QCC by KAPT 1

District Engineer Candidates Course Batch 24
October 11 – December 1, 2021
Quality Control In
Concrete
Construction
Quality Control in Concrete Construction October 11 – December 1, 2021
Selection of Materials
OVERVIEW Design of Concrete Mixtures
Quality Control Concrete Mix Production Control

Measures
Curing and Protection of Concrete
Batching Plant
Selection
MATERIAL SELECTION of
❑ Aggregates Materials
• Free from fractures

• Not easily abraded
• Not flat or elongated
• With rough surface texture
• Contain no minerals that interfere with
cement hydration or react with cement
hydration products to cause excessive
expansion
❑ Aggregate Production Selection

❑ Coarse Aggregates of
Control Materials
• crushed stone • Constant check on
• gravel cleanliness and gradation
❑ Fine Aggregates • Careful segregation of
coarse from fine sizes
• natural/manufactured sand • Degradation or breakage of
• stone screenings coarse particles during
production or stockpiling
should also be avoided
Type of Classification Applications

MATERIAL SELECTION Cement (ASTM C150)
❑ Cement Type I General purpose General construction (most
buildings, bridges, pavements,
precast units, etc.)
Type II Moderate sulfate Structures exposed to soil or water
resistance containing sulfate ions
Type III High early strength Rapid construction, cold weather
concreting
Type IV Low heat of hydration Massive structures such as
(slow reacting) dams. Now rare.
Type V High sulfate Structures exposed to high levels of
resistance sulfate ions
New ASTM blended cement designations (ASTM C595)

Type Classification Characteristics
Type IS Portland blast-furnace up to 95% slag permitted
slag cement
Type IP Portland-pozzolan up to 40% pozzolan permitted
cement
Type IL Portland-limestone up to 15% limestone permitted
cement
Type IT Ternary blended up to 70% of pozzolan + limestone +
cement slag, with pozzolan being no more
than 40% and limestone no more
than 15%
Quality Control in Concrete Construction
MATERIAL SELECTION Selection

of
❑ Water Materials
• water used in mixing, curing or other designated application shall be

reasonably clean and free of oil, salt, acid, alkali, grass or other
substances injurious to the finished product
• water which is drinkable and

known of potable quality may be
used without testing
• pH level of pure water is 7
MATERIAL SELECTION Selection

of
❑ Admixtures Materials
are those ingredients in concrete other than Portland cement, water and
aggregates that are added to the mixture immediately before or during
mixing.
Why use Admixtures?
•To reduce the cost of concrete construction,
•To achieve certain properties in concrete more effectively than by other means,
•To ensure the quality of concrete during the stages of mixing, transporting, placing,
and curing in adverse weather conditions, and
•To overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations.
F. Water-Reducing, High Range

MATERIAL SELECTION G. Water-Reducing, High Range and Selection
Retarding of
❑ Classification of Materials
Admixtures Reminders
- Air-entraining admixtures The effectiveness of an admixture
- Chemical Admixtures depends upon such factors as type,
A. Water-reducing admixtures quality, and amount of cement; water
B. Retarding admixtures content; aggregate shape, gradation, and
C. Accelerating admixtures proportions; mixing time; slump; and
D. Water-Reducing and temperatures of concrete and air.
Retarding No admixture, of any type or amount, can
E. Water-Reducing and be considered as substitute for good
Accelerating concreting practice.
QUALITY Design of Concrete Mixtures
CONTROL Concrete Mix Production Control
MEASURES Curing and Protection of Concrete
Batching Plant
DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIXTURES Design of

❑ Factors for Concrete
Mixtures
❑ Concrete Mix Design Concrete
Proportioning
The determination of the relative
amounts of materials required to 1. Requirements as to placing.
produce a concrete that will be 2. Interrelationships of cement
economical and workable in the content, water-cement ratio, and
plastic state and that will have the gradation of aggregate.
required properties in the hardened 3. Required strength.
state. 4. Quality of concrete necessary to
satisfy the conditions of exposure.
5. Considerations of economy.

Concrete
Mixtures
❑ Concrete
Characteristics  The starting mix is proportioned in a testing
laboratory after preliminary quality tests on
1. Workability the materials have been done.
2. Strength  The final proportions are established from
3. Durability laboratory trial mixes, subject to
4. Imperviousness adjustments due to field conditions.
 The above are done ahead of concreting
work to avoid unnecessary delays.
CONCRETE
MIX DESIGN
FLOWCHART

Concrete
Mixtures
❑ Types of Design Mixes
1. Traditional /DPWH Method
2. ACI 211.1 Design of
Concrete
Mixtures
TRADITIONAL/DPWH METHOD
Steps in Concrete Mix Design (Traditional Method)
Compute for Determine

