DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD NETWORK MODEL FOR

TELANGANA STATE USING GIS.

A Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

P. Ronith Reddy
(18261A0186)

Under the Guidance

of

Dr. V. Venkat Ramayya, MTech (Hons), Ph.D.

Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Sponsored by Chaitanya Bharathi Educational Society
Gandipet, Hyderabad – 500 075
www.mgit.ac.in
July, 2022

1
 MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Gandipet, Hyderabad – 500 075. (INDIA)
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that this report “DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD
NETWORK MODEL FOR TELANGANA STATE USING GIS” is a bonafide
record of work done by P. Ronith Reddy (18261A0186) and submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Civil Engineering.

Dr. V. Venkat Ramayya, Dr. K.V. Ramana Reddy,

Associate Professor Professor & Head
Project Guide

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them.
We extend our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved Principal Dr. K. Jaya Sankar, for the
valuable guidance and for granting his consent in undertaking the major project at MGIT,
Gandipet, and Hyderabad.
We are grateful to our adored professor Dr. K.V. Ramana Reddy, Professor and Head,
Department Of Civil Engineering for co-operation and encouragement which helped us in the
completion of this project.
We extend our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to Dr. V. Venkat Ramayya, Associate
Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Gandipet
for his kind attitude, valuable guidance, keen interest, immense help, inspiration and
encouragement which helped us to carry out our present work. Lastly, we thank all those who are
involved directly or indirectly in completion of the present project.

P. Ronith Reddy – 18261A0186

3
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the project entitled “DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD NETWORK MODEL
FOR TELANGANA STATE USING GIS” is a bonafide work done by us in partial fulfillment
of the required for the award of degree BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad. We also declare
that this project is a result of our own effort and has not copied or imitated from any source.

P. Ronith Reddy – 18261A0186

4
 ABSTRACT

The growth of a country or a state is determined by the efficiency of its transport network. Existing
road networks in many of the states in India are unable to meet the increasing travel demand. For
Telangana State the existing length of National Highway (NH) and State Highway (SH) is
3762.19KM and 1860.8KM respectively. As the population, industrial activities, urbanization and
etc. are growing in Telangana, we need to develop a road network which can satisfy the future
travel demand.

This project aims to develop Road Network Model for National Highway (NH), in Telangana State
which can satisfy the future travel demand. This Road Network Model helps in estimating the
length of NH for next 20 years. To develop this model, various forms of data are collected from
online sources and by using different software (i.e. GIS and SPSS) the Road Network Model is
prepared. The obtained results would be useful to the concerned urban transportation planning
authorities for effective decision-making and policy implementations.

5
 CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………. 8
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………… 9
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Page No
1.0 General 10
1.1 Objectives of the work 11
1.2 Scope of the Work 11
1.3 Thesis Organization 12
1.4 Summary 13

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14

2.0 General 14
2.1 Literature Review of studies related to road network 14-19
development model using GIS.
2.3 Summary 20

CHAPTER 3 DATA COLLECTION 21

3.0 General 21
3.1 Description of study Area 21-28
3.1.1 National Highways in Telangana. 28
3.2 Considered parameters 28-29
3.3 Excel sheet of data collected 30-35
3.4 Summary 36

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY 37
4.0 Methodology adopted in the present study 37
4.1 Methodology adopted: DEVELOPING MULTIPLE 37-38
REGRESSION MODEL
4.2 Flow of work in the present study 39
4.3 Summary 40

6
CHAPTER 5 GEOREFERENCING, DIGITIZATION OF 41
DISTRICTS AND NATIONAL HIGHWAYS IN TS
AND DEVELOPMENT OF REGRESSION MODEL
5.0 Introduction 41
5.1 Components of GIS software 42
5.2 Objectives of GIS 42
5.3 Importance of GIS 43
5.4 Applications of GIS 43-44
5.5 Types of GIS software 44-46
5.6 ARC GIS 46
5.7 Georeferencing 47-48
5.8 Extracting Telangana map from India map using GIS 49-51
5.9 Digitization 51
5.9.1 Types of Digitizing 52
5.9.2 Steps in digitization 52-56
5.9.3 Digitization of Districts of Telangana 57-60
5.9.4 Digitization of NH of Telangana 61
5.10 Analysis 62-64
5.11 Heat Maps 65-70
5.12 Road Network Model 71
5.12.1 Procedure for Modelling 71-72
5.12.2 Output 73-81
5.13 Results 82-83
5.14 Summary 84
CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE 85
6.1 Summary of The Work Carried Out in PS1 85
6.2 Summary of The Work Carried Out in PS2 85
6.3 Conclusions 86
6.4 Future Scope 87
REFERENCES 88-89

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no NAME Page no

1.1 Telangana Map 10
3.1 Map of Telangana 22
5.1 GIS software links 41
5.2 Shape file of India Map 49
5.3 Shapefile of Telangana map 50
5.4 Open shape file 53
5.5 Create new shape file 53
5.6 Setting coordinate system 54
5.7 Attribute table 55
5.8 List of commands 55
5.9 Editor tool bar 56
5.10 To start editing 56
5.11 Digitizing the base map 56
5.12 Start Editing 57
5.13 Create Features 57
5.14 Adding first node 58
5.15 Adding series of node 58
5.16 Tracing the district boundary 59
5.17 Save edits 59
5.18 Digitization of other districts 59
5.19 Digitized map of Telangana 60
5.20 Digitization of Districts 61
5.21 Digitized map of Telangana consisting of NH 61
5.22 Converting GCS to PCS 62
5.23 TS Map showing Population district wise 65
5.24 TS Map showing district wise number of Tourist Places 66
5.25 TS Map showing Net Cropped Area district wise 67
5.26 TS Map showing length of NH district wise 68
5.27 TS Map showing Mandals district wise 69
5.28 TS Map showing Urban Area district wise 70
5.29 Developing correlation matrix in SPSS 72
5.30 Selecting variables 72
5.31 Correlation Matrix 73

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Description of the table Page No

3.1 Area and population of districts of Telangana State 30
3.2 No. of Tourist Spots and Net cropped area of districts of 31
Telangana State
3.3 Villages and Mandals in districts of Telangana State 32
3.4 Urban area (%) and Population Density of districts of 33
Telangana State
3.5 Length of state highways and major district roads in district of 34
Telangana
3.6 Lane specification of roads of districts of Telangana State 35
5.1 Attribute Table 51
5.2 GIS Output-1(NH Length Calculated) 62
5.3 GIS Output-2(Area Calculated) 63
5.4 Data for modelling 64
5.5 Model Equations developed from SPSS output 81
5.6 Estimation of National Highway length required using model 82
equation-6
5.7 National Highway Length requirement for next 20 years 83

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 Chapter1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 General

The Transportation System is a critical component of urban infrastructure and the lifeline
of the city. It plays a key role in the economic growth of that region. It also displays region's
economic condition as well as planners' dedication for their region. An efficient route planning
and accessibility facilitate sustainable development. Geographic Information System (GIS)
technology is more useful in management functions and decision support systems which are
more helpful in the planning process of urbanization.

Fig 1.1 Telangana map

The Indian highway network (IHN) is one of the busiest road networks in the world,
constituting 2% of all roads in India but handling 40% of the total road traffic as of 2010.
Traffic congestion occurs in certain parts and stretches of roads. Inadequate parking space,
exorbitant bus, auto rickshaw, rickshaw and taxi fares, time-consuming and uncomfortable
journey, frequent accidents are the causes and consequences related to traffic in the city. Flood
inundation and water-logging problems are also faced in several ward area during the rainy
season. Rapid urbanization with increased housing more rooftops, driveways, streets and other
impervious or hard surfaces. Hence to overcome the problems and to keep up sustainability,
proper analysis of the present road network is very much crucial to help humanity to reach
their destination with ease, reduced cost and time etc.

