Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations of the
study.

Summary of Findings

1. It has been revealed in the study that the most number of respondents were those on the age

bracket of 21-28 with 43.75% of the total respondents. Also, a larger portion of these

respondents were female employees with 62.5%. On the other hand, the respondents were most

comprised of nurses with 52.5%, and midwives came next with12.5%. The length of service of

most the respondents were also in the 0-3 years bracket.

2. Among the independent variables used in the study, both level of knowledge and logistic

support got overall rating of Fair as indicated by mean values of 6.35 and 2.56, respectively. The

level of positive attitude, on the other hand, got rating of Moderate with a mean value of 3.14. As

to compliance to Standard Precaution, which is the dependent variable in the study, the level is

Moderate as indicated by a mean value of 3.25.

3. There is a strong relationship between the level of knowledge and the level of compliance with

the correlation coefficient of 0.377; there is a strong relationship between the level of attitude

and the level of compliance with the correlation coefficient of 0.758; and there is a strong
relationship between the level of logistic support and the level of compliance with the correlation

coefficient of 0.312.

4. There is a significant difference in the level of knowledge when respondents are grouped

according to their age with the P-value of 0.030; b. there is no significant difference in the level

of attitude when respondents are grouped according to their age, with the P-value of 0.122 and c.

there is a statistically significant difference in the level of logistic support when respondents are

grouped according to their age with the n-value of 0.004

5. There is a significant difference in the level of knowledge when respondents are grouped

according to their sex, with the P- value of 0.005; b. there is a statistically significant difference

in the level of attitude when respondents are grouped according to their sex, with the P-value of

0.005; and c. there is a statistically significant difference in the level of logistic support when

respondents are grouped according to their sex, with the Sig. value of 0.010.

6. There is a significant difference in the level of knowledge when respondents are grouped

according to their category as healthcare worker, with the P-value of 0.003; b. there is a

statistically significant difference in the level of the attitude when respondents are grouped

according to their category as healthcare worker, with the P-value of 0.008; and c. there is a

statistically significant difference in the level of the logistic support when respondents are

grouped according to their category as healthcare worker, with the P-value of 0.000.

7. There is a significant difference in the level of knowledge when respondents are grouped

according to their length of service in the institution, with the P-value of 0.000; b. there is a

statistically significant difference in the level of the attitude when respondents are grouped

according to their length of service in the institution, with the P-value of 0.007; and c. there is a

58
statistically significant difference in the level of logistic support when respondents are grouped

according to their length of service in the institution, with the P value of 0.06.

8. There is no statistically significant difference in the level of compliance when respondents are

grouped according to their age, with the P-value of 0.417; b. there is a statistically significant

difference in the level of compliance when respondents are grouped according to their sex, with

the P- value of 0.002; c. there is a significantly significant difference in the level of compliance

when respondents are grouped according to their category as healthcare worker, with the Sig.

value of 0.002; and d. there is no significant difference in the level of compliance when

respondents are grouped according to their length of service in the institution, with the P-value of

0.060.

Conclusions

Based on the result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The level of knowledge on Standard Precaution among the respondents is fair while the

levels of attitude, logistic support and compliance are moderate.

2. There is a strong positive relationship between the levels of knowledge, attitude and

logistic support and compliance to Standard Precaution.

3. The significant differences in the level of knowledge, attitude, logistic support and

compliance when grouped according to the demographic profile of the showed a

significant difference in the levels of knowledge and logistic support and no significant

59
 difference in the level of attitude when grouped according to age. Age is a determinant of

knowledge and perceived logistic support but attitude is not influenced by age.

4. There is a significant difference in the levels of knowledge, attitude and logistic support

when grouped according to sex. Therefore, sex influences the variation in the levels of

knowledge, attitude and perceived logistic support among health care workers.

5. There is a significant difference in the levels of knowledge, attitude and perceived

logistic support when respondents are grouped according to category as healthcare

worker. The qualified healthcare workers develop higher levels of knowledge, attitude

and perception of logistic support.

6. There is no statistically significant difference in the level of compliance when

respondents are grouped according to their age and length of service in the institution and

there is a significant difference in the level of compliance when grouped according to sex

and category as healthcare worker. Therefore, sex and category as healthcare worker

influence the level of compliance to Standard Precaution.

Recommendations

Based on the results of the study, the researcher formulated the following

recommendations for consideration:

1. Davao del Sur Provincial Hospital shall provide Seminars, Lectures, Workshops and In-

Service Trainings discussing the importance of Standard Precaution to develop a highly

positive attitude among employees. The institution shall increase its capability to provide

Personal Protective equipments to the workers and allot funds for the provision of hand

60
 hygiene agents and agents for disinfection, availability of screening agents and measures,

vaccinations for protection, IEC materials on Standard Precaution to increase the level of

logistic support. This is based on the findings that the variables, level of attitude and

logistic support, strongly affect the level of compliance of employees.

2. Davao del Sur Provincial Hospital shall create awareness among employees by providing

Seminars, In-service Trainings, Workshops and Updates to enhance the level of

knowledge of the workers on the use of Standard Precaution. Through increasing the

level of knowledge among healthcare workers compliance may also increase. Also, the

new members of the institution must be trained and those at the groundwork and of lower

category of work via the Infection Control Committee especially that these healthcare

workers are at a high risk population.

3. The institution shall empower the Infection Control Committee of the hospital

through establishing Infection Control Guidelines and Implementation Practices and

should act as the lead committee for capability-building of the hospital on

implementation of Infection Control Precaution.

