Astronomy ee Itsthe scientific stay ofthe universe and everything int. This inchdes, but snot limited to, the ‘motion, matter, and energy; the study of planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, galaxies, and allthe gas tra ua bstween them; and even the study ofthe universe isl, including its origin, aging processes, and © Astronomy is probably the oldest ofthe natura sciences, Since prehistoric times, humans have looked at the sky and observed the motions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars. As humans began to develop the first applied sciences, such as agriculture and architecture, they were already well aware of the celestial objects above them. Astronomy was used by ancient humans to help them keep time and to maximize agricultural Production; it probably played an important role in the development of mythology and religion, too. The beginning of the universe 'n 1920, astronomer, Edwin Hubble observed a remarkable thing about galaxies from Mt. Wilson observatory, California. He observed that galaxies were not stationary but were moving away from each other. Further, he showed that the speed with which they are moving away from each other were proportional to the distance between the ‘galaxies. This means that the larger the distance between the galaxies, the faster they move away from one another. Since the galaxies are moving away each other, it gives rise to the idea of the expanding universe. © The Big Bang Theory : Since galaxies are receding from one another, most astronomers believe that they must have initially started from a single point in space. According to this theory, all the matter now present in the universe were once concentrated in a single infinitely dense fire ball called Qa” having a temperature of the order of 10°K and width of 100 million light year. About 15 billion years ago, a big explosion took place and the fragments of this concentrated, infinitely dense fire ball were thrown off in the form of galaxies. This event is called the Big Bang. Since then, the galaxies are continuoush moving apart from each other This theory wes props: a © Steady state theory: This theory was put forward by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold and Fred Hoyle. According to this theory, “ Universe has alvays existed, it is unchanging, it did not have a beginning and will not have an end. It has always been expanding with continuous generation of new galaxies.” These newly generated galaxies fill up the gaps caused by those galaxies which go beyond the observable universe. As a result, the number of galaxies per unit volume does not decrease but remains constant and thus, a steady state is being established. Galaxies : A galaxy is a vast collection of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter that forms a cohesive gravitational unit in the universe. Each galaxy has its own identity, and it ages and evolves on its own, but it also interacts with other galaxies in the cosmos. There are different kinds of galaxies. Our galaxy is called the Milky Way, © Galaxies are generally grouped by their appearance into three types : spiral, elliptical, and irregular. These groups are further subdivided into categories like barred spiral and grand design spiral, giant elliptical and dwarf spheroidal, and Magellanic irregular or peculiar. © Elliptical galaxy : An elliptical galaxy is a galaxy that appears to be an ellipse from our point of view. The ellipticity of the galaxy—how round or flat it is—varies greatly in ellipticals, so they can look like anything from perfect spheres to long cigars. © Spiral galaxy : A spiral galaxy is a galaxy that appears to have spiral-shaped structures, or arms, that contain bright stars. Spiral galaxies have star-filled, ellipsoid- shaped bulges at their centers; a star-filled, thin disk of spinning gas surrounding the bulge; and a thinly populated stellar halo that envelops both the disk and the bulge.gular galaxy is a galaxy that does not fit ‘well into the standard categories of © Irregular galaxy : An irre elliptical, spiral, or barred spiral galaxies. s = Spiral galaxy Irregular shaped galaxy Elliptical Galaxy © The Milky way > We live near the outer edge (orion arm) of the spiral galaxy which is called Milky Way (Akash Ganga). Milky Way isa barred spiral galaxy > Milky way is a very large band of stars, having misty cloud ; like a par like appearance, extending itself accross the sky of a great circle aped disc which i -e of a flat lens > Our galaxy has appearar thicker in the middle and thins out at t > The sun is situated in its central plane at