable to ‘carry such shoulder bags. > Porters (coolies) place on their heads a round piece of cloth, when they have to carry heawy load. By this they increase the area of contact of the load with their head. So, the pressure on their head is reduced and they find it easier to carry the load. > Buildings have wide foundations so that they exert less pressure on the earth. = Pressure in fluids : A fluid is any substance that has no definite shape and has the ability to flow. Allliquids and gases are fluids. © Fluids can exert pressure on the base and walls of the containe © Pascal’s law : The French scientist Blaise Pascal obse all points if they are at the same height’. which they are enclosed. pressure in a fluid at rest is the same at © Fluid pressure acts in all directions, not just the direction of the applied force. When you inflate a car tyre, you are increasing the pressure in the tyre. This force acts up, down, and sideways in al directions inside the tyre, © The fluid pressure at any point on the object is perpendi © ‘Pressure applied to any part of an enclosed fluid at portion of fluid and the walls of the containing vessel property is used in hydraulic press, hydraulic lift, hydraul r to the surface of the object at that point. ted in all directions equally to every statement of Pascal's law and this s, trucks. LA lift ‘The pressure is the same on both sides of the enclosed fluid, allowing a small force to lft a heavy object. 13 F Gass Vill A Pressure, P= FL = FE oy Fy (a Since, Az >> Aj, * _sodeos\s0ss 2C\cuSE\RA Vv one\Fpna\ Tau ond on EK lr me eeaneeene 4ee &@ 6 4G E SS GE EC @ 2 Fa>>F,. ‘of a substance : The density p, of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. ‘Where m is the mass of a sample of the substance and V sits volume. Density is a characteristic property of a solid or a liquid. This means for a given solid (or liquid), its density remains constant whatever be its size or mass. © Density of a gas is not a constant, itis variable. It depends on temperature, pressure and volume. © SL. unit of density is kg/m3 Yor kg mr’, its ¢.g.s, unit is g/cm? or g cm, The density of water is 1000 kg m* or 1.g cm, © Density of a material depends on (i) mass of ; Particles, such as atoms or molecules, that make up the material. The more mass these particles h ‘ave, the greater the density of the material. (ji) Distance between particles, the greater the distance = between the atoms or molecules, the smaller the density. © Relative density (R.D) : The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of water. It is also called ‘specific gravity’, |R.D = &. Pw © The relative density of aluminium is 2.7. Its density is 2.7 g em or 2.7 «10° kg m°. © Mercury is the liquid with highest density (13.6 x 10° kg mr) ae Variation of pressure with depth : The fluid pressure depends only oon the height of the column of fluid above the surface where you measure the pressure. It does not depend on the area of the surface in contact or the shape of the liquid column. The greater the height of the column of fluid above a surface, the greater the pressure exerted by the fud on the surface. © If, is the pressure on the surface of liquid (see fig.) and P, is the ee osee Pressure at a point within the liquid at a depth h, then, their pressure difference (P, ~P,) is given by, AP =P,-P,=pgh =] = Atmospheric Pressure : The envelope HY] fom of air surrounding the Earth is known eee as the atmosphere. © The atmosphere at Earth’s surface is only about 1/1000 times as dense as water. But, the atmospheric air extends up to many kilometres above Ee i 3 the surface of the earth whichis large Pressure depends only on the height of the fluid above a surface, not on the shape of the vessel. Pressure at the bottom of each dl er. el taaaed © section of the vessel due to fluid is same (called hydrostatic paradox), objects at Earth's surface. . The pressure exerted by the air present in the atmosphere is known as atmospheric pressure > Atmospheric pressure on our body isa result of the weight of the atmosphere exerting force on our body Atmospheric pressure is approximately 10° N/m? at sea level > Suppose the area of your head is 10 cm x 10 cm which is equal to 0.01 m?, Therefore, the weight (force) of air on your head is, 10° N/m? x 0.01 m? = 1000 N © You don't feel the atmospheric pressure because there is an equal, internal pressure pushing out from the inside of your body. This internal pressure balances the extemal pressure exerted on you by the atmosphere. @ As you go higher in the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure decreases. This is because the height of the column of air above you decreases. Atmospheric pressure decreases with the increase in altitude. Tnereasing pressure 14 Vey OOFTTEELISI AAG SO eee © Absolute pressure : When pressure is measured above zero Pascal (absolute zero or complete vacuum), it is called absolute Pressure (see adjoining figure). © Gauge pressure : When the pressure is measured