10
A GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and
personnel to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of
geographically referenced information. ArcGIS Network Analyst enables users to dynamically
model realistic network conditions, including turn restrictions, speed limits, height restrictions,
and traffic conditions, at different times of the day. ArcGIS proved to be one of the most user
friendly, effective and time-saving tools in the field of both traffic engineering and
transportation planning.

In India it is planned to develop all small and big cities as smart cities. For which proper
planning of surface transport system is a primary requirement. Modern technology is to be
adopted for connecting internal roads and for designing and construction of national and
express highways. Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used in better transportation
planning of any city or country. Nowadays, for viewing and manipulating spatially-oriented
data for proper traffic management GIS is frequently used. This review demonstrates the use
of GIS technology in the network analysis of road transport system

1.1 Objectives of the work

To collect demographic and other data from Telangana official website.

To prepare georeferenced map of Telangana state consisting of National Highways.

To develop Road Network Multiple Regression Model for National Highways using
demographic data for the base year i.e., 2021 and develop forecasting model for next 20 years.

1.2 Scope

This project aims to develop Road Network Model for National Highway (NH) in Telangana
State which can satisfy the future travel demand.

11
1.1 Thesis Organization

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

DATA COLLECTION

GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM
AND MODELLING

12
1.2 SUMMARY

In this chapter we have discussed about the objectives of the project and scope of the
project. Also, a flow chart is made showing details about the project.

13
 Chapter-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 General

This section describes the previous studies carried out on analyzing various road network
structural parameters using GIS

2.1Literature Review

Thlakma Sunday Richard conducted a study on the Development of GIS based Road Transport
Information Management System for Adamawa Central, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Managed
transportation information like road transportation map, road transport documents, coordinate
location of bridges and roundabout used to obtain the final results for the study.

Mohammad Abousaeidi determined the quickest route for fresh vegetable delivery because
fresh vegetables get deteriorate on account of temperature and delivery time. Therefore, author
concentrated to find efficient routes to reduce the total transportation costs also regression
model was applied in their study to determine the parameters that affect route selection with
respect to fastest delivery of fresh vegetables; their objective was to improve the delivery
services by achieving the least drive time. The main findings of their research were that Land
use such as residential area and population as variables were the effective parameters on drive
time. They combined a spatial (road network and transportation layer, land use map,
population) and non-spatial data (the number and names of hypermarkets in the study location,
the average speed for each route, drive time, car volume, distance) here parameters considered
for regression analysis are road length and average speed taken as an independent variable and
drive time as dependent variable , regression model result shows R-squared value 0.98, further
they shown the parameter that would more effected on drive for delivering vegetables was a
distance.

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Malik bilek and Louisa amireche predicted a metro lime impact on accessibility in public
transportation by modeling travel time. they would choose three major urban projects as
destination and find out the how much travel time required by all public transportation mode
and compare the travel time required by the metro and their results given the positive impact
of the planned metro-line in reducing the unequal accessibility to various urban projects,
notably the Al-Qods commerce and business center and medical school, where the population
benefiting of an access of less than 30 mins, it would be increased, respectively, from 30% to
44% and from 12.5% to 30%.

Alistair c. ford developed a simple GIS based tool to allow the rapid analysis of accessibility
by different transport modes, in that tool used a generalized cost to measure transport costs
across networks including distance and monetary components. In their study a number of
infrastructure scenarios were tested, examined the potential for increasing the use of low
carbon forms of transportation (sustainable transporter), they have considered only
employment accessibility and also considered each transport mode in isolation and calculated
access to each network independently of other possible travel mode, so they would show
private car journeys were the least cost mode choice in the study area.

I Prasada Rao proposed a route link connectivity between various villages and compare with
existing road links, for that considered parameter were road reference data, road geometric
details, road pavement condition & surface type, Terrain and soil type & traffic. Further they
were identified the growth centers- (6 no’s), connected villages- (8 no’s) and unconnected
villages- (37 no’s) and calculated optimal network including previous parameters, their results
shows the total road length of existing road network was about 157.72 km. Out of those 68.17
km. of road network was proposed to connect the 37 unconnected villages in the block
benefiting 60989 population.

Geographic information system (GIS)

GIS is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that
happen on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and
statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by

15
maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to
a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and
planning strategies (Moses Santhakumar, 1998). GIS store information about the world as
collection of thematic layers which can be linked together by geography. This is a simple but
extremely powerful and versatile concept has proven invaluable for solving many real-world
problems from tracking delivery vehicles, to recording details of planning applications, to
modeling global atmospheric circulation. GIS allows us to bring all types of data together based
on the geographic and location component of the data. But unlike a static paper map, GIS can
display many layers of information that is useful to us. Using this, one will be able to integrate,
visualize, manage, solve, and present the information in a new way. Relationships between the
data will become more apparent and the data will become more valuable. GIS gives us the
power to create maps, integrate information, visualize scenarios, solve complicated problems,
present powerful ideas, and develop effective solutions like never before.

The essential ingredients for any road network are connectivity, accessibility, hierarchy, and
morphology. The ease of travel to desired destinations is facilitated in a well-connected street
structure. Different modes of transport, different speeds, and volumes of vehicles are facilitated
in a well-organized hierarchical road structure. The higher values of connectivity indicators
represent a satisfactory interconnectedness of roads (Obafemi et al., 2011).

A connectivity indicator is definitely needed to evaluate how well the street structure is
organized and interconnected. This can be easily quantified by the ratio of vertices to the edges
in a structure (Arora and Pandey, 2016).

The connectivity indicators will act as a performance and efficiency base for many
organizations that are helpful in the decision-making process of transportation planning
(Nijagunappa et al., 2007).

There are three important indicators measuring connectivity like Alpha, Beta, and Gamma.
With the help of these indicators, the transport structure performance based on the connectivity
of roads can be explained easily (Kansky, 1963).

16
Coverage measures describe the density aspect of the elements of a network, as intersections
and links. Higher the value, the more the network is developed. The growth of the transport
network is described based on the network length (Levinson, 2012) and network density (Bento
et al., 2003).

Network density and intersection density attribute network coverage in an area. Fractal
geometry is an efficient approach to explain the complexity of the spatial objects. It is used to
characterize irregularity and to quantify forms that are seemingly chaotic (Falconer, 1963,
Hastings and Sugihara, 1993, DeCola and Lam, 1993, Manderbolt, 1982).

The Fractal dimension of a “fractal pattern is a ratio that provides a statistical index of
complexity comparing how details in a pattern change with the scale at which it is measured”
(Falconer, 2003).

A city is to be treated as distributive continuous space and the fractal analysis should be
deployed on every piece of space on a GIS platform. A new method named Distributive
Continuous Fractal analysis is introduced to evaluate the road networks (Sun et al., 2007).

Fractal modeling is a mathematical tool applied to analyze network, functionality and built-up
areas with a relational view and policy view for urban planning to generate a sustainable level
of service of traffic, environment, and uniform road utility (Mohammadi et al., 2013).

The fractal dimension of the transport network can be determined by a number of methods
like the structured walk/divider method, equipaced polygon method, cell count method, mass-
radius method, hybrid walk method, calliper method, pixel-dilation method, and box-counting
method (Sreeleka et al., 2017).

Accessibility is defined in many ways and by many researchers such as “the potential of
opportunities for interaction” (Hansen, 1959), “the ease with which any land use activity can
be reached from a location using a particular transportation system” (Dalvi and Martin, 1976),
“the freedom of individuals to decide whether or not to participate in different activities”

17
(Burns, 1979), and the benefits provided by a transportation or land use system”. In the context
of transport studies, accessibility indicates the ability of people to reach their destinations
which they must visit in order to meet their needs, and desire to visit to fulfill their wants.