distan 30,000 light year from the centre ? > The milky way is rotating sl rotates about any the centre of galaxy > The closest spiral galaxy is Andromeda, a galax years away from us. edges. much like our own r 2 million light ? jar fusion. Most of the scent gas th Star : A star is a mass of incand oduced by stars. d eyesight can see about “~~ 0 ba ut 4,000 stars are visible. _ =— — fence of light from ground sources, © Without the 2,000 stars on any given night. If bot With the help of binoculars or teles: In our Milky Way galaxy alone, ther are at least a billion times that number. increases dramatically. pes, however, the number © The Sun is the closest star to Earth. It is 93 m Earth on average. © The closest star system to Earth is the multiple star system ED c faintest star in that — system, known a has been measured to be 4.24 light-years away from Earth © The distances between stars are so great that we have to use different units 7. i : ne 2 vacuum, It is =: Light yegr : One light year is equal to the di equal tol 1 light year = 0.3066 parsecs 1 light year = 63,240 astronor © Parsec : It is the unit of length used to measure large distances of objects outside solar system. 1 porsec = 3.2616 Light years = 206,265 astronomical units = 30.857 x 10" km. @ Astronomical unit : An astronomical unit is the mean distance ofthe earth from the sun. It is found to 1.496 x10" meters or Astronomical unit ‘used to measure the distances within the solar system, ee i> ~~ . 2» < . 2 > > 3 A bs e: " Baits non eee ee ‘The most powerful nuclear ‘weapons on Earth are powered by nuclear fusion, but they are very weak compared to the nuclear z explosiveness of the Sun. © Life of Star > The stars are mainly made up of hydrogen gas. A hydrogen atom consists of electron and proton. Its nucleus does not contain neutron. > The gravitational force within the star compress the matter at the centre causing the proton within the nucleus to collide. The hydrogen nuclei combines together to form bigger nuclei called helium ‘nucle, releasing large amount of energy. This energy helps stars to shine at the night. > The light released by the starsis of different colours. The difference in the colours of the starsis due to the difference of their temperature. > The core of the star is made up of hot and compressed helium. When the temperature at the core reaches up ‘© 200mion dere Cts the helium inthe nucleus begin to react with itself and forms heavier elements, such as, s star from contracting, blue white star, where the temperature of the core rises, causing the layer surrounding the yy expand, Such stars are called White Dwarf. It is made up of ice, carbon and ‘oxygen. After this, Wstarts to cool over a period of thousand million years and becomes black hole. In this way, the life of a star ends. Black hole © Arregion in the space, from which nothing can escape is called a blackhole. When outward pressure 1s not sufficient to overcome the gravitational force of star, gravitational collapse occurs. A massive star, at the end of its life cycle starts collapsing and becomes supernova. Finally it is turned into blackhole.When a blackhole is formed it can continue to grow in mass by absorbing mass from surroundings and may become super massive black hole with millions of solar mass. Star formation in the young universe might have produced such massive blackholes of mass 1000 times greater than the solar mass (mass of the sun, abou), © Such blackholes are found at the centre of the most of the galaxies. There is an imaginary surface belt around a black hole, called event horizon which marks a point of no return. Light reaching event horizon, gets absorbed like a black body in thermodynamics, so it is called ‘black © According to quantum mechanics, blackholes emit radiation at finite temperature. Temperature of a blackhole is inversely proportional to its mass. Classification of black hole is done on basis of their mass, recon electric charge and angular momentum. The Sun The Sun is the nearest star from us. It is continuously emitting huge amounts of heat and light by ‘nuclear fusion’ reactions at its core. The Sun is the source of almost all energy on the Earth. In fact, the Sun is the main source of heat and light for all the planets. The internal structure of sun is made up of Core Corona Chromosphere four layers. © Core : It is the innermost layer where hydrogen converts to helium, i.e., fusion takes place The Sun © Photosphere : This is the part of sun from where we get heat and light energy. © Chromosphere : Itis the middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere. Some times gases in this layer burst out so far as 16000 km © Corona : It is the outermost layer of the sun’s atmosphere and it consist of gaseous at very low densities. 