INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE

CE 535 /D
CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE REINFORCED CONCRETE

 Rocklike Material  It is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the
 Ingredients
concrete.
 Portland Cement
 Course Aggregate
 Fine Aggregate
 Water
 Admixtures (optional)
ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

1. High compressive strength

2. Great resistance to the actions of fire and water.
3. Very rigid.
4. Low-maintenance material
5. Very long service life
6. Only economical material available for footings, floor
slabs, basement walls, piers, and similar applications.
7. Formed into different shapes.
8. Inexpensive local materials.
9. Lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection
DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

1. Very low tensile strength

2. Formwork is very expensive.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete
leads to heavy members.
4. The properties of concrete vary widely because of
variations in its proportioning and mixing.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
COMPATIBILITY OF CONCRETE AND STEEL

 Concrete: high
 Steel: high tensile strength,
compressive strength, low
low compressive strength
tensile strength

Concrete + Steel:
• Economical structural material, strong in compression
& tension
• Concrete provides corrosion protection and fire
resistance
 Process of
Aim: ensure that the
determining, selection
structure will perform
of and determination
satisfactorily during its
of for the structure to
design life
be built

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
STRUCTURAL DESIGN PURPOSES

Fitness for purpose Safety and reliability

Economy Maintability
FITNESS FOR PURPOSE

Arrangement of spaces, spans, ceiling height, access and traffic flow must
complement the intended use.

The structure should fit its environment and be aesthetically pleasing

SAFETY AND RELIABILITY

Structure must be strong to safely support all anticipated loadings

Structure must not deflect, overturn, tilt, vibrate or crack in a manner

that impairs its usefulness
ECONOMY

Designer should take into

Overall cost of structure account: cost of materials,
should not exceed the client’s buildability, construction time,
budget cost of temporary structures
and maintenance costs
MAINTAINABILITY

STRUCTURE SHOULD BE CAN BE MAINTAINED IN A SIMPLE

DESIGNED TO REQUIRE A FASHION
MINIMUM MAINTENANCE,
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Columns: vertical members

Beams: horizontal Slabs: horizontal plate carrying primarily axial
members carrying lateral elements carrying lateral loads but generally
loads loads subjected to axial load and
moment

Foundations: pads or strips Stairs: plate elements

Walls: vertical plate supported directly on the consists of a flight of steps,
elements resisting vertical, ground that spread loads usually with one or more
lateral or in-plane loads from columns or walls to landings provided between
the ground the floor levels
DESIGN CODES
 Type 1 Type II Type III Type IV Type V

Standard Portland Modified Portland High early strength Low heat Portland High sulphate-
cement - Used for cement - Used Portland cement - cement - Used resistant concrete -
general purposes; when sulphate Used for early where low heat of Used where
air entrained resistance and/or strength and cold hydration is sulphate
generation of weather required; air concentration is
moderate heat of operations; air entrained very high; also used
hydration are entrained for marine and
required; air sewer structures;
entrained air entrained

TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

ADMIXTURES
ADMIXTURES ARE THOSE INGREDIENTS IN
CONCRETE OTHER THAN PORTLAND
CEMENT, WATER, AND AGGREGATES THAT
ARE ADDED TO THE MIXTURE
IMMEDIATELY BEFORE OR DURING MIXING
(FIG. 6-1). ADMIXTURES CAN BE CLASSIFIED
BY FUNCTION AS FOLLOWS:
 Air-entraining admixtures

Water-reducing admixtures

Plasticizers
MOST USED
ADMIXTURES Accelerating admixtures

Retarding admixtures

Hydration-control admixtures
 Corrosion inhibitors

Shrinkage reducers

MOST USED Alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors

ADMIXTURES
Colouring admixtures

Miscellaneous admixtures such workability, bonding, damp proofing,

permeability reducing, grouting, gas-forming, and pumping admixtures
THE MAJOR REASONS FOR USING ADMIXTURES ARE:

To achieve certain properties in

To reduce the cost of concrete
concrete more effectively
construction
than by other means

To maintain the quality of concrete To overcome certain emergencies

during the stages of mixing, during concreting operations
transporting, placing, and curing in
adverse weather conditions
AIR-ENTRAINING
ADMIXTURES

 used to purposely introduce

and stabilize microscopic air
bubbles in concrete. Air-
entrainment will dramatically
improve the durability of
concrete exposed to cycles of
freezing and thawing (Fig. 6-2).
Entrained air greatly improves
concrete's resistance to surface
scaling caused by chemical
 de-icers
AIR-ENTRAINING
ADMIXTURES

 The primary ingredients used

in air-entraining admixtures are
salts of wood resin (Vinsol
resin), synthetic detergents,
salts of petroleum acids, etc.
WATER-REDUCING ADMIXTURES

used to reduce the quantity of

mixing water required to produce
Typical water reducers reduce the
concrete of a certain slump, reduce
water content by approximately 5%
water-cementing materials ratio,
to 10%.
reduce cement content, or increase
slump.
WATER-
REDUCING
ADMIXTURES
MATERIALS:
LIGNOSULFONATES.
CARBOHYDRATES.
HYDROXYLATED
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS.
The effectiveness of water reducers on concrete is a function of
their chemical composition, concrete temperature, cement
composition and fineness, cement content, and the presence of
other admixtures.