All accessibility measures have two major components: the first is the attractiveness
component and the second is the impedance function. The attractiveness component is usually
measured as the number of opportunities at destinations. The impedance function decreases
the probability of being attracted to such destinations based on distance or travel time.
Accessibility often incorporates land-use patterns, network topology, and travel behavior.
Accessibility measure is modeled as a utility-based measure (Avika and Lerman, 1977),
topological measure (Mackiecvicz and Ratajczak, 1996), gravity measure (Hansen, 1959),
cumulative opportunity measure (Ahmed et al., 2006), constrained based measure (Wu and
Miller, 2002).

There were some reviews on different accessibility measures with mathematical formulations
and the reviews represented that, to determine the land use and transportation performance
accessibility is the essential measure (Bhat et al., 2002).

A facility-based planning methodology for rural roads has been proposed using spatial
techniques. The accessibility for different facilities such as education facilities, medical
facilities, economic activities and transport and communication facilities is quantified and
analyzed in terms of Village Facility Index (VFI). A GIS-based rural road database was
developed to improve the accessibility for different facilities from habitations and expand the
infrastructure for current and future requirements (Modinpuroju et al., 2016).

The interdependency between different urban road network structural parameters is modelled
and analyzed using Arc GIS software. This study tried to illustrate that the road network
structural parameters have some significant relationship with each one of them (Sahitya and
Prasad, 2019).

18
A city-level road network accessibility evaluation has been done based on the number of
opportunities (or) urban services with respect to the distance using Arc GIS software. The level
of accessibility has been categorized and the different locations of the study area were
evaluated according to it (Sahitya and Prasad, 2020).

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2.3 Summary
In this chapter we have discussed about the Literature review on Development of Road
Network Model Using GIS

20
 CHAPTER 3
DATA COLLECTION

3.0 General

Population is an increasing factor which leads to increase in demand of various facilities and
services. In which Roadways is one of the most important services and it has to be developed
with the increase of population and urbanization. For that various other factor needs to be
considered with proper methodologies adopted. Which has been collected and analyzed of
districts of Telangana.

3.1 Description of study Area.

Telangana is the 29th State of India, formed on the 2nd of June 2014. The State has an area of
about 1,15,000 sq km and has a population of over 35 million (2011 census). Telangana is
surrounded by Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh in the North, Karnataka in the West and Andhra
Pradesh in the South and East directions. The capital of Telangana is Hyderabad and major
cities of the State include: Warangal, Nizamabad, and Karimnagar. The State has 33 districts.
Two important rivers of India, the Godavari and Krishna, flow through the state, providing
irrigation. Telangana's state domestic product is estimated to be Rs. 8.43 lakh crores (US $ 130
billion) for the year 2018-19. Accounting for about 65% of the GSDP, services industry is the
major sector of Telangana, followed by industry (16%), and agriculture (18%). Its per capita
income is Rs.1,58,360/- for 2016-17. Telangana is home to several major manufacturing
industries such as bulk drugs, pharmaceuticals, agro-processing, cement & mineral-based
industries, high precision engineering, textiles, automobiles and auto components industry,
spices, horticulture, poultry farming, biotechnology, defense equipment, etc. The State has
over 1 lakh small, medium and large-scale industries providing employment to 17.5 lakh
people in the organized sector. Telangana has advantages that make the state as potential
manufacturing hub in India.

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 Fig 3.1 Map of Telangana

The 33 districts of Telangana are listed below: -

Adilabad district is a district located in the northern region of Telangana, India. It is known
as the gateway district to South and Central India. The town of Adilabad is its headquarters.
The district shares boundaries with Asifabad, Nirmal districts and with the state boundary of
Maharashtra.

Bhadradri Kothagudem district is a district in the eastern region of the Indian state of
Telangana. The town of Kothagudem is the district headquarters. In terms of area, Bhadradri
Kothagudem is the largest district with an area of 7,483 km2 (2,889 sq. mi) in the state. The
district shares boundaries with Khammam, Mahabubabad and Mulugu and withe state
boundary of Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh.

22
Hanamkonda district or Hanumakonda district, (formerly Warangal Urban district) is a
district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana. The district headquarters
are located at Hanamkonda. The district borders the districts of Jangaon, Karimnagar,
Warangal, Bhupalpally and Siddipet.

Hyderabad district is a district in the state of Telangana in India that contains a part of the
metropolitan area of Hyderabad. It is headed by a district collector who is drawn from the IAS
cadre and is appointed by the state government. It is the smallest of all the districts in the state,
but has the highest human density. Old MCH area, which is central region of Hyderabad city
comes under this district. The district shares boundaries with Rangareddy and Medhchal
districts.

Jagitial district is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana. Its
headquarters is Jagtial. The district shares boundaries with Nirmal, Mancherial, Karimnagar,
Peddapalli, Sircilla and Nizamabad districts.

Jangaon district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. It was a part of the erstwhile
Warangal district prior to the re-organization of districts in the state. The district shares
boundaries with Suryapet, Yadadri, Warangal, Hanamkonda, Siddipet and Mahabubabad
districts.

JayashankarBhupalpally district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. The district

headquarters are located at Bhupalpally. It was a part of the erstwhile Warangal district and
Karimnagar district prior to the re-organization of districts in the state. The district shares
boundaries with Karimnagar, Mancherial, Peddapalli, Hanamkonda, Warangal, and Mulugu
districts and with the state boundary of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh.

Jogulamba Gadwal district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. The administrative
headquarters of the district is located at Gadwal. The district shares boundaries with
Narayanpet, Wanaparthy districts and with the state boundary of Andhra pradesh and
Karnataka. The district was carved out from Mahabubnagar district in 2016.

23
Kamareddy district is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana.
The district shares boundaries with Medak, Nizamabad, Sangareddy, Siddipet and Rajanna
Sircilla districts and with the state boundary of Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Karimnagar district is one of the 33 districts of the Indian state of Telangana. Karimnagar
city is its administrative headquarters. The district shares boundaries with Peddapalli, Jagityal,
Sircilla, Siddipet, Jangaon, Hanamkonda district and JayashankarBhupalapally districts

Khammam district is a district in the eastern region of the Indian state of Telangana. The city
of Khammam is the district headquarters. The district shares boundaries with Suryapet,
Mahabubabad, Bhadradri districts and with Andhra pradesh state.

KomaramBheemAsifabad district, officially known as Kumuram Bheem Asifabad district,

is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. The town of Asifabad is its district headquarters.
It is named after Gond martyr KomaramBheem. It was earlier part of Adilabad district and it
became a new district in 2016. The district shares boundaries with Adilabad, Nirmal,
Mancherial districts and with the state boundary of Maharashtra. It is the second most
backward district in India, according to the 2018 NITI Aayog ranking.

Mahabubabad district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. The district was carved
out from the erstwhile Warangal district following the re-organisation of districts in the state
in October 2016. The district shares boundaries with Suryapet, Khammam, Bhadradri,
Warangal, Mulugu and Jangaon districts.

Mahabubnagar district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Mahabubnagar is the

district headquarters which is popularly known as Palamoor. The district shares boundaries
with Narayanapet, Vikarabad, Rangareddy, Nagarkurnool, Wanaparthy and Jogulamba.
Gadwal districts. The district was formed during the period of the 6th Nizam of Hyderabad
State – Nawab Mir Mahbub Ali Khan and hence named after him.

24
Mancherial district is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana.
The district comprises 18 mandals and two revenue divisions – Mancherial and Bellampalli.
The district headquarters is located at Mancherial town. It is surrounded by KomaramBheem,
Nirmal, Jagtial, Peddapalli and Bhupalpally districts of Telangana and with Maharashtra state.

Medak district is a district located in the Indian state of Telangana. Medak is the district
headquarters. The district shares boundaries with Sangareddy, Kamareddy, Siddipet and
Medchal districts.

Medchal−Malkajgiri district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Shamirpet is the

headquarter of the district. It is the second most populous district with a population of 25 lakh
and also 91.40% urbanized district in the state of Telangana, standing next only to Hyderabad
district which has a population of 40 lakhs. The district shares boundaries with Hyderabad,
Medak, Sangareddy, Y. Bhuvanagiri, Siddipet and Rangareddy districts.