101F ‘elipses of the Sun and Moon are impressive evens. They have fascinated people since before reconded history and éontinue to excite us even today. © Aneclipse is a total or partial hidding of one celestial object by another. For example, when the Moon and move so that they line up with the Sun, an eclipse can occur. © Lunar eclipse (Eclipse of the Moon) ‘A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through the shadow ofthe Earth. For thisto happen, the Moon ust be on the side ofthe Earth opposite the Sun, atthe time when the Moon's phase is full. Alinarecipse cczurs when Earth sbetween the Sun andthe Moon, causing Eathto cast its shadow onthe Moon, Does every full Moon results in a lunar eclipse? Not every full Moon results ina hinar eclipse, since the orbit of the Moon lies in a plane tilted about 5°to the ecliptical plane, the plane containing Earth's orbit around the Sun and in which the Earth and the Sun always lie. When a full Moon occurs and when the Moon is very close to crossing the ecliptic plane, the Earth's shadow can fallon the Moon. Otherwise, Earth's shadow willmiss the Moon at full Moon and no eclipse will take place. This condition has been known and used to predict eclipses since ancient times and is the source of the name of the ecliptical plane. In fig., eclipse can occur only when the Moon is at point A or point B. This is because, the Sun, Earth, and Moon lie on the same plane Moon Piane of Earths or (Eciptical plane Lunar eclipse A lunar eclipse is visible from all points on Earth where the Moon is above the horizon. It may be either umbral = or penumbral. > During an umbral lunar eclipse, at least a part of the Moon passes through the Earth's umbra, the dark > inner shadow in which the Earth blocks light coming from all parts of the Sun. If the entire Moon Passes amg through the umbra, itis called a total lunar eclipse. In figure, position 2 of the Moon shows total kinar eclipse. If only part of the Moon passes through the umbra, itis called a partial lunar eclipse. In figure, =p Position 3 of the Moon shows partial lunar eclipse — During a penumbral lunar eclipse, the entire Moon misses the umbra and passes only through the Earth's Penumbra, a region of partial shadow surrounding the umbra in which Earth cuts off light from some but not from all parts of the Sun. In figure, position 1 of the Moon shows penumbral lunar eclipse: rian ctoe can oeree curs om fc ine th Ho A ‘hour: the eclipse to become total. Totality can last for nearly two hours, with another hour quired the Moon to leave the umbra entirely. Solar eclipse (or eclipse of the Sun) > Asolareclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or part of the Sun as seen from Earth. For this to happen, the Moon's phase must be new. > A ssolar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves directly between Earth and the ‘Sun, casting a shadow on Earth’s surface. > Solar eclipses are somewhat more complex. Though the Sun is quite large as compared to the Moon stil, the ‘Sun and the pace, Jooks almost of equal sizes. This is because the ‘Moon is quite near to us and the Sun is far away from the Earth. The Sun looks marginally bigger than the Moon. However, when the Moon is nearest to the Earth while orbiting around the Earth, it appears: slightly bigger than the ‘Sun. If a solar eclipse ‘occurs then, the Moon can completely cover the Sun. The Moon's umbra is a convergent cone, with its base at the Moon and narrowing to its tip as it is near Earth. > The eclipse is total when the Moon is closer to Earth than the I bigger than the Sun and blocks the Sun's bright disc from view. umbra at any moment is quite small, never more than a few hundred kilometers across Totality lasts only few minutes and can be seen only at successive pleces along a narrow curved path inside the Moon's umbra on Earth. The maximum duration of totality is7.5 minutes, which is not predicted fo occur again until July 16, 2186. > Because the Moon's size is slightly smaller than the Sun's size, the tip of the Moon's umbra will not always reach the Earth's surface during a solar eclipse. If this is the case, the Moon will not completely cover the ‘Sun's disc. When the Moon is centered on the Sun, a narrow ring; of annulus, of the Sun's bright disc remains visible around the Moon's shadow. This s called an annular ‘solar eclipse. Annular solar eclipses ‘are about 20 percent more frequent than to > Beyond the region