Collection of
Absolute Water-
Data
Volume Cement Ratio
Calculate Compute
Adjust Mix
Volume of for Batch
Proportions
Mold Weights
ACI 211.1-91
Steps in Concrete Mix Design (ACI 211.1)
Choice of Estimate
Choice of Select w/c
max. size of mixing water
Slump ratio
aggregate & air content
Calculate Estimate fine Adjust Trial batch

cement & coarse aggregate adjustments
content aggregate moisture
CONTROL Concrete Mix Production

Control
Minimum Test
Sampling
SAMPLING OF CONCRETE ❑ Sampling from Revolving of
Concrete
❑ Sampling from a Stationary Drum Mixers or Agitators
Mixer • take samples of concrete at two or more
• collect two or more portions regularly spaced intervals during discharge
at regularly spaced intervals of the middle portion of the batch
during discharge of the
middle batch • do not obtain samples until all of the water
has been added to the mixer
• do not obtain portions of the
composite sample from the • do not obtain samples from the very first
very first or last part of the or last portions of the batch discharge
batch discharge
Sampling
SAMPLING OF CONCRETE of
Concrete
Significance
Checking the Consistency of the Sample
 The consistency must always be such that the concrete can be placed and consolidated
to form a homogenous mass without separation of the materials.
 For economy, the lowest the slump which can be placed properly should always be used.
 If the water-cement ratio is fixed, any increase in slump increases the cement
requirement.
❑ Sampling Requirements
• The sampling requirement is to • At least one set of samples shall be obtained

obtain a set of three (3) cylinder for each day of concreting work
samples for structural concrete or a
set of three (3) beam samples for
paving concrete for every 75 m³ or
fraction thereof for each class of
concrete
SAMPLING OF CONCRETE
• Leaving the samples exposed to the sun, wind
• Samples should be sent to the or dry air can seriously affect attainment of
testing laboratory without delay so potential strength of concrete
• Test specimens used as the basis for
that the required tests can be done
acceptance of concrete as delivered to the job
at the required age should be protected from drying and
• Curing of the samples will continue temperature rise and should be transferred to
in the laboratory where conditions standard continuous moist curing conditions
are more favorable than in the field in a laboratory at the age of one day
Causes of Unsatisfactory test Testing

TESTING OF CONCRETE Results of
Concrete
Test results on concrete samples •Inadequate compaction of sample Samples
reflect the actual strength of the •Incorrect sampling
structure. If the testing of samples •Contamination of sample
is incorrect, results will be
•Damage to sample
unsatisfactory but the concrete
may be structurally sound. •Inadequate curing and protection
of sample
•Incorrect test method and
procedure
•Inaccurate test result
•Mixed samples
Where:
FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST R = modulus of rupture, psi (MPa)
P = max. applied load indicated by the
testing machine, lb.
L = span length, in (mm)
b = ave. width of specimen, in (mm)
d = ave. depth of specimen, in (mm)
Strength Requirements:
Flexural strength of not less than 3.8

MPa when tested by the third-point
3𝑃𝑙 𝑃𝑙
R= R= method or 4.5 MPa when tested by the
2𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏𝑑 2 mid-point method at fourteen (14) days
Beam Failure Modes

Testing
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST of
Concrete
Samples
R = P/A
where:
R = modulus of rupture, psi (MPa)

P = max. applied load indicated by
the testing machine, lb.
A = cross-sectional area of the
specimen
Concrete Cylinder Failure Modes

CONTROL IN PLACING CONCRETE Control

in Placing
Placing of Concrete to its final Concrete
Means of Transporting position can be through a:
Concrete: ▪ Bucket
▪Truck mixer ▪ Hopper
▪Pipe line or hose ▪ Buggy
▪Conveyor belt ▪ Chute
▪ Conveyor belt
▪ Paving equipment
CONTROL IN PLACING CONCRETE

4. Segregation in coarse aggregate

Production Control
should be reduced to minimum by
Whether the concrete is mixed at the site, at a
separating the material into several size
central plant or by transit mixer, the following
control measures should be strictly observed: fractions and batching the fractions
separately.
1. The moisture content of aggregate
should be determined constantly for 5. Insure thorough mixing since it is
adjustment of mix proportions. essential for the production of uniform
2. The measuring scales should be concrete.
calibrated and checked periodically.
3. Measurement of aggregate, water and
cement should be checked closely.
Setting of Forms Control

in Placing
•forms shall be of steel and of equal depth to the Concrete
thickness of the pavement at the edge and provided with
adequate devices to withstand the impact and vibration
of consolidation and paving equipment.
•any roadbed, which at the form line is found below

established grade, shall be filled with approved granular
materials to grade in lifts of 3 cm. or less, and thoroughly
re-rolled or tamped.
•the forms after setting to the correct grade, shall not

deviate from the true line by more than one (1) cm at any
point.
• when volumetric measurements are