Mulugu district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Its headquarters is the town of
Mulugu. Mulugu district is the least populated district with 2,94,671 in the state. Mulugu
district has the fewest mandals in the state with nine mandals. It currently borders Warangal,
Mahabubabad, Jayashankar and Bhadradri districts and with the state of Chhattisgarh.

Nagarkurnool district is a district in the southern region of the Indian state of Telangana. The
town of Nagarkurnool is the district headquarters. It was part of the Mahbubnagar district prior
to re-organisation of districts in the state. The district shares boundaries with Nalgonda,
Rangareddy, Mahabubnagar, Wanaparthy districts and with the state boundary of Andhra
Pradesh with Nandyal, Palnadu and Ongole districts.

Narayanpet district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Narayanpet is the district
headquarters. The district shares boundaries with Mahbubnagar, Vikarabad, Wanaparthy and
JogulambaGadwal districts and with the Karnataka state.

25
Nalgonda district is a district in the Telangana state of India. Nalgonda district has the highest
number of mandals in the state with 31 mandals. The district shares boundaries with Suryapet,
Rangareddy, Yadadri and Nagarkurnool districts and with the state boundary of Andhra
Pradesh.

Nirmal district is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana. The
district headquarters is located in the town of Nirmal. It borders the Telangana districts of
Adilabad, Nizamabad, Mancherial, Asifabad, Jagtial districts as well as Nanded district of the
state Maharashtra.

Nizamabad district is a district located in the north-western region in the Indian state of
Telangana. The city of Nizamabad is the district headquarters. The district share boundaries
with Jagtial, Sircilla, Nirmal, Kamareddy districts and with Nanded district of the state
boundary of Maharashtra.

Peddapalli district is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana.
Its Administrative Headquarters is at Ramagundam. The Suryapet district is a district in the
Indian state of Telangana. The city of Suryapet is the district headquarters. The district has
three revenue divisions Suryapet, Kodad and Huzurnagar. It is sub-divided into 23 mandals.
The district shares boundaries with Nalgonda, Khammam, Yadadri, Jangaon and
Mahabubabad districts and with Andhra Pradesh state. District Shares Boundaries with
Mancherial, Karimnagar, Jagtial and JayashankarBhupalpallyDistricts.This District Covers
Ramagundam city which is situated in the Godavari valley coalfields and has one of the India's
largest thermal power stations in south region under NTPC. Mostly industries are connected
with Godavarikhani- NTPC Ramagundam.

RajannaSircilladistrict is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Sircilla is the district

headquarters. The district shares boundaries with Karimnagar, Siddipet, Jagtial, Kamareddy
and Nizamabad districts.
Ranga Reddy district (abbr. R. R. district; formerly Hyderabad Rural district) is a district in
the Indian state of Telangana. The district headquarters is located at Lakdikapool, Hyderabad.

26
The district was named after the former deputy chief minister of the United Andhra Pradesh,
K. V. Ranga Reddy. The district shares boundaries with Nalgonda, YadadriBhuvanagiri,
Hyderabad, Medchal-Malkajgiri, Nagarkurnool, Mahabubnagar, Sangareddy and Vikarabad
districts.

Sangareddy district, is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. This district contains a part
of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Region. The district shares boundaries with Medak, Medchal,
Vikarabad, Kamareddy and Rangareddy districts and with the state boundary of Karnataka.

Siddipet district is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana.
Its headquarters is Siddipet. This district contains a part of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Region
(MarkookMulugu Warangal) The district shares boundaries with Jangaon, Sircilla,
Karimnagar, Kamareddy, Hanamkonda, Yadadri, Medhchal and Medak districts.

Vikarabad district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Vikarabad is the headquarter
of the district. The district shares boundaries with Sangareddy, Mahabubnagar, Narayanpet,
Rangareddy districts and with the state boundary of Karnataka.

Wanaparthy district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Its headquarters is

Wanaparthy. The district shares boundaries with Gadwal, Mahabubnagar, Narayanpet,
Nagarkurnool districts and with the state boundary of Andhra pradesh.

Warangal district, formerly Warangal Rural district, is a district in the Indian state of
Telangana. The district shares boundaries with Mahabubabad, Jangaon, Hanamkonda, Mulugu
and Bhupalpally districts. As of June 2021, Hanamkonda tentatively serves as the district
headquarters of both Hanamkonda and Warangal districts. Warangal is proposed to replace
Hanamkonda as the new headquarters of the Warangal district.

Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District, is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. The

administrative headquarters is located at Bhuvanagiri Town. The district shares boundaries
with Suryapet, Nalgonda, Jangaon, Siddipet, Medchal-Malkajgiri and Rangareddy districts. It

27
was carved out of Nalgonda district on 11 October 2016 during a large reorganization of the
districts of Telangana.

3.1.1 National Highways in Telangana.

Around 6 national highways form a large network of roads in the state. These highways
interconnect every district, making journey from one town to another a smooth affair. The
longest national highway that crosses Telangana is NH7, which enters the state from its North,
starting from Adilabad and going on to Mahbubnagar before exiting the state on its South.
Along the way it touches the important districts of Nizamabad, Medak, Rangareddy and
Hyderabad, the capital of the state. NH9 crosses the state, surpassing Hyderabad, Medak,
Nalgonda and Rangareddy along its way. In Andhra Pradesh it passes through Zahirabad,
Suryapet, Narketpallyam, Vijayawada, Kodad and Machilipatnam.
NH16 in the state passes through the important towns of Karimnagar, Adilabad and
Nizamabad. This national highway crosses NH7 at Nizamabad before ending at the district
HQ. NH222 is the shortest of all the national highways in the state which touches only
Adilabad district of the state. NH202 stretches from Hyderabad to Warangal. NH221 is another
important national highway that passes through Khammam.

3.2 CONSIDERED PARAMETERS.

There are various parameters such as the population growth of the country, rate of urban area
development population density and construction of roadways requires land which needs to be
selected depending upon the available area on a particular place keeping the agricultural land
in view for example Hyderabad district is one the most populated district due to growing
industrialization and urbanization so the non-local population also resides for various job
opportunity or skill development whereas it is comparatively very small in area hence it has
very little scope of development considering all the above factors in view proper forecasting is
done there some major affecting factor mentioned below:-

Area is the physical quantity which defines the size of land.

28
Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or
town, region, country, or the world.

Net cropped area represents an area in which total crops are grown once in a year.

Number of Villages and Mandals has to be considered as it defines the intensity of usage of
traffic. As we know traffic is much more in urban area compared to rural area.

Urban Area or built-up area, is a human settlement with a high population

density and infrastructure of built environment.

Tourist’s spots, the greater the number of tourist’s spots greater is the requirement of National
Highway length in that district.

29
The demographic data has been collected of Telangana State which are provided below: -

Table 3.1 Area and population of districts of Telangana State.

30
Table 3.2 No. of Tourist Spots and Net cropped area of districts of Telangana State.

31
Table 3.3 Villages and Mandals in districts of Telangana State.

32
Table.3.4 Urban area (%) and Population Density of districts of Telangana State.

33
Table.3.5 length of state highways and major district roads in district of Telangana

34
Table 3.6 Lane specification of roads of districts of Telangana State.

35
3.3 SUMMARY
In this chapter the description of study area, demographic data which is required for forecasting
of road network model is collected and analyzed which will later be used as non-spatial data
database creation for GIS.