of the Earth’s surface in which a total or annular solar eclipse is seen, there is an area thesecands of kdometers wide inside the Moon's penumbra, Within this area, the shadow of the Moon covers part but not all of the Sun's disc. This is called a partial solar eclipse. (see figure) Region of partial solar eclipse length of its shadow cone. The Moon looks ‘The region of the Earth's surface within the tal solar eclipses. Region of total solar eclipse, ‘Solar eclipse standing, never look directly at a solar eclipse. ‘The light can permanently {99% of the Sun's surface is hidden during the partial phases of asolar eclipse, ‘enough to cause a severe damage fo our eves: > Regardless of where you are {your eyes. Even when the remaining lighted part ‘of the Sun is still intense the Moon and gravitational pulls cause a yf gravity from {oon and gravit co s* Fe hte Moon much sale than the Suns io 5 x ee than ate fet on Earth mila than te Pllof De NSSTGlass vir © rhe pat ofthe Eats arfac that roc the pul evo ogre do otro lower the pllcan be seen in large bodies of water ‘such as the oceans. This pull causes the tie, or the rise and fall of the ‘ocean's surface. (© Most oceans have two high tiles and two low tides during a 24-hour day, ‘athe Moon ots around the Earth, its gravity pulls the water onthe side nearest o it away from the land, This causes low Formation of tides © About twice a month, the Sun and Moot {ides and lower low tides, called spring’ These more moderate tides are called directions and their pulls parti. n line up and both pullin the same direction. This causes higher high tides. The tides with the smallast range occur between spring tides. neap tides. They are caused when the Sun and Moon pulin different ‘cancel each other. Jad dd. a eal Hl ddd Fst Quarter Spring tides Neap tides M History of space exploratio ‘4 oie CREE ed that only a rocket could take us to near space. With help of rockets, physical @ explorat » Rockets work on the principle of Newton's third law of motion (Action and reaction are equal in ‘magnitude and opposite in directions) > The fuel burns very quickly in the engine of the roc ‘et producing large amount of gases that come Out of the nozzle with a very high velocity and the rocket is pushed inthe upward direct, (1) Liquid fuel and (2) Solid fuel. > In the rocket a mixture of liquid hydrogen and liquid ox, fuel, powdered mixture of aluminium and ammonium pe > There are two types of fuels used in rocket gen is used as a liquid fuel. As a solid rchlorate or ammonium nitrate is used. es atetreen\ ion Bt 884“a Physics © Types of orbits of artificial sate! exploration Russians launched first artificial satellite Sputnik-l on 4% October 1957. America launched its first satellite Explorer in January 1958 > First human bein 1g OF ADOTO, ‘mission launched and stepped on the moon on 21* July, 1969. Russian and American space stations, Salyut- and Skylab were launched in 1971 and 1973 respectively. > India launched its first satellite Rohini in 1980, ISS (International Space Station) has been built participate jointly and by scientists of various nations where they nly object revolving ound a bigger object nown as satellite ral satellite of the earth, automatic system launched in the space, with a special purpose and revolving around the earth is called an artificial satellite the earth station and send observations taken by various equipments earth stat i, was launched by India using SLV Rohini, SROSS (Th Stretched Rohini Satellite Series), IRS series (Indian Remo! have been launched by ISRO using 0 3 rocket. Till now te Sensing), Resource Cartosat e Cartosat Satellite > Equatorial orbit : The orbit, which is parallel to the equator, is known as an equatorial orbit. The period of revolution of satellite at a height of 35, 786 km from the It appears stationary in space when viewed from the earth and hence it is called geostationary satellite. Satelite in such orbits need not require any energy to keep them revolving Why is this form of orbit useful? If you watch satellite televi is beamed from a geostationary satellite, Since the satellite stays in the same position compared to the Earth's surface, you don't need to keep moving your satellite dish to track it. That's very useful. Geostationary satellites are also ideal for telecommunications. arth’s surface is 24 hours. ision the signal you receive at home =Te Polar orbit Polar orts are special Low Earth Ortits nuhie” re oer the Earth's poles, rather than in the more usual eastswest O07 this i that in a einge day they can obeerve the entire Earth as t oT ts useful for projects