See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/332029090

A Comprehensive Study of Different Types of Seepage Control Measures for

Earth Dam Using FEM

Article · March 2019

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2610954

CITATIONS READS

2 1,490

2 authors:

Md. Mahmud Sazzad Md. Mohayminul Islam

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
78 PUBLICATIONS   309 CITATIONS    10 PUBLICATIONS   13 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Macro and micro mechanical behavior of granular materials using DEM View project

Slope Stability Analysis by LEM and FEM View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Md. Mahmud Sazzad on 27 March 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

A Comprehensive Study of Different Types of Seepage Control

Measures for Earth Dam Using FEM
1
Md. Mahmud Sazzad, 2Md. Mohayminul Islam
1
Professor, 2Undergraduate student
Department of Civil Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Email: 1mmsruet@gmail.com, 2mohayminul.islam37@gmail.com

Abstract
Dam failure involves a huge amount of economic, financial, structural losses as well as loss
of numerous numbers of lives and properties. In most instances, seepage failure of earth-fill
dams occurs because of inadequate seepage control measures. The objective of this paper is
to perform a comprehensive study of the incorporation of different seepage control measures
to an earth dam using Finite Element Method (FEM). SEEP/W, a FEM based software, has
been used for modelling and analysis of different seepage control measures. From the
numerical analysis, it is observed that use of rock toe combined with horizontal filter is more
beneficiary than they are used alone. The length of horizontal blanket filter is a controlling
factor to reduce the pore water pressure rather than its thickness. Horizontal blanket filter
comprises of coarse sand layer at top and fine sand layer at bottom gives preferable results
for all flow properties. Performance of inclined rock toe is better than vertical rock toe to
reduce pore water pressure and gradient. It is also noticed that trapezoidal shape of internal
clay core is better than other shapes of the internal clay core. Moreover, it performs more
efficiently if transition filter is adopted.

Keywords: Earth dam, Rock toe, Seepage control measures, Horizontal filter, Internal clay
core, FEM

INTRODUCTION hydraulic failure (ii) structural failure and

A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly
impervious material built across a river to
create a reservoir on its upstream side for
impounding water for various purposes
[1]. The purposes of impounding may
include the irrigation, hydropower
generation, water-supply, flood control,
navigation, fishing and recreation. Dams
may be built to meet any one of the above
stated purposes or they may be constructed
to fulfil more than one. On the basis of
purposes, dam can be classified as single-
purpose and multipurpose dam. Dam’s
failures have been taken place all over the
world over a long period of time in history.
Effects of dam’s failure on man and
environment are widespread destructive.
These failures require both preventive and
extenuation measures. Dam failure may be
divided into three major categories: (i)
(iii) seepage failure. It is reported that 35%
of dam fails due to hydraulic failure, 20%
of dam fails due to structural failure, 38%
of dam fails due to seepage failure and the
rest 7% dam fails due to miscellaneous
causes [2]. As stated earlier, seepage
failure possesses the large share of the dam
failures; consequently, it is alarming and
requires further enhanced study. The
hydraulic failure (due to overtopping,
erosion by waves, erosion by rainfall, etc.)
and structural failure (due to sliding of
slope, burrowing by animal, damage by
earth quake, etc.) are mainly external
failures. These failures can be detected by
naked eye as well as they can be repaired
or treated externally. Seepage failure
occurs due to lack of monitoring and
instrumentation to detect earlier symptoms
before failure occurred [3]. However, in