above the atmospheric pressure, it is called gauge pressure. > All pressure gauges read zero when open to atmosphere. They read the pressure difference between fluid pressure and the atmospheric pressure. It is measured by a ‘pressure gauge’. @ Vacuum pressure : It is the pressure of a fluid below the atmospheric pressure. Its vahe i the amount by which itis below that of the °°" A= caine prntres Be atmospheric pressure. It is measured by a ‘vacuum gauge’. AC = Vacuum pressure = P, © Absolute pressure at Bis OB = OA + AB =P, +P. OA = Atmospheric pressure = Absolute pressure at Cis OC = OC- AC = P,-P,” Mercury barometer : It is an instrument used io find the atmospheric pressure at any place. It consists of an evacuated glass tube put in a reservoir of mercury. Atmospheric pressure pushes mercury up in the tube. The mercury reaches a height where the pressure at the bottom of the column of mercury balances the pressure of the atmosphere. Using formula, P= p gh or h =P/pg, we can find the height of mercury column in the glass tube, which is, 760 mm of Hg = 76 cm of H © Mercury is used in barometer because its density i mercury column will be low(h <1/) © If we use water in the barometer, then height of water will be 10.33 meter which is impractical © Another unit of pressure is ‘Torr’. 1 torr = 1 mm of Hg ©. Blood pressure in human body is also measured in ‘mm of Hg’. Pressure of flowing blood in major arteries is approx. 120 mm of Hg, when heart is contracted to its smallest size (systolic pressur the heart expands to its largest size, the pressure is about 80 mm of Hg (diastolic latm thus, height of pressure) © Aneroid barometer is used to measure the pressure inside a fluid. Buoyancy : The tendency for an immersed body to be lifted up in a fluid, due to an upward force that acts opposite to the action of gra is called Mercury barometer buovancy. © The buoyant force : on any object immersed partly or wholly in the fluid. © Cause of the buoyant force : The buoyant force is caused by the pressure that is exerted by a fluid on an object in the fluid. See figure that shows a cube shaped object submerged in a glass of water. The water exerts pressure everywhere over the surface of the object. The direction of the pressure on a surface is always perpendicular to the surface. Also, the pressure exerted by a fluid increases as you go deeper into the fluid, In the figure shown, the bottom of the cube is deeper in the water. Therefore, the pressure that is exerted by the water at the bottom of the cube is greater than it is at the top of the cube. The higher pressure near the bottom means that the water exerts a net upward force on the cube. This net upward force is the buoyant force. i fe A buoyant force acts on all objects that are placed in a fluid, whether they are floating oF sinking. at is exerted by a fluid is an upward ‘Cause of buoyancy 15 Class VIII 2 rr = Archimedes’ principle : When a body is immersed in a fluid either wholly or partially, itis lifted up by which is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the body. © Because of an upward force acting on a body immersed in a fluid, either wholly or partially, apparent loss in weight of the body. The net weight of an object immersed in a ‘apparent weight’. © Archimedes’ principle has many applications. It is used in designing ships and submarines. Lactomet which are used to determine the purity of a sample of milk and hydrometers used for determining density of liquids, are based on this principle. @ Sinking and floating : The buoyant force pushes an object in a fluid upward, but gravity pulls the object downward. > If the weight of the object is greater than the buoyant force, the net force on the object is downward and it sinks. > If the buoyant force is equal to the object’s weight, the forces are balanced and the object floats. © Changing the buoyant force : An object sinks or floats depends on whether the buoyant force is smaller than or equal to its weight. The fluid exerts upward pressure on the entire lower surface of aforce there occurs an fluid is called ters, the object that is in contact with the fluid. If this surface is made larger, then upward pressure is exerted on larger surface of the object and the buoyant force becomes large enough to float the object. e.g. Ifan aluminium sheet is crumpled, the buoyant force on it is less than the weight, so the aluminium sheet sinks. When the aluminium is flattened into a thin, curved sheet, the buoyant force is large enough that the sheet floats. ALLEN THRUST & PRESSURE girl stands on a box having 60 cm length, 40 cm breadth and 20 cm height in three ways. Pressure exerted by the brick will be (1) max. when length and breadth form the base (2)max. when breadth and height form the base (3) max. when height and length form the base (4) the same in all the above three cases 2. Thetwo thigh bones (femurs), each of cross-sectional area 10 cm* support the upper part of a human body of mass 40 kg. Estimate the total pressure sustained by both the femurs.