36
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

4.1 Methodology adopted in the present study:

Methodology adopted: DEVELOPING MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODEL

1. The required length of National Highway can be estimated based on various parameters
such as:
I. Area
II. Population
III. Tourist’s spots
IV. Net Cropped Area
V. Number of villages
VI. Number of Mandals
VII. Urban area
2. In the present study we have collected data of above-mentioned parameters for every
district in Telangana from Telangana state official website.
3. The data collected would be useful in developing the Road Network Multiple
Regression Model.
4. Multiple regression generally explains the relationship between multiple independent
or predictor variables and one dependent or criterion variable. A dependent variable is
modeled as a function of several independent variables with corresponding
coefficients, along with the constant term. Multiple regression requires two or more
predictor variables, and this is why it is called multiple regression.
5. The following equation represents the Multiple Regression model:
⮚ Length Of NH = a0 +a1(Area) +a2(Population)
(For the year 2021) + a3(Net Cropped Area) +…+ and so on. ----(i)

6. The length of NH (for the present year) is determined by digitizing the Telangana state
map consisting of NH district wise and therefore we get the left-hand side value of
equation-(i).

37
7. We have the data of parameters mentioned on the right-hand side of the equation-(i),
so we need to find the values of constants a0, a1, a2 and etc.
8. Constants a0, a1, a2, a3 and etc. are known as regression coefficient’s and are
determined using SPSS tool.
9. SPSS stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and it’s used by various
kinds of researchers for complex statistical data analysis.
10. So, the values of regression coefficients will remain same and would be helpful in
forecasting the length of NH for next 20 years.
11. The parameters mentioned in equation-(i) will be forecasted for the next 20 years in an
interval five-five years.
12. So, with the help of forecasted parameters and regression coefficient’s we will get the
right-hand side value i.e., the length of NH for the required year.
13. Therefore, we will be able to estimate the required length of NH for next 20 years in
an interval of five-five years.

38
4.2 Flow of work in the present study:

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

DATA COLLECTION

SCANNING OF MAP

GEOREFERENCING

DIGITIZATION

ANALYSIS

ROAD NETWORK MODEL

ESTIMATING THE LENGTH OF NH

FOR THE NEXT 20 YEARS

39
4.3 Summary

In this chapter we have discussed the methodology which we have followed in this study i.e.
The different parameters which will affect the required length of NH and to develop the road
network model using Multiple regression model.

40
 CHAPTER 5
GEOREFERENCING, DIGITIZATION OF DISTRICTS AND NATIONAL
HIGHWAYS IN TS AND DEVELOPMENT OF REGRESSION MODEL

5.0 Introduction

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate,

analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. GIS applications are tools that allow
users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data
in maps, and present the results of all these operations.
GIS Deals with information that is geographically or spatially explicit, representing the spatial
variation of phenomena over the earth. Although many forms of software are capable of
handling such information in limited ways, GIS is the only form designed expressly for this
purpose, with a full range of necessary data structures and functions
The introduction of geographical information system technology brings with it a period of
change. This is common with information systems and other innovations that changes working
practices. Maguire suggested that by the end of the century everyone in the developed world
would use GIS every day for routine operations. Truly, the range of application of GIS has
increased in last two decades, in response to the expansion of the necessity for GIS and
applications to which it has been applied.

Fig 5.1 GIS software links

41
5.1 COMPONENTS OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
A working geographic information system (GIS) includes the following components
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. People

Hardware:
It includes the computer on which GIS operates the monitor on which results are displayed and
a printer for making hardcopies of results
Software:
GIS Software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyses and display geographic
information .key software components include tools for the input, a database management
system (DBMS) tools that support geographic query, analysis and visualization and a graphical
user interface for easy access to tools
Data:
GIS Will integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use database
management system used by most organizations to organize and manage the data
People:
GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who
use it to help them perform everyday work

5.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To examine various definitions of GIS - what factors uniquely differentiate it from
other forms of automatic geographical data handling
2. To determine origins of the field - how does GIS relate to other fields such as statistical
analysis, remote sensing, and computer cartography?
3. To give a brief overview of the relevant application areas

42
5.3 IMPORTANCE

1. GIS integrates spatial and other kinds of information within a single system - it offers
a consistent framework for analyzing geographical data
2. By putting maps and other kinds of spatial information into digital form, GIS allows us
to manipulate and display geographical knowledge in new and exciting ways
3. GIS makes connections between activities based on geographic proximity
a. looking at data geographically can often suggest new insights, explanations
b. these connections are often unrecognized without GIS, but can be vital to
understanding and managing activities and resources
c. e.g. we can link toxic waste records with school locations through geographic
proximity
GIS allows access to administrative records - property ownership, tax files, utility cables and
pipes - via their geographical positions

5.4 APPLICATIONS OF GIS

1. Accident analysis and hotspot analysis
2. Urban planning
3. Environmental impact analysis
4. Agricultural applications
5. Disaster management and mitigation
6. Soil mapping
7. Land information system
8. Surveying
9. Reservoir site selection
10. Traffic density studies
11. Pipeline route selection
12. Crime analysis
13. Regional planning
14. Wetland mapping
15. Flood damage estimation

43
16. Natural resource management
17. GIS based digital taxation

5.5 TYPES OF GIS SOFTWARE

Open-source GIS software:

• Freely available over Internet downloads. They adopt OGC standards for networked
servers, development of open source software continues to evolve, especially for web and
web service oriented applications.

• Well-known open source GIS software includes GRASS GIS, Quantum GIS, Map Server,
uDig, OpenJUMP, gvSIG and many others.

• PostGIS provides an open source alternative to geo-databases such as Oracle Spatial, and
ArcSDE.-proprietary and open data formats such as the Shape File format for vector data

• GRASS – U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, open source: a complete GIS

• MapServer – Web-based mapping server, by the University of Minnesota.

• Chameleon – Environments for building applications with MapServer.

• GeoNetwork open source –A catalog application to manage spatially referenced resources

• ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) integrates image, vector and
thematic data.

• Map Window GIS – Free, open source GIS desktop application and programming
component.

• Post GIS – Spatial extensions for the open source Post greSQL database, allowing
geospatial queries.

44
 • Terra View – GIS desktop that handles vector and raster data stored in a relational or geo-
relational database.

Web mapping:

• Google Maps, and Live Maps give the public access to street maps and aerial/satellite
imagery that support such features as geocoding, searches, and routing functionality.

• MapInfo's MapXtreme, Intergraph's GeoMedia Web Map, ESRI's ArcIMS, ArcGIS

Server, Autodesk’s Map guide and the open source MapServer offer users to create custom
applications .

Other GIS software:

• AccuGlobe – Fully functional GIS and geoanalysis software platform for Windows
developed by DDTI

• Cross View for ArcGIS – created by A-Prime Software, is a wizard based ArcGIS plug-
in, which enables map cross-sectioning and profile creation.

• Geo Base –developed by Telogis. Focus on real-time processing for reverse-geocoding,

geofencing

• My World GIS –GIS platform for Windows and Mac OSX with robust/intuitive
geoprocessing tools

• Panorama – Russian GIS for military uses.

• SPRING – GIS software developed at INPE –

• SavGIS – Free and complete GIS software available in French, English and the Geotiff
format

45
5.6 ARCGIS

ARC GIS is a geographic information system (GIS) software developed by ESRI used for
creating and using maps ,compiling geographic data ,analyzing mapped information ,sharing
and discovering geographic information, using maps and geographic information in a range of
applications and managing geographic information in a database

PROCESS OF GEOREFERENCING USING ARC GIS:

1. In Arc Map, add the layers residing in map coordinates and add the raster dataset you
want to georeference.
2. Adding the data with the map coordinate system first is a good practice so you do not
need to set the data frame coordinate system.
3. To display the Georeferencing toolbar, click the Customize menu and click Toolbars
Georeferencing.
4. In the table of contents, right-click a target layer (the referenced dataset) and click zoom
to Layer.
5. It may be helpful to set your Extent Used by Full Extent Command, within the Data
Frame Properties, to your study area so the Zoom to Full Extent tool will automatically
zoom to the full extent of your study area.
6. From the Georeferencing toolbar, click the Layer drop-down arrow and choose the
raster layer you want to georeference.
7. Click the Georeferencing drop-down menu and click Fit to Display.
8. This displays the raster dataset in the same area as the target layers. You can also use
the Shift and Rotate tools to move the raster dataset as needed. To see all the datasets,
adjust their order in the table of contents.
9. Click the Add Control Points tool Add Control Points to add control points.
10. To add a link, click a known location on the raster dataset, and click a known location
on the vector layers in map (the reference data).