that require the complete Earth to be mappa OP Ny, teal for viewing the planet's surface. Asa satellte orbits In a nortlveny | ntuall teneuth b ivan cage-west direction. As aren, entellt In polar OFb 94 entire surface. Satellites that study the weather make use of polar orb fa pictures they produce on the weather reports. They can also give early warnings and make measurements of the Earth's atmosphere. > GPS Satellites ; Satellites sometimes hunt in packs, or constel A good example of this is the Global Positioning System (GPS) just a few navigation. Using these satellites it is now possible to find out where you ate © 81> hour tnetres anywhere on Earth. GPS comprises a constellation of 24 satelites Each Is in 9 12 how cubit at a height of 20,000 km above the ground.Each GPS satelite sends radio Ssh © Cae Earth all the time. The GPS receivers on the ground pick up these signals. A computer in ve receiver compares the arrival times of signals from different satelites. It can then calculate the position from this information. This special navigation system is now being used in planes, boats and even cars. The GPS orbits are arrange: ape ote from anywhere on Earth, y. Polar orbits are irection, Earth spins ly scan the jen the metimes called. ions as they are $01 lations a they are some for satellites, whic fe to within .d so that at least four satellites are vis Polar Orbit . Equatorial Orbit Orbits of Artifical Satellites GPS Satellite = Launching artificial satellites © An object thrown with higher velocity covers greater distance before hitting the earth's surface. If we further increase the speed, the object will hit the earth surface after, covering even greater distance. For certain value of velocity of this object it starts revolving around the earth instead of falling on the earth. The minimum velocity required for this purpose is 8 km/s. © Hence, the minimum velocity required for the artificial satellite to be launched to revolve around the earth is 8 km/s, The satellite is taker to a height of 200 km before projecting to minimize the friction due to atmosphere of the earth and other obstructing force @ Uses of artificial satellite Satellites are used for a large number of purposes in various fields. S f them include weather forecasting, education, tele-conferencing, space research, commur r defence etc. © Communication : In field of communication, satellites are used for telec tion, radio services, Tele-conferencing which has been possible using satellites ste villages of the country. For the above purpose India television transmission and computer networ has enabled education to spread in the ren has launched INSAT - 1, 2, 3 series. ‘© Weather forecast : INSAT series helps in weather forecasting too. These satellites car, take photographs ‘of clouds, give us information about surface temperature of the oceans, temperature of various layers seh ins c\CnA 8h Ade iia Une PPP ICP PIPISPIIIVICD OTe aarasace:~ of atmosphere, humidity in the atmosphere, etc, One can do weather forecast as well as predict the arrival of monsoon. Forecast regarding monsoon or sudden climate changes that can cause storms or hurricanes is also provided by them. i © Remote sensing : The method by which information about a substance or matter or a phenomenon can be obtained using scientific instruments without coming in direct contact with them is known as remote sensing. Remote sensing satellites » helps in geological survey of metallic ores in the earth's crust, changes taking place in the forest and environment, water resources and agricultural resources. > provides information about diseases that can spread in crops. > can be used for oceanography and study of motion of fishes. Sensors installed in remote sensing satellites cover the area of 10 sq. m to 6400 sq. m. They receive incident solar radiations and send the information to the earth-station. ISRO ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) is the space agency of the Indian government. Its vision is to harness space technology for national development, while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration. This institute has successfully manufactured and launched several artificial satellites. These satellites are useful in transmission of TV signals, telecommunication, weather forecasting and remote sensing. Programmes conducted by ISRO © INSAT( Indian National Satellite system) : In this series INSAT-1, INSAT-2, INSAT-3 and INSAT - 4 were launched which helps in DTH (Direct to home) service for TV transmission. IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) : In this series