Mixing of Concrete authorized for small project requiring less
• concrete when mixed at the site or in than 75 cu. m. of concrete per day of
a central mixing plant, the mixing pouring, the weight proportions shall be
time shall not be less than 50 seconds converted to equivalent volumetric
nor more than 90 seconds. proportions. Use of chute is allowed
provided that a weighing scale for
• the time elapsed from the time the determining the batch weight will be used.
water is added to the mix until the
concrete is deposited in place at the •re-tempering of concrete or mortar
site, shall not exceed 45 minutes which has partially hardened that is
when concrete is hauled in non- remixing with or without additional
agitating trucks, nor 90 minutes cement, aggregate or water, shall not
when hauled in truck mixers. be permitted.
Consolidation of Concrete
Internal vibration permits proper placement of
• a well consolidated concrete is 20 % concrete containing less water and fines than
to 25 % higher in strength than that required when concrete is not vibrated.
of concrete which is not thoroughly Internal vibration is generally best suited for
consolidated. ordinary construction.
• concrete not in-place within 90
minutes from the time the Final Finish
ingredients were charged into the
Brooming operation should be executed that the
mixing drum or that has developed
corrugations produced in the surface shall be
initial set shall not be used.
uniform in appearance and not more than 1.5
mm in depth.
Control
Weakened Plane Joint in Placing
Concrete
• created by sawing grooves in the surface of
the pavement of the width not more than 6
mm and depth of not less than 50 mm and
at the spacing and lines as shown on the • sawing of any joint shall be
plans. omitted if cracks occurs at or near
the joint location prior to the
• sawing of the joints shall commence as time of sawing.
soon as the concrete has hardened
sufficiently to permit sawing without
excessive raveling, usually 4 to 24 hours.
MEASURES Curing and Protection of

Concrete
Batching Plant Requirements

Curing of Concrete Curing of

Concrete
Curing is done in such a manner that at no time during the prescribed period will the
concrete lack ample moisture and temperature control, so that hydration can continue to
develop the full potential of strength and durability of the concrete.
To prevent evaporation of water, • Specimens shall be moist cured at 23 +/- 2 deg. C from
cover the specimens with either: the time of casting until date of testing
• Non-absorptive, non-reactive • Storage during the first 48 h of curing shall be in a
plate vibration-free environment
• A sheet of tough, durable • Specimens shall not be exposed to dripping or running
impervious plastic water
• Remove the specimens from
the molds 24 +/- 8 h after
casting.
Curing of Concrete Pavement Curing of

• By ponding, which involves Concrete
Immediately after finishing operations have maintaining a layer of water
been completed and the concrete has
sufficiently set, the entire surface of the
on the surface of the
newly placed concrete shall be cured for a pavement by means of earth
period of 72 hours with either one of the or sand dikes.
approved methods: • By spraying uniformly with
white pigmented curing
• By covering the concrete with compound immediately after
mats saturated with water.
finishing of the surface.
• By thoroughly wetting the
pavement and covering its top.
Removal of Forms Removal

of Forms
•forms for concrete shall remain in place
undisturbed for not less than 24 hours after
concrete pouring.
•In case portions of the concrete are spalled

during the removal of forms, they shall be
immediately repaired with fresh mortar mixed
in the proportioned of one part of Portland
Cement and two parts of fine aggregates.
•in case major honeycombs occurs on sides of

the pavement, it shall be removed and replaced
at the expense of the contractor.
Protection
Protection of Concrete Opening to Traffic of
Concrete
1. Joints shall be sealed with asphalt sealant •the concrete pavement will not
soon after the completion of the curing period be opened to traffic until the test
and before the pavement is opened to traffic specimens molded and cured have
2. Prior to sealing of joints, it shall be thoroughly attained the minimum strength
cleaned of all foreign materials including requirements.
membrane curing compound and joint faces
shall be in a surface dry condition when the seal
is applied •if tests are not conducted prior to
3. The use of sand or similar material as a cover the specified age, the pavement
for the seal will not be permitted shall not be opened to traffic until
4. The pouring of sealant shall be done in such a 14 days after the concrete was
manner that the material will not spill on the placed.
exposed surfaces of the concrete
CORING TEST Testing

of
Concrete
PCCP
CORES THAT SHOW ABNORMAL DEFECTS OR HAVE BEEN DAMAGED

APPRECIABLY IN THE DRILLING OPERATION SHALL NOT BE USED.
DRILLED NOT NORMAL TO THE SURFACE OF THE STRUCTURE

Concrete
Quality Control CoreConstruction
in Concrete Specimens
Testing
IF THE CONCRETE IS PLACED ON of
BONDED PARTICLES AN OPEN GRADED AGGREGATE Concrete
SHALL BE REMOVED
BY WEDGING OR BY BASE COURSE, THE MORTAR IN
CHISEL & HAMMER. CONCRETE MAY PENETRATE INTO
THE BASE AND SURROUND
PARTICLES.
IF DURING THE REMOVAL OF BONDED AGGREGATE

