Definition of Terms

 Additive – a substance that is mixed into asphalt that has either good or negative effects on the
mixture.
 Adsorption - a thin film formed by a solid holding molecule of a gas, liquid, or solution.
 Aggregates - a mixture of crushed rock and sand with particle sizes ranging from 3/4 inches to
0.075 millimeters.
 Asphalt - a mixture of black bituminous pitch and sand or gravel used for road paving, flooring,
roofing, and other applications.
 Binder - a material that serves as an adhesive
 Bitumen - a black, viscous combination of hydrocarbons that can be found in nature or as a
byproduct of petroleum distillation. It's utilized for a variety of purposes, including road paving
and roofing.
 Bulk Specific Gravity - The weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate at a certain temperature
divided by the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at that temperature.
 Crumbed Rubber Tire - a specimen made by reducing the size of the rubber tires as an
alternative for aggregates in asphalt mix.
 Flow Unit Value - The entire vertical upward movement from the beginning position at zero load
to the value at maximum load is referred to as the flow value, as a part of Marshall Stability Test.
The flow meter's dial gauge should be able to precisely measure the whole vertical moment
upward
 Lahar Sand - a pyroclastic materials that are released from the volcano and are used as an
alternative for aggregates in asphalt mix.
 Marshall Stability - In pavement design, the Marshall Stability Method is used to find the
Optimum Binder Content in asphalt concrete. It is used to estimate how well the Marshall mix
design procedure will function. The maximum load supported by the test specimen at a loading
rate of 50.8 mm/minute is measured during the stability section of the test.
 Maximum Theoretical Specific Gravity - A HMA mixture's theoretical maximum specific gravity
(Gmm) equals the specific gravity minus air spaces. The combined specific gravity of the
remaining aggregate and asphalt binder would be the theoretical maximum specific gravity if all
air gaps were removed from an HMA sample.
 Pavement – an area covered with concrete, asphalt, stones, or bricks.
 Polyethylene terephthalate – chemical name for polyester, used as alternative binder additive
for the modified asphalt mix.

Theoretical Framework

The application of lahar sand as replacement for fine aggregates were mostly opposed by the
construction companies due to its properties and composition which is mostly sand and considered as
one of the worst materials to use as an alternative when it comes to structures that needs to withstand
weights. With the addition of crumbed rubber tires and the used of PET as a binder, the quality of the
asphalt mixture could be improved and, thus, improve the overall performance and qualities of service
roads as well. Because rubber reacts at high temperatures, it alters the characteristics of the mixture,
affecting its performance (interaction process of solvents with polyester binder-rubber aggregate). Due
to the greater sizes of the rubber particles produced by the dry process, the viscosity and elasticity of
the binder has increased. As a result, negative impacts such as rubber particle swelling, specimen
rebounding, and thermal changes caused by variable expansion of the structure within the mixtures
might affect the mechanical properties of rubberized blends. Using dry technology, multiple asphalt-
rubber binders have been used to demonstrate how these faults emerge while also solving the problems
caused in dense-gap graded rubber modified asphalt concrete mixes to improve the compacted
samples' stability, workability, and durability.

Recycling is defined by Republic Act No. 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000, as "the treatment of used or waste through a process of making them
suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes," and "any process by which solid waste materials are
transformed into new products in such a way that the original products lose their identity, and which
may be used as raw materials for the production of other goods or services": P Furthermore, these
points may be taken into account in its policy announcement. Protecting public health and the
environment; promoting national research and development programs for improved solid waste
management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangements, and
indigenous and improved waste reduction, collection, separation, and recovery; and promoting national
research and development programs for improved solid waste management and resource conservation
techniques, more effective institutional arrangements, and indigenous and improved waste reduction,
collection, separation, and recovery.