46
 11. You can also add your links in the Magnification window or the Viewer window. If
you are using polygons as your referenced layer, you can open the Effects toolbar to
adjust the transparency as you add your links.
12. Press Esc to remove a link while you're in the middle of creating it. The Rotate and
Shift tools are not available after you place the first link.
13. Add enough links for the type of transformation you will apply.
14. You need a minimum of 1 link for zero-order polynomial, 3 links for a first-order
polynomial or adjust transformation, 4 links for a projective transformation, 6 links for
a second-order polynomial, and 10 links for a third-order polynomial or spline
transformation.
15. Click the View Link Table button View Link Table to evaluate the transformation.
16. You can examine the residual error for each link and the root mean square (RMS) error.
If you're satisfied with the registration, you can stop entering links.
17. Delete any unwanted links from the Link table.
18. Click the Georeferencing drop-down menu and click either Update Georeferencing or
Rectify. Updating the georeferencing will save the transformation information with the
raster and its auxiliary files. Rectifying will create a new file with the georeferencing
information.

5.7 GEOREFERENCING

It is the process of locating real world coordinates of earth on to the map. To geo reference a
geographic data, the positions of known points, called Ground control points, are
determined. The Ground Control Points (GCPs) are defined as the points with known
geographical location, whose positions on map correspond to their positions on earth

Georeferencing involves image alignment in a coordinate system. It is the stage at which the
image becomes a form of spatial data, since they are characterized by the reference to the
coordinate system defined by parameters such as projection and point of origin (datum) Geo-
referencing involves assigning real-world coordinates to a number of reference points on the
image.

47
In Arc Map, this is done by using the tools available in Arc Map’s Georeferencing Toolbar. In this
example a map is used which has real-world coordinates labeled near the four corners of the map.
These points can be identified and assigned their real-world coordinates. These points are referred
to as control points

To Georeference an image, one first needs to establish control points, input the known
geographic coordinates of these control points, choose the coordinate system and other
projection parameters and then minimize residuals.
Residuals are the difference between the actual coordinates of the control points and the
coordinates predicted by the geographic model created using the control points. They provide
a method of determining the level of accuracy of the georeferencing process

48
5.8 Extracting Telangana map from India map using GIS:

Fig 5.1: Shape file of India map

49
• Deselecting the base layer and selecting the layer consisting of Telangana map.

Fig 5.2: Shape file of India map

50
• Attribute table of the selected layer.

Table 5.1: Attribute Table

5.9 Digitization:

It is a method of converting information from one format to another using a tracing.

Traditionally, digitizing means the creation of a spatial dataset from a hardcopy source such as
a paper map or a scanned image placed on digitizing table. On-screen digitizing is the creation
of a spatial dataset by tracing over features displayed on a computer monitor with the help of

51
a mouse. In both cases, the newly created dataset picks up the spatial reference of the source
document.

5.9.1 Types of Digitizing:

• Manual Digitizing: It is done using digitizing tablet. The operator manually traces all
the lines from his hardcopy map and creates identical digital map on the computer. It
is very time consuming and level of accuracy is also not very good.
• Heads-up Digitizing: It is similar to manual digitizing in the way that lines have to be
drawn manually but directly on the computer screen. So in this level of accuracy
increases and time taken decreases.
• Interactive tracing method: It is improvement over Heads-up digitizing in terms of
speed and accuracy. It is also called semi-automatic digitization.
• Automatic Digitizing: It is an automated raster to vector conversion using image
processing and pattern recognition techniques. In this technique computer traces all the
lines, which results in high speed and accuracy along with improved quality of images.

5.9.2 Steps in digitization

1. Click on the ArcCatalog Button to launch ArcCatalog.

2. In the ArcCatalog tree, browse to the folder of the tutorial dataset.
3. Right-click on the folder of the tutorial dataset folder and select →New → Shape
file, to open the Create New Shapefile Dialog

52
 Fig 5.4 Open shape file
4. Name the new Shape file as ORR map and fill the Feature Type as Polyline

Fig 5.5 Create new shape file

5. Click on the “Edit…” button, under the Spatial Reference Description to open the Spatial
Reference Properties Dialog

53
 Fig 5.6 Setting coordinate system

1. Set the coordinate system.

2. Then Click OK. It will create Contour Shape file.

3. Open blank map in Arc Map and add the shapefile.

4. In the table of contents right click on the contour Shape file and select Open Attribute
Table option. Presently Attribute table have only three fields.

54
 Fig 5.7 Attribute table

5. Click on the Option button at the bottom of the table and select Add Field option from
the drop down list of commands

Fig 5.8 List of commands

6. Click in the first text box that asks for the name of field and type length.

55
7. Click in the Data Type cell to activate the dropdown menu. Select polyline as the
Data Type. Click OK.
8. Now Open Blank Arc Map. Add newly created Shape file. Save the Arc map document.
Go to File menu and select the Save option. Save it in your working directory.

9. Click on the Editor Toolbar Button to open the Editor Toolbar. Dock the toolbar
at an appropriate place

Fig 5.9 Editor tool bar

10. Click on the Editor Button and select “Start Editing” to begin an editing session

Fig 5.10 To start editing

Fig 5.11 Digitizing the base map

11. Click on the Sketch Tool on the Editor Toolbar to enable it. Place the first vertex of
polyline by clicking on the starting point of the r line. Follow the line and place subsequently
vertices. Double click to finish the process
12. When you have finished digitizing all lines in the topographic map, click Editor /b>→Save
Edits on the Editor Toolbar.

56
5.9.3 Digitization of Districts of Telangana:

Fig 5.12 Start Editing

Fig 5.13 Create Features

57
Fig 5.14 Adding first node

Fig 5.15 Adding series of node

58
Fig 5.16 Tracing the district boundary

Fig 5.17 Save Edits

59
Fig 5.18 Digitization of other districts

Fig 5.19 Digitized map of Telangana

60
5.9.4 Digitization of National Highways of Telangana:

Fig 5.20 Digitization of Districts

Fig 5.21 Digitized map of Telangana consisting of NH

61
5.10 Analysis:

Fig 5.22 Converting GCS to PCS

Table 5.2 GIS Output-1 (NH Length Calculated):

62
Table 5.3 GIS Output-2 (Area Calculated):

63
Table 5.4 Data for modelling:

64
5.11 Heat Maps:

Fig 5.23 TS Map showing Population district wise

65
Fig 5.24 TS Map showing district wise number of Tourist Places

66
Fig 5.25 TS Map showing Net Cropped Area district wise

67
Fig 5.26 TS Map showing length of NH district wise

68
Fig 5.27 TS Map showing Mandals district wise

69
Fig 5.28 TS Map showing Urban Area district wise

70
5.12 Road Network Model:

The road network model is developed using SPSS software. SPSS stands for Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences, and it’s used by various kinds of researchers for complex
statistical data analysis. The model developed in this study is known as Multiple Regression
Model.

A Multiple regression generally explains the relationship between multiple independent or

predictor variables and one dependent or criterion variable. A dependent variable is modeled
as a function of several independent variables with corresponding coefficients, along with the
constant term. Multiple regression requires two or more predictor variables, and this is why it
is called multiple regression.

Length Of NH = a0 +a1(population) +a2(area covered by industries)

(For the year 2021) +a3(area covered by agriculture) +…and so on

Constants a0, a1, a2, a3 and etc. are known as regression coefficient’s and are determined using
SPSS tool.