IRS-1 and IRS - P have been launched which are meant e for commercial purpose. METSAT(Meteorological satellite) is used for weather forecasting. Resource satellites are used for the study of oceanography. Carto sat is used for geographical survey. Rohini satellite series have been launched for astronomical observation. Polar Satellite Launching Vehicle (PSLV) is space launch vehicle is capable of launching remote sensing 2000 kg. (GSLV) has launched EDUSAT satellite having weight equal satellites weighing around 1000 kg t © Geo Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehi to 2500 kg in space, in September 2004. "Rohini" launched by India in 1990 INSAT 4A,daa ‘The Milky Way is the (1)A galaxy in which Earth is found (2) System formed by Earth and the Moon (3) Universe made up ofall stars and planets (4) System formed by the Sun and allthe planets ‘Allight-year should be used to measure & (2) comet's total age (2) comet's top speed (3) star's average brightness (4) star's distance from Earth The tit of Earth's axisis responsible for (1) solar eclipses (2) hunar eclipses {@)the changes of the seasons {@) the changes between night and day Our solar systemis found in (1) an elliptical galaxy (2) an Earth-Sun galaxy (3) the Milky Way galaxy (4) the Andromeda galaxy ‘The best way for a scientist to estimate the age of a star is to look at (1) its distance from Earth (2)its position in the: night sky (3) the constellation it is found in (4) the color ofthe light it gives off John wanted to observe the: constellation Orion. One ‘dear night, he stayed up until moming looking for (Orion but could not see it. The MOST likely reason that John could not find Orionis that he was looking for it during the wrong (1) day of the week (2) time of the year (3) week of the month (4) year of the century ‘One astronomical unit is equal to the Sun's (2) temperature a (3) average brightness (4) distance front Earth eee 10. u. 12. {@) Earth's crust consists of (4) Earth's atmosphere may continue temperature, Two of the inner, rocky planets are (1) Earth and Pisto. (2) Mars and Venus. (3) Venus and Saturn. (4) Mercury and Jupiter. The sun is made mostly of— (2)asteroids and planets. (4) bits of rock and metal. wyers of Earth’s (1) solar energy and air. (3) hydrogen and helium. The diagram below shows the la here there is a layer called the waves travel. The In the thermos ionosphere that can help rad ionosphere is made up of — (1) prevailing easterly winds (2) electrically charged particles (3) carbon dioxide gas from car: (4 raviolet radiation from the s a iy a aa a a a a a en i eo oe i ee a oe oe aSe ee (4) Mars takes almost twice as long to orbit the sun. 1s. ‘Which statement best explains what causes the seasons? (2) Earth rotates on an axis, which causes winds to Circle around the planet. (2) The Moon revolves around Earth in orbit, which Causes the oceans to periodically rise and fal (3) Earth revolves around the Sun in an orbit that is slightly elliptical. This causes some parts of the planet to be closer to the Sun and other parts to be farther away from the Sun for periods of time. (4) Earth rotates on an axis that stilted with respect to the Sun. This causes some parts of the planet to receive sunlight at a higher angle than other arts of the planet for periods of time. 16. The greater the surface area of a solar panel, the ‘more electricity it can generate. In the picture of the International Space Station, the best place to put solar panels to generate electricity would be . (DA (2B (4D ac 17. Which of the following has not been a benefit of satellite communications technology? (1) solar powered telephones (2) more accurate weather predictions (3) ability to take and send digital photographs (4) live television broadcasts from around the world 19. 21. 22. gravitational force of each planet in our solar ‘system is different. The diagram below shows four Planets listed in order from least amount of relative Gravity to greatest amount of relative gravity. A Person would weigh the most standing on which planet? © tanh ©) Jupiter Greatest Relative Gravity (1) Mercury 2) Verus (@)Earth (4) Jupiter Europa is one of Jupiter's moons. Why is Europa called a satellite of Jupiter? (1) Itrevolves around Jupiter. (2) It revolves around the Sun. (3) it formed at the same time as Jupiter. (4) Itis made of the same material as Jupiter. ich of the planets listed revolves around the Sun inthe shortest time? (1) Earth (2) Mars, (3) Jupiter (4) Satu Which of the following describes a galaxy? (1) planets that orbit a single star. (2) stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity. (3) a single ball of gas that gives off ight and heat. (4) ice or frozen gas that is clumped together and orbits the Sun. Inthe diagram below, which of these locations would enter the night time side of Earth next? (@)D @c 109 se@QR,S,T (2QTSR @SR,T.Q @TSRQ People who see meteors burning up in Earth's @ atmosphere often confuse them with stars. The oi070 3040 50 objects that people refer to as shooting stars are Length of Day (in Earth days) actually meteors. 