(Given g = 10 ms) (1) 1x 10% Pa (2)2x 10° Pa (3)3 x 10° Pa (4) 4x 10° Pa 1 Pascal is, () N/m (2)1m/N (3) Leg mts? (4) 1 kg nr 5? 4. An airtight box, having a lid of area 80 cm’, is Partially evacuated (i.e., has low pressure than outside atmosphere). Atmospheric pressure is 1.01 x 105 Pa, A force of 600 N is required to pull the lid off the box. The pressure in the box was (1) 2.60 x 10* Pa (2) 6.35 x 10° Pa (3) 7.50 x 10 Pa (4) 1.38 x 10° Pa The vessels shown below all contain water to the same height. Rank them according to the pressure exerted by the water on the vessel botioms, least to greatest. Ae ee (1)3,4,2,1 (2)4 1 (3).2,3,4,1 (4) All pressures are the same A bucket of water is pushed from left to right with increasing speed across a horizontal surface. Consider the pressure at two points at the same level in the water. (1) Itis the same (2) It is higher at the point on the left Q) Itishigherat the point on the right (4) At frst itis higher at the point on the left but as. the bucket speeds up it is lower there 10. 11. 12, a EXERCISE The principle of fluid pressure that is used in hydraulic brakes or lifts is that (1) pressure is the same at all levels in a fluid (2) increase in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of a fluid (3) the pressure at a point in a fluid is due to the ‘weight of the fluid above it (4) increase in pressure can only be transmitted through fluids Two liquids of density 3 kg/m? and 4kg/m? are mixed together. If their masses are equal then the density of mixture is kg/m* 7 7 Qa BF In the above question, iftheir volumes are equal the density of mixture is kg/m? 24 2 Cie @F 24 2 oF ee ws wi? Inquestion no. 8, i theratio of massesis 1: 2then the value of the density of mixture s__kg/m?. () 3 2 & az az A body will remain in equilibrium, anywhere within the liquid, if its density that of liquid. (1) Is greater than (2) sess than {3) Is equal to (4) ls equal to or greater than What is the absolute pressure at a point 10 m below the surface of a lake? (see fig.) (Take g = 10 ms?; 1 atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa) Atmospheric pressure (2) 2.01 x 10°Pa (4) 4.01 x 10° Pa (1) 1.01 x 10° Pa (3) 3.01 x 10° Pa a Class Vill 13, Two vessels A and B have the same base area and contain water to the same height, but the mass of wa terin A is four times that in B. The ratio of the liquid thrust at the base of A to that at the base of B is (4e1 As airbubble rises from bottom to the top of a water tank, the size of the bubble increases.lt happens, because (22:1 @)l:1 0 4)16:1 14. (1) The pressure exerted by water on the bubble decreases as the height of the water column above it decreases. (2) The density of water increases as we move downwards. (8) Pressure inside the bubble increases as it moves towards surface of water. (4) Both (1) and (3) Atadepth of 1000 min an ocean, whatis the gauge pressure? (The density of sea water is 1.03 x 10 kg m,g = 10ms%) (1) 1.03 x 10° Pa (2) 2.06 x 10° Pa (3) 1.03 x 10” Pa (4) 2.06 x 107 Pa Mercury is a convenient liquid to use in a barometer because (i) itis a metal 15. 16. (2)it has a high boiling point (3) it expands little with temperature (4)ithas ahigh density 17. To obtain the absolute pressure from the gauge pressure (1) subtract atmospheric pressure (2) add atmospheric pressure (3) subtract 273 (@) add 273 19. 20. 21. ‘The diagram shows 2 happens to the column barometer is taken uP (a) it decreases, because atmospheric pressure increases with height. (2) It decreases, because atmospheric pressure decreases with height. {@) It increases, because atmospheric pressure increases with height. (@) It increases, because atmospheric pressure decreases with height Choose the correct definition of absolute pressure. (1) The pressure exerted by liquidsis called absolute pressure. (2)Itis the maximum pressure that can be exerted ata point. (3) Its the total pressure at a point including the contribution of the atmosphere also (4) It is the pressure measured at absolute temperature. ‘The pressure of a liquid of density 1g/cm’ at a depth 2 cm from the surface of iquid is (atmospheric 10 m/s) (2) 1.004x 10° Pa (4) 1.02 x 10° Pa pressure = 1 x 10° Pa and g (1) 1.002 x 10° Pa (3) 1.002 x10" Pa If density (p ) and g are uniform then the correct graph between pressure and depth ina fluidis: 3 (1) (2) 4 i 4 7 d i P 5 j Rr ae 4 4 an a depth of 1000 m in an ocean (The density of 24. Identify the most correct definition of buoyant force. 23. sea water is 1.03 x 10° kgm, g = 10 ms~), what is the absolute pressure? (1) 104 atm (2) 103 atm (3) 100 atm (4) 113 atm An object is put one by one in three liquids having different densities. The object floats with 1/9 ; 2/11 ; 3/7 parts of their volumes outside the liquid surface in liquids of densities d,, d, and d, respectively. Which of the following statement is correct? (1) d,>d,>4, (3)d,d, (2)d,>d,

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