5.12.1 Procedure for Modelling:

1. Transfer the data into SPSS software.

2. To get the correlation matrix go to the Statistics in the menu bar then click on Correlate
option and then click on Bivariate option. And then SPSS software gives correlation matrix as
an output.

3. To develop the linear model select the Statistics option in the menu bar then click on
Regression option and after that select Linear Regression option. And after that select the
variables for the analysis purpose.

4. Run the procedures and look at the results.

71
Fig 5.29 Developing correlation matrix in SPSS

Fig 5.30 Selecting variables

72
5.12.2 Output:

Correlations

AREA LEN_NH MANDALS NET_CROP POPULATI TOU_SPOT URBANARE VILLAGES

Pearson AREA 1.000 .489** .633** .487** -.138 .041 -.344 .692**
Correlation LEN_NH .489** 1.000 .547** .365* .210 .138 .017 .376*
MANDALS .633** .547** 1.000 .443** .323 .431* .035 .728**
NET_CROP .487** .365* .443** 1.000 -.260 -.064 -.422* .362*
POPULATI -.138 .210 .323 -.260 1.000 .697** .823** .027
TOU_SPOT .041 .138 .431* -.064 .697** 1.000 .454** .200
URBANARE -.344 .017 .035 -.422* .823** .454** 1.000 -.209
VILLAGES .692** .376* .728** .362* .027 .200 -.209 1.000
Sig. AREA . .004 .000 .004 .443 .820 .050 .000
(2-tailed) LEN_NH .004 . .001 .037 .242 .445 .924 .031
MANDALS .000 .001 . .010 .067 .012 .848 .000
NET_CROP .004 .037 .010 . .144 .723 .014 .039
POPULATI .443 .242 .067 .144 . .000 .000 .883
TOU_SPOT .820 .445 .012 .723 .000 . .008 .263
URBANARE .050 .924 .848 .014 .000 .008 . .242
VILLAGES .000 .031 .000 .039 .883 .263 .242 .
N AREA 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
LEN_NH 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
MANDALS 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
NET_CROP 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
POPULATI 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
TOU_SPOT 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
URBANARE 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
VILLAGES 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Fig 5.31 Correlation Matrix

73
Model 1:

Variables Entered/Removedb

Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 MANDALSa . Enter
a. All requested variables entered.
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Model Summary

Std. Error
Adjusted of the
Model R R Square R Square Es timate
1 .547a .300 .277 39.4986
a. Predictors: (Constant), MANDALS

ANOVAb

Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
1 Regres sion 20688. 035 1 20688. 035 13.260 .001a
Residual 48364. 411 31 1560.142
Total 69052. 447 32
a. Predic tors: (Constant), MANDALS
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Coeffi cientsa

St andardi
zed
Unstandardized Coeffic ien
Coeffic ient s ts
Model B St d. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Const ant) -15.149 24.979 -.606 .549
MANDALS 4.770 1.310 .547 3.641 .001
a. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

74
Model 2:

Variables Entered/Removedb

Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 AREA, a . Enter
MANDALS
a. All requested variables entered.
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Model Summ ary

St d. Error
Adjust ed of the
Model R R Square R Square Es timate
1 .578a .334 .289 39.1627
a. Predic tors: (Constant), AREA, MANDALS

ANOVAb

Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
1 Regres sion 23040. 871 2 11520. 435 7.511 .002a
Residual 46011. 576 30 1533.719
Total 69052. 447 32
a. Predic tors: (Constant), AREA, MANDALS
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Coefficientsa

Standardi
zed
Unstandardized Coefficien
Coefficients ts
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) -15.025 24.767 -.607 .549
MANDALS 3.456 1.677 .397 2.061 .048
AREA 7.093E-03 .006 .238 1.239 .225
a. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

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Model 3:

Variables Entered/Removedb

Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 VILLAGE
S, AREA, a . Enter
MANDALS
a. All requested variables entered.
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Model Summ ary

St d. Error
Adjust ed of the
Model R R Square R Square Es timate
1 .591a .350 .282 39.3534
a. Predic tors: (Constant), VILLAGES, AREA, MANDALS

ANOVAb

Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
1 Regres sion 24140. 492 3 8046.831 5.196 .005a
Residual 44911. 954 29 1548.688
Total 69052. 447 32
a. Predic tors: (Constant), VILLAGES, AREA, MANDALS
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Coefficientsa

Standardi
zed
Unstandardized Coefficien
Coefficients ts
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) -17.542 25.066 -.700 .490
MANDALS 4.320 1.973 .496 2.190 .037
AREA 9.436E-03 .006 .317 1.476 .151
VILLAGES -6.21E-02 .074 -.205 -.843 .406
a. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

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Model 4:

Variables Entered/Removedb

Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 VILLAGE
S, AREA, a . Enter
MANDALS
a. All requested variables entered.
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Model Summ ary

St d. Error
Adjust ed of the
Model R R Square R Square Es timate
1 .591a .350 .282 39.3534
a. Predic tors: (Constant), VILLAGES, AREA, MANDALS

ANOVAb

Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
1 Regres sion 24547.439 4 6136.860 3.861 .013a
Residual 44505.007 28 1589.465
Total 69052.447 32
a. Predictors: (Constant), NET_CROP, VILLAGES, AREA, MANDALS
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Coefficientsa

Standardi
zed
Unstandardized Coefficien
Coefficients ts
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) -19.537 25.698 -.760 .453
MANDALS 4.104 2.043 .471 2.008 .054
AREA 8.401E-03 .007 .282 1.237 .226
VILLAGES -5.93E-02 .075 -.195 -.791 .436
NET_CROP 5.818E-05 .000 .090 .506 .617
a. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

77
Model 5:

b
Va riables Entered/Re moved

Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 TOU_S P
OT, AREA ,
NE T_CR
OP ,
URBA NA . Enter
RE ,
VILLAGE
S, a
MA NDALS
a. All request ed variables entered.
b. Dependent Variable: LE N_NH

Model Summ ary

St d. Error
Adjust ed of the
Model R R Square R Square Es timate
1 .614a .377 .234 40.6667
a. Predic tors: (Constant), TOU_SPOT, AREA, NET_CROP,
URBANARE, VILLAGES, MANDALS

ANOVAb

Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
1 Regres sion 26054.194 6 4342.366 2.626 .040a
Residual 42998.252 26 1653.779
Total 69052.447 32
a. Predictors: (Constant), TOU_SPOT, AREA, NET_CROP, URBANARE, VILLAGES,
MANDALS
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

78
 Coeffi cientsa

St andardi
zed
Unstandardized Coeffic ien
Coeffic ients ts
Model B St d. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Const ant) -29.310 28.412 -1. 032 .312
MANDALS 3.716 2.555 .426 1.455 .158
AREA 9.523E-03 .007 .320 1.310 .202
VILLAGES -4. 49E-02 .078 -.148 -.573 .572
NET_CROP 9.632E-05 .000 .149 .737 .468
URBANARE .390 .424 .193 .921 .366
TOU_SPOT -.559 1.030 -.108 -.542 .592
a. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Model 6:
b
Va riables Entered/Re moved

Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 POPULAT
I,
NE T_CR . Enter
OP , a
MA NDALS
a. All request ed variables entered.
b. Dependent Variable: LE N_NH

Model Summary

Std. Error
Adjusted of the
Model R R Square R Square Es timate
1 .576a .331 .262 39.9027
a. Predictors: (Constant), POPULATI, NET_CROP,
MANDALS

79
 ANOVAb

Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
1 Regres sion 22877. 827 3 7625.942 4.789 .008a
Residual 46174. 619 29 1592.228
Total 69052. 447 32
a. Predic tors: (Constant), POPULATI, NET_CROP, MANDALS
b. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

Coeffi cientsa

St andardi
zed
Unstandardized Coeffic ien
Coeffic ients ts
Model B St d. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Const ant) -22.735 26.102 -.871 .391
MANDALS 3.533 1.711 .405 2.065 .048
NET_CROP 1.431E-04 .000 .221 1.150 .259
POPULATI 2.986E-06 .000 .136 .746 .461
a. Dependent Variable: LEN_NH