4 Why do people confuse meteors with stars? ia } @ (1) Meteors appear as tiny, bright lights in the sky. 4 orth [I Cae, Aes aS = (3) Meteors are pieces that break off from comets. (4) Mercury rs Se aadengaaane 080 100 180.200 250 Length of Dey Gin Earth gs) 25. Jupiter isthe largest planet in our soar system. What expleins uby Venus appears tobe biggerandbrishler | 97 1. athe table of planets day length shown below. = than Jupiter in the night sky? (1) Venus is doser to Earth. Planet | Length of Day (in hours) (2) Jupiter is made of gases we cannot see Jupiter. 9.8 hours, ‘ eit Saturn 10.2 hours (3) Venus's green tint makes it easy for us to see. ah ce (4) Jupiter moves faster than Venus, which makes it Neptune 19.1 hours look smaller. 6. Be elie ol plats coy lorgth shown below. What can you conclude from this table? Tiegibof Dey in Earth dae or] cf) Jupiter is the smallest planet. hanes ec (2) Jupiter and Saiuin have almost similar rotation 59 days 243 days _ (3) Neptune has the longest revolution of the outer planets. (4) The inner planets have longer days than the outer planets Which graph represents the data in the table? RR hsS@ueucvvevcseeceeeeeeeeceeceo 8 0 ee! 4 2B. Atwhat points in the Moon’s cycle wil people on ‘Earth see a crescent Moon? @BatH (QHandF @DaF (@)FandB Look atthe Moon at the point in its oyce labeled A. Why ual people on Earth not be able to see the Moon atpomt A? (Q) At this point, Earth experiences 2 full liner ‘ecipee each month. (@ Atthis point, the ight from the Sun overpowers the ight from the Moon. (B) Av this point, the side of the Moon lt by the Sun is facing away from Earth. (4) At this point, a side of the Moon that Earth has newer seen is facing Earth Which of these pictures is most likely to have the highest high tide at the letter T? @ tC} o @ ty & af yore oO Earth's ocean tides are caused by (1) the tilt of Earth @ the force of the wind {B) the positions of Mars and Venus (4) the positions of the Sun and the Moon (1) The tides fluctuate: (2 High Ses are highest, ad iow Ses are lowest @) There is no difference between high and iow tides. (4) High and low fides ae the same 2s they are ers the Moon is at any other position. The Moon hes 2 greater effect than the San on Earth’s ocean tides. This s because (1) the Moon is doser to Earth (@ Earth is larger than the Moon :3) the Sun is larger than the Moon (4) the Sun is hotter then the Moor: What is the primary cause of Earth's ocean Sides? (0) dlectricaty (2 icon B) orenity 4) magnessm A solar ecipse can ocax when the Mocnisintach (3) The Milky Way galaxy is the only galasay in the universe (4) Most of the stars in the Milky Way gale are in our solar system.(3) 3 along is correct (@) 1, 2 and 3 are correct 42. Which one of the diagrams given below represents most closely the path of geostationary satellite in ‘$9. Predict the types of tides that occur when the earth and moon occupy various positions, w a= x z Ss 43. Which statement about the sun is true? (1) The sun isa star ‘Select the correct information about the tides based (2) The fusion of hydrogen atoms to form helium oes atoms occurs in the sun () Spring tides: W high tide; Zlow tide (3) The sun has been the source of heat and lke as (2) Spring tides: X high tide; ¥ low tide it is now since the Big Bang (3) Neap tides: W high tide; X low tide (4) Neap tides: X high tide; Y low tide 40. What causes a solar eclipse? (1) Earth rotates around its axis at exactly the same rate that it revolve: nd the M (4) All the three 44. Which of the followng options is true regarding the number of moons of the given planet? (1) Mars < Earth < Uranus < Neptune < Jupiter n, casting a (2) Earth < Mars < Jupiter < Uranus < Neptune shadow that mom wut sunlight. (2) Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, (3) Earth < Mars < Neptune < Uranus < Jupiter ut (4) Jupiter < Earth < Mars < Neptune < Uranus casting a shadow that momentarily blocks moonlight. 