THE CONCRETE IS BROKEN, SO THAT THE
INSTRUCTION OF AASHTO T 148-88 CANNOT BE
FOLLOWED, THE CORE SHALL NOT BE USED
Quality Control in Concrete Evaluation
Constructionof Concrete Samples
Position of Measurement Testing

1 1. For each core sample, nine (9) measurements of the length
8
are made, one at the central position and one each at of
2
eight additional positions spaced at equal intervals long Concrete
the circumference of the circle of measurement.
7 3
9
2. The average length of the core is then obtained from the
4
nine measurements, subject to the following:
6
5
a. Individual measurements in excess of the specified
thickness by more than 5 mm will be considered as
specified thickness plus 5 mm.
b. Individual measurements less than the specified
thickness by more than 25 mm shall not be included in
the average.
3. When the average thickness for the lot is deficient, the
contract unit price is adjusted.
Adjustment for Thickness
Testing
When the average thickness of the pavement per lot is of
deficient, payment for the lot shall be adjusted as follows: Concrete
Deficiency in average Percent of contract price per
thickness per lot (mm) lot
0-5 100% payment
6-10 95%
11-15 85%
16-20 70%
21-25 50%
More than 25 Remove and Replace/No
payment
Acceptance of Concrete Acceptance

of Concrete
• Concrete in the area represented by the cores will be
considered adequate if the average strength of the
cores is equal to at least 85% of, and if no single core
is less than 75% of the specified strength, f ’c.
ACCEPTANCE
Quality Control OF CONCRETE
in Concrete Construction
If the strength of control specimens does not meet the

Acceptance
requirements and it is not feasible or not advisable to obtain cores from of Concrete
the structure due to structural considerations; payment of the concrete
will be made at an adjusted price due to strength deficiency of concrete
specimens is specified hereunder.
Deficiency in Strength of Concrete Percent (%) of Contract
Specimens, Percent (%) Price Allowed
Less than 5 100
5 to less than 10 80
25 or more 0
Batching Plant
THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS!

QCC by KAPT 1

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District Engineer Candidates Course Batch 24

October 11 – December 1, 2021

Quality Control in Concrete Construction October 11 – December 1, 2021

OVERVIEW Design of Concrete Mixtures

Quality Control Concrete Mix Production Control

Curing and Protection of Concrete

Quality Control in Concrete Construction October 11 – December 1, 2021

• Free from fractures

Quality Control in Concrete Construction October 11 – December 1, 2021

❑ Aggregate Production Selection

Quality Control in Concrete Construction October 11 – December 1, 2021

Type of Classification Applications

Quality Control in Concrete Construction October 11 – December 1, 2021

New ASTM blended cement designations (ASTM C595)

MATERIAL SELECTION Selection

• water used in mixing, curing or other designated application shall be

• water which is drinkable and

MATERIAL SELECTION Selection

F. Water-Reducing, High Range

QUALITY Design of Concrete Mixtures

CONTROL Concrete Mix Production Control

MEASURES Curing and Protection of Concrete

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIXTURES Design of

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIXTURES Design of

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIXTURES Design of

Compute for Determine

Calculate Estimate fine Adjust Trial batch

QUALITY Design of Concrete Mixtures

CONTROL Concrete Mix Production

• The sampling requirement is to • At least one set of samples shall be obtained

Causes of Unsatisfactory test Testing

Flexural strength of not less than 3.8

Beam Failure Modes

R = modulus of rupture, psi (MPa)

Concrete Cylinder Failure Modes

CONTROL IN PLACING CONCRETE Control

CONTROL IN PLACING CONCRETE

4. Segregation in coarse aggregate

Setting of Forms Control

•any roadbed, which at the form line is found below

•the forms after setting to the correct grade, shall not

• when volumetric measurements are

QUALITY Design of Concrete Mixtures

CONTROL Concrete Mix Production Control

MEASURES Curing and Protection of

Batching Plant Requirements

Curing of Concrete Curing of

Curing of Concrete Pavement Curing of

Removal of Forms Removal

•In case portions of the concrete are spalled

•in case major honeycombs occurs on sides of

CORING TEST Testing

CORES THAT SHOW ABNORMAL DEFECTS OR HAVE BEEN DAMAGED

DRILLED NOT NORMAL TO THE SURFACE OF THE STRUCTURE

IF DURING THE REMOVAL OF BONDED AGGREGATE

Position of Measurement Testing

Acceptance of Concrete Acceptance

If the strength of control specimens does not meet the

Quality Control in Concrete Construction October 11 – December 1, 2021

QUALITY Design of Concrete Mixtures

CONTROL Concrete Mix Production Control

MEASURES Curing and Protection of Concrete