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Table 5.5 Model Equations developed from SPSS output:

S.NO Model Equation R² F

1 Length of NH = -15.149 + 4.770(Mandals) 0.300 13.26

(t=3.641)

2 Length of NH = -15.025 + 3.456(Mandals)+ 7.093X10-3(Area) 0.334 7.511

(t=2.061) (t=1.239)

3 Length of NH = -17.542 + 4.32(Mandals) + 9.436X10-3(Area) 0.350 5.196

(t=2.19) (t=1.476)
- 6.21X10-2(Villages)
(t=-0.843)
4 Length of NH = -19.537 + 4.104(Mandals) + 8.401X10-3(Area) 0.355 3.861
(t=2.008) (t=1.237)
- 5.93X10-2(Villages) + 5.81X10-5(Net Cropped Area)
(t=-0.791) (t=0.506)

5 Length of NH = -29.310 + 3.716(Mandals) + 9.523X10-3(Area) 0.377 0.626

(t=1.455) (t=1.310)
- 4.49X10-2(Villages) + 9.632X10-5(Net Cropped Area) + 0.390(Urban)
(t=-0.573) (t=0.737) (t=0.921)
- 0.559(Tourist spots)
(t=-0.542)
6 Length of NH = -22.735 + 3.533 (Mandals) + 0.331 4.789
(t=2.065)
0.000143(Net Cropped Area) + 0.000002986 (Population)
(t=1.15) (t=0.746)

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5.13 RESULTS:

Table 5.6 Estimation of National Highway Length Required using Model Equation-6:

82
Table 5.7 National Highway Length requirement of Telangana for next 20 years:

83
5.14 SUMMARY

In this chapter we have discussed the basic concepts of GIS software, applications of GIS
software, types of GIS software, process of georeferencing, process of digitization and process
of modelling. And also, in this chapter we have shown digitization of districts of Telangana
and digitization of National Highways of Telangana passing through each district. After
digitization the lengths of National Highways passing through each district of Telangana
were calculated with the help of GIS and used the length of National Highways along with
data collected to develop Road Network Model with the help of SPSS tool. And finally, we
estimated the length of National Highway required in Telangana district wise for the next 20
years.

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 CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Summary of The Work Carried Out in PS1

1. In the project stage-1 we have discussed the parameters which will affect the length of NH
and collected the data for such parameters from Telangana state official website.

2.The data is summarized using Excel spread sheet.

3. In this stage we have learnt the basic concepts of GIS software, applications of GIS software,
types of GIS software, process of georeferencing and extracting Telangana map from India
map using GIS.

6.2 Summary of The Work Carried Out in PS2:

1. In the project stage-2 already scanned map of Telangana was collected and transferred the
same to GIS software. Later the map was georeferenced.

2. Later all the districts of Telangana were digitized and also the National Highways of
Telangana were digitized passing through each district.

3. After digitization the lengths of National Highways passing through each district of
Telangana were calculated with the help of GIS and used the length of National Highways
along with data collected in project stage-1 to develop Road Network Model.

4. The Road Network Model is developed with the help of SPSS tool. The model equation used
for estimating the length of National Highways for the next 20 years is:

Length of NH = -22.735 + 3.533 (Mandals) + 0.000143(Net Cropped Area)

+ 0.000002986 (Population)

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6.3 Conclusions:

1. The maps prepared:

a) Geo-referenced map of Telangana consisting of National Highways.
b) Heat map of Telangana showing population district wise.
c) Heat map of Telangana showing net cropped area district wise.
d) Heat map of Telangana showing urban area district wise.
e) Heat map of Telangana showing mandals district wise.
f) Heat map of Telangana showing number of villages district wise.
g) Heat map of Telangana showing number of tourist spots district wise.

2. The road network model developed in this project is used in estimating the length of
National Highway required in Telangana for the next 20 years.

3. According to the results obtained from the road network model there is more requirement
of NH length in the following districts:

Districts For the year 2021(km) For the year 2041(km)

Hyderabad 47 342
Rangareddy 134 290
Nalgonda 147 258

4. The obtained results would be useful to the concerned urban transportation planning
authorities for effective decision-making and policy implementations.

5. In this model we have only forecasted population and assumed the other variables to be
constant. And after that we estimated the length of NH for the next 20 years. If the data of
other variables with time variation is available then we can forecast them and develop more
precise road network model.

86
6.4 Future Scope:
1. The Road Network Model can also be developed for State Highways and can be used to
estimate the length of State Highway required for the upcoming years.

2. If data of Net Cropped Area, Urban Area, Per Capita Income and other similar variables is
available with time variation then we can develop more precise model.

87
REFERENCES

1. Abkowitz, M. P., Hauser, E., Minor, L., and Walsh, S. "Adaptation Highway Management."
Journal of Transportation Engineering, 116(3), 1990, pp.310-327.

2. Durai, B, K., Rao, A, M., Jain, P.K., and Sikdar, P.K. "Geographical Information System
for Planning and Management of Rural Roads." annual conference Map India, New Delhi
2004.

3. Ministry of Rural Development [MORD] (2002). "Manual for Preparation of C Network

Plan for PMGSY", Government of India, New Delhi, India, 2002.

4. Mishra, K.K., Naresh T. "Using Geo-informatics for Development of Rural Roads under
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna" 10th ESRI India User Conference, 28- 29 April 2009.

5. Praveen, K. R., Prince, K. S., Abhishek, K. S., Kshitij, M. “Network Analysis Using GIS.”
International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences
(IJETCAS), 353(13), 2013, pp. 2279-0055.

6. Rao, A.M., Kanagadurai, B., and Kanchan, P.K. "GIS based district rural road plan: A case
study of Ranchi district." National Conference on Rural Roads, New Delhi, India, 2007, pp 40-
47.
7. Sarkar, D. “Structural Analysis of Existing Road Networks of Cooch Behar District, West
Bengal, India: A Transport Geographical Appraisal.” Ethiopian Journal of Environmental
Studies and Management Vol. 6 No.1, 2013, pp74-81.

8. Sikdar, P.K. “GIS Based Planning and Implementation of Rural Roads Program. In India.”
Road Development Planning & Management Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
2004.

9. Sikdar, P.K., Durai, B. K., Rao, I.P., and Jain, P.K. “GIS Based Highway Information
System.”National Seminar on “Road Transportation in India-Emerging Trends and
Technologies, ROTRAN 2002, IIT Kharagpur, September 12- 13, 2002. Pp.7.57-7.69.

10. Singh, A.K. “GIS Based Rural Road Network Planning for Developing Countries”.
Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1943-5436.0000212, 2010

88
11. Praveen kumar, Dinesh kumar, Network analysis using GIS techniques: A case study of
Chandigarh city, International Journal of Science and Research, Volume 5 Issue 2, February
2016.

12. Pritam.R.Patil, Dr.M.P. Dhore, Dr. S.B. Thorat, Transportation Network analysis of
NandedTaluka by using Geographic Information system, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Science and software Engineering, Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2015.

13. Data Collection website:

https://www.telangana.gov.in/

14. Population growth rate of Telangana reference:

https://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/telangana-population

15. Sahitya, Kurre Sai, and C. S. R. K. Prasad. "Modelling structural interdependent

parameters of an urban road network using GIS." Spatial Information Research 28.3 (2020):
327-334.

16. Modinpuroju, Anil, and C. S. R. K. Prasad. "Planning and evaluation of rural road
network connectivity using GIS." Geo-China 2016. 2016. 83-90.

17. Collection of Shape Files from : https://www.diva-gis.org/

18. Map consisting of National Highways in Telangana:

https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/telangana/roads/

19. Georeferencing in ArcMap tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHtxbpboDro

20. Digitization tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXTn-UC8EZo

21. SPSS tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZPyOJ8tFcI

89