45. Which of following statement are incorrect? (3) The Moon pa: momentarily blockin Earth and the Sun. () Constellation Orion is also called the Hunter. (i) When the earth crosses the tail of the comet, swarms of meteors are seen. n Earth and the Moon, (4) The Sun passes betwe momentarily blocking out 41. Consider the following statements unlight. (ul) Meteorites are present in between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter A person in a spaceship located half way between | the earth and the sun will ni (wv) Meteors are generally known as shooting stars. $" 1. Sky is jet black. (1) @ and (ii) only (2) (ii) end (iti) only is jet 2. Stars do not twinkle (3) (ii) and (iv) only (4) (i) and (iv) only re a eee[Fo fy past per Jand Saturn |To fly past Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune [To transmit information about |Jupiter and its moons back Ito Earth 1992 | Mars Observer |To collect information about [Mars (mission failed)| According to the chart, the space probe most likely to have collected pictures about Uranus would be (1) Voyager 1 (2) Voyager 2 (3) Galileo (4) Mars Observer 1989| Galileo y 47. According to the chart, a spacecraft that is designed to take pictures of planets for scientists back on Earth is. ‘Types of Space Craft | ‘Type [Example Description [Space |Skviab 1 [A spacecraft with supplies Station land areas for humans staying a long time in space. x [An object that revolves Satelite }Sputnik 1 | ound another object. An instrument that sends Probe | Pathfinder |information from space (a back to Earth Space [Columbia [A spacecraft that can Shuttle carry people and objects L into and back from space. (1)a space station (2) a satelite (3) a probe (4) a space shuttle 48. The weights of astronauts are much less when they walk on the Moon than when they walk on Earth. This is because of (1) the depth of the Moon's craters (2) the light coming from the Sun (3) the strength of the Moon's gravity (4) the solar winds oie 52. 53. 55. (1) keeping them at the right pressure and temperature (2) giving ther food to eat (3) providing pockets for carrying Moon rocks (4) preventing them from tripping “The largest crater on the Moon is 12 kilometers deep and 2,500 kilometers in diameter. If craters are ‘caused by large objects striking the lunar surface, the crater was probably caused by @ (1) pebble (2) planet (3) galaxy (4) meteorite The Sun and the star Alpha Centauri shine with about the same brightness, yet the Sun appears to us to be several hundred times brighter than Alpha Centauri. Which of these is the most likely explanation for this? (1) Alpha Centauri is a larger star than the Sun. (2) The Sun generates energy through the process of fusion. (3) The Sun is much loser to Earth than Alpha Centauri. (4) Light from Alpha Centauri is blocked by the Moon: What are groups of stars which seem to form a pattern called? (1) Nebulae (2) Galaxies (3) Asteroids (4) Constellations Which of the following is the first Indian satellite? ()INSAT (2) Aryabhatta (3) Bhaskara (4) APPLE Which is the nearest galaxy to our galaxy? (1) Andromeda (2)X31 (3) Large magellanic cloud (4) Small magelianic cloud Which of the following planets takes the maximum time to rotate around itself? (1) Mercury (2) Pluto (3) Venus (4) Neptune es | | 3Class Vill e eens the live telecast of a cricket match | 59. Today we can easily access any part o} —— : on our computer, sitting at our home, ugh 57. (1) Geostationary satellite (2) Polar satellite (3) Low-earth orbiting satellite (4) Sun-synchronous satellite Mercury is closer to the sun than Venus. But Venus is hotter than Mercury. Give reason. (1) Mercury has no atmosphere and Venus has a thick atmosphere which can retain the heat. (2) Mercury is mostly made up of sedimentary rocks while Venus contains igneous rocks. (3) The sun absorbs the heat of the Mercury as it is closer to the sun. (4) Alllof the above Match the following table: Constellations Common Name (1) JUrsa major (A) (Queen C (2) [Orion (B) [Lion (3) [Leo major (©) |Mriga (4) [Cassiopeia (D)|[Saptarishi (1)1-B,2-C,3-D,4-A (2)1-B,2-C,3-D,4-A (3)1-A, 2-D, 3-B,4-C (4)1-D. 2-C.3-B,4-A internet. This was not possible in the early part of 19° century. It made possible only after artifical satellites are launched into the space. The first artificial satellite launched into the space by any nation was. (1) Sputnik 1 (2) INSAT-A (3) INSAT-A1 (4) INSAT-A2 Before 1957, communication was a very difficult task. This problem has been solved by launching satellites into the earth’s orbits. What is the name of the satellite, which is used for weather forecasting purpose? (1) Communication satellites (2) Geostationary satellites (3) Polar satellites (4) Geosynchronous satellites[sfelates eee L eaenEuESEEeae | 2_| ara ra Hots pet] 52 = = Pfs