4. The institution shall develop and strengthen monitoring and reporting system for

Infection Control sentinel events to develop proper action.

5. The institution shall increase funds allocated for provision of reagents, supplies

equipments and IEC materials to influence change in attitude among employees.

61
 REFERENCES

Alter, A. (2003): Hospital Nurses' Job Precaution, Individual And Organizational Policies.
Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice, 32(3):536-543.

Blegen, Ma. (2003). Nurses Standard Precaution Compliance - A Metaanalysis Of Related

Variables. Nursing Research , 42(1):36-41.

Blegen, Ma., Mueller CW. (2007): Nurses Job-Safety And Precaution - A Longitudinal
Analysis. Research In Nursing & Health, 10(4):227-237.

Bowles C, Candela L. (2005). “Standard Precaution Application Of Recent RN Graduates.”

Journal Of Clinical Nursing Practice2005, 35(3):130-137. Pubmed

Borgdroff, Floyd. (2009). “ Intervention To Reduce HIV and AIDS Mortality And Transmission
In Low- And Middle-Income Countries.” Bulletin On The World Health
Organization. 80:217–227.

Bryman A, Cramer D. (2001). Quantitative Data Analysis With SPSS For Windows. London ,
Routledge;

Casey, K. (2004). The Graduate Nurse Experience. Journal Of Nursing Practice. 34(6):301-311.

Conrad, P.(2005). The Meaning Of Standard Precaution: Another Look At Compliance. Soc Sci
Med; 20: 29-37.

Frieden, T. (2004). “What Is Intermittent Treatment And What Is The Scientific Basis For
Intermittency. In: Hepatitis B And Other Blood-Borne Pathogens: Case Detection,
Treatment And Monitoring.” Geneva: WHO.

Fung-Kam, L. (2008). :Precaution Of Hong Kong Registered Nurses.” Journal Of Advanced

Nursing Practice, 27(2):355-363.

Garner, P. (2007). Promoting Adherence To HIV and AIDS Treatment. Bull World Health
Organization; 85: 404-6.

Haynes, Rb. (2009). Determinants Of Compliance: The Disease And The Mechanics Of
Treatment. In: Compliance In Health. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press;34-45.

Hayes, Lj. (2006).: Nurse Turnover: A Literature Review. International Journal Of Nursing
Studies. 43(2):237-263.

Khan, Ma. (2005). “Healthcare Workers Adherence To Standard Precaution: Results Of A Social
Study In Pakistan”. Health Policy Plan; 20: 354-65.

Katabira, C. (2009). Examining Drug Default For Treatment Of AIDS in An Urban HIV Clinic
In Uganda. Journal of HIV/ AIDS.39-48.
62
Kovner, C. (2006). “Factors Associated With Work Precaution Of Registered Nurses”. Journal
Of Nursing Scholarship, 38(1):71-79.

Lambert, EG. (2001). “The Impact Of Job Satisfaction On Turnover Intent: A Test Of A
Structural Measurement Model Using A National Sample Of Workers”. The Social Science
Journal, 38(2):233-250.

Leimane, V. (2005). “Clinical Outcome Of Compliance To Standard Precaution In Latvia: A

Retrospective Cohort Study”. Lancet; 365: 318-26..

Lu, H. (2005). Precaution Among Nurses: A Literature Review. International Journal Of Nursing
Studies, 42(2):211-227.

Nuwaha, F. (2009). Control Of Hepatitis B: A Tale Of Two Districts. Internal Journal Of

Hepatitis B And Other Blood-Borne Pathogens.224–230. 

Oliveria, A. (2008). Knowledge And Attitude Regarding Standard Precautions In A Brazilian

Public Emergency Service: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Schaberg, T. (2006). Risk Factors For Non-Compliance To Standard Precaution. Eur Respir J; 9:
2026-30.

Senanayake, S. (2004).HIV and AIDS: Public Health And The Law. Med J Aust; 180: 573-6.

Shargie, E. (2007). Determinants Of Precaution Adherence Among Healthcare Workers In

Southern Ethiopia. Plos Medicine.;4:280–287. 

Spector, P. (2006). Perceived Control By Employee: A Meta-Analysis Of Studies Concerning

Autonomy And Participation At Work. Human Relations, 39(11):1005-1016.

Sturges, J. (2001). Don't Leave Me This Way! A Qualitative Study Of Influences On The
Organisational Commitment And Turnover Intentions Of Graduates In Their Early Career.
British Journal Of Guidance And Counselling 2001, 29(4):447-462.

Tekle, B. (2002). Noncomplaince To Standard Precaution And Its Determinants In Three

Districts Of Arsi Zone In Ethiopia. Internal Journal Of Liver Disease.573–579. 

Torun, T. (2005).Standard Precaution.Int J.; 9: 1373-7.

Williams, C. (2007). Nurse Residency 1-Year Outcomes. Journal Of Nursing Practice,

37(7/8):357-365.

Wilkins, S. (2010). Self-Study Modules On Blood-Borne Pathogens: Nurses Adherence To

Standard Precaution. Washington, Dc: National Center For Hiv, Std And Tb Prevention, Us
Department Of Health And Human Services. Available From:

63
 Http://Www.Cdc.Gov/Tb/Pubs/Ssmodules/Pdfs/9.Pdf

Building On And Enhancing Standard Precaution To Meet The HIV and AIDS-Related
Millennium Development Goals. Geneva: Who: 2006. Available From:
Http://Www.Who.Int/Tb/Publications/2006/Who_Htm_Tb_2006_368.Pdf

64