These admixtures are added to
concrete with a low-to-normal
slump and water-cementing
materials ratio to make high-
slump flowing concrete.
Flowing concrete is a highly
fluid but workable concrete SUPERPLASTICIZERS
that can be placed with little or
no vibration or compaction
(HIGH-RANGE
while still remaining essentially WATER REDUCERS)
free of excessive bleeding or
segregation.
APPLICATIONS WHERE FLOWING CONCRETE IS USED:

pumped concrete to
areas of closely spaced
thin-section reduce pump pressure,
and congested
placements, thereby increasing lift
reinforcing steel,
and distance capacity,

areas where
conventional
for reducing handling
consolidation methods
costs.
are impractical or can
not be used, and
FLOWABLE CONCRETE WITH HIGH SLUMP
IS EASILY PLACED
EVEN IN AREAS OF HEAVY REINFORCING STEEL
CONGESTION
 Low water to cement
ratio concrete with low
chloride permeability---
easily made with high-
range water reducers- is
ideal for bridge decks
 Plasticized, flowing concrete is
easily placed in thin sections
SUPERPLASTICIZERS (HIGH-RANGE WATER REDUCERS)

 Typical superplasticizers include:

 Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensates.
 Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate.
 Lignosulfonates.
 Polycarboxylates.
SUPERPLASTICIZERS (HIGH-RANGE WATER
REDUCERS)

 bleed significantly less than control concretes of equally high slump and
higher water content.
 High-slump, low-water-content, plasticized concrete has less drying
shrinkage than a high-slump, high-water-content conventional concrete.
 has similar or higher drying shrinkage than conventional low-slump,
low-water-content concrete.
 The effectiveness of the plasticizer is increased with an increasing
amount of cement and fines in the concrete.
RETARDING ADMIXTURES

 used to retard the rate of setting of concrete at high temperatures of

fresh concrete (30°C or more).
 One of the most practical methods of counteracting this effect is to
reduce the temperature of the concrete by cooling the mixing water or
the aggregates.
 Retarders do not decrease the initial temperature of concrete.
 The bleeding rate and capacity of plastic concrete is increased with
retarders.
RETARDING ADMIXTURES

 The typical materials used as retarders are:

 Lignin,
 Borax,
 Sugars,
 Tartaric acid and salts.
RETARDING ADMIXTURES

 Retarders are used to:

1. offset the accelerating effect of hot weather on the setting of concrete,
2. delay the initial set of concrete when difficult or unusual conditions of
placement occur,
3. delay the set for special finishing processes such as an exposed aggregate
surface.
 some reduction in strength at early ages (one to three
days) accompanies the use of retarders.

RETARDING The effects of these materials on the other properties of

ADMIXTURES concrete, such as shrinkage, may not be predictable.

Therefore, acceptance tests of retarders should be

made with actual job materials under anticipated
job conditions.
 used to accelerate strength development
of concrete at an early age.

Typical Materials are:

ACCELERATING
ADMIXTURES • Calcium chloride: most commonly used for plain
concrete.
• Triethanolamine.
• Calcium formate.
• Calcium nitrate.
• Calcium nitrite.
CORROSION INHIBITORS
 The chlorides can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement
in concrete.

CORROSION Ferrous oxide and ferric oxide form on the surface of

INHIBITORS reinforcing steel in concrete.

Ferrous oxide reacts with chlorides to form complexes

that move away from the steel to form rust. The chloride
ions continue to attack the steel until the passivating oxide
layer is destroyed.
 Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures chemically
arrest the corrosion reaction.

Commercially available corrosion

CORROSION inhibitors include:
INHIBITORS • calcium nitrite,
• sodium nitrite,
• dimethyl ethanolamine,
• amines,
• phosphates,
• ester amines.
SHRINKAGE-
REDUCING
ADMIXTURES

 Shrinkage cracks, such as

shown on this bridge deck, can
be reduced with the use of
good concreting practices and
shrinkage reducing admixtures.
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES TO REDUCE ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTIVITY
(ASR INHIBITORS)

 Expansion of specimens made with lithium

carbonate admixture
COLORING
ADMIXTURES
(PIGMENTS)

 Red and blue pigments were

used to color this floor