24 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved


case of seepage failure, it occurs behind
the eye and it leads to a potential failure.
Seepage through an earth dam is neither
possible nor expected to be stopped
permanently but obviously, it can be
controlled by adopting some control
measures. Seepage problem can be
discussed on various aspects. Discharge
out of water through the reservoir dam
involves a great economic loss whereas the
exit gradients, pore water pressure,
seepage velocity and exposure of phreatic
line compromises the physical stability of
both reservoir and embankment dam.
Seepage is accountable for piping,
sloughing and leakage failure.
For homogeneous earth fill dams and
zoned earth fill dams, piping in the dam
body or foundation is a dominant failure.
Piping through dam body and foundation
is responsible for 58.3% of dam failure [4].
Literature [2- 7] suggested several
techniques to control the seepage through
the dam body as well as the foundation. It
is suggested to use horizontal drainage,
rock toe, chimney drains, transition filter,
usage of impervious core, horizontal
blanket drains, rock toe combine with
horizontal drains, etc. [2, 5]. The
researcher around the globe has studied
various aspects of these seepage control
measures to prove their applicability as
well as economy. For example, Sazzad and
Rahman [4] studied the effect of chimney
filter and clay blanket on the seepage
through dam body using FEM. Their study
indicated that the use of chimney filter at
downstream side is beneficial. Aboelela
[5] conducted a comparative study using
analytical method between the studied toe
drainage systems to enable the designers
the better choice for design purposes. Al-
Labban [8] analyzed the seepage problem
of earth dams by using SEEP/W software
where the effect of several parameters
including the permeability of the shell
material, the presence of impervious core
and its location and thickness, the presence
of vertical and horizontal filters, the
presence of cutoff wall and impervious
25 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1
upstream blanket were justified. Sazzad et
al. [9] investigated the effect of various
parameters of dam and different conditions
such as mesh shape and size, shape of
internal clay core, upstream and
downstream slope angle, permeability of
base material, etc. on the seepage
discharge through the dam body
numerically and analytically. Recently,
Sazzad and Islam [10] reported the effect
of width, length and position of cutoff wall
on the seepage characteristics of earth
dam.
Although several studies has been carried
out on the specific seepage control
measures, sill there is a lack in performing
a comprehensive study in a comparative
and alternative manner of all control
measures to justify their applicability. In
most of the available literatures, either the
stability of dam is investigated or the use
of any particular seepage control measure
is adopted. Besides, the effect of
dimensions on the seepage control
measures has not been studied. So, there
remains scope of investigating their
permissible dimension, shape, position as
well as the material used for better
operation without compromising the
quality. Moreover, most of the literatures
mentioned above are based on the
analytical approach. So, this study has
been conducted based on Finite Element
Method using the computer program
SEEP/W [11].
The aims of this study are: (i) to evaluate
the applicability of different seepage
control measures (horizontal drainage,
rock toe, transition filter, usage of
impervious core, horizontal blanket drains,
rock toe combine with horizontal drains,
etc.), (ii) to analyze different seepage flow
properties (i.e. pore water pressure,
gradient, discharge, velocity and phreatic
line), (iii) to compare one control measure
to others and (iv) to testify the effect of
alternation of materials on the seepage
characteristics.

Methodology
Numerical model
In this study, the numerical models were
developed using Seep/W [11] and the
necessary analyses were carried out using
FEM. The geometric models of the earth
dams considered in this study are
represented in Figures 1 to 6 with their
specifications. For all cases, dimensions of
the dam were considered to be identical
which is annotated in the respective
figures. The angle of inclination of the
dam face is 30.96° with the horizontal axis
or horizontal: vertical = 10: 6 for both the
upstream and downstream faces. Same
slope is also considered for all models. A
constant water level of 5 m from the base
of the dam for all the analyses was
considered. All the analyses were carried
out for steady state of seepage flow.
For Figure 1, analyses were carried out for
alternating combination of fine and coarse
sand as horizontal blanket drain. Blanket,
comprising of coarse sand at top and fine
sand at bottom, is denoted as C1F2, while
blanket comprising of coarse sand at
Table 1: Materials used in different elements of the dam
Name of Elements No. of Figure
Dam body
Blanket filter
Horizontal filter
Rock toe combined with horizontal
drains
Rock toe
Internal clay core
Transition filter
Table 2: Coefficients of permeability of various materials used in this study
Materials
Silty clay
Fine sand
Coarse sand
Gravel
Impervious rock
26 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1
bottom and fined at top is denoted as
C2F1. For both combinations, analyses
were carried out for various lengths and
widths of the drain.
Models in Figures 2 and 3 were analyzed
for different lengths and thicknesses of the
drain. Model of rock toe was considered
for the following conditions a. i:ii:iii:iv ≡
fine sand: coarse sand: gravel: impervious
rock, b. i:ii:iii:iv ≡ gravel: coarse sand:
fine sand: impervious rock. For both the
combinations, analyses were carried out
for various lengths (6 m and 12 m) and
thicknesses (0.2 m and 0.4 m).
Material properties
In this study, materials used for different
elements of the dam are considered to be
saturated condition and to overlook the
complexity; the unsaturated conditions are
not taken into consideration. The materials
used for different elements of dam in this
study are shown in Table 1 and the
coefficients of permeability of those
materials are shown the Table 2,
Name of Material
1 to 6 Silty clay
1 Discrete layer of fine and coarse sand
2 Coarse sand
3 Coarse sand
4 Fine sand, coarse sand, gravel and rock
5 Clay
6 Coarse sand
Coefficient of Permeability, k (m/sec)
5 × 10-7
4 × 10-5
4 × 10-3
9.84 × 10-2
6.56 × 10-10
 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

15

Elevation (m) 4m
10

6m
5m
5 24 m

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance (m)
Figure 1: Geometric model of earth dam with horizontal blanket filter.

15

4m
Elevation (m)

10

6m
5m

5 24 m

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance (m)
Figure 2: Geometric model of earth dam with horizontal filter.

15

4m
Elevation (m)

10
6m
5m

5
24 m

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance (m)
Figure 3: Geometric model of earth dam with rock toe combined with horizontal drains.

27 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

Figure 4: Geometric model of earth dam with provision of rock toe: (a) inclined layer (with
an angle of 63.43°), (b) vertical layer.

Figure 5: Geometric model of earth dam with provision of internal clay core (core area= 24
m2): (a) rectangular clay core, (b) trapezoidal clay core, (c) parallelogram shaped clay core
(inclination angle of arm= 135°), (d) parallelogram shaped clay core (inclination angle of
arm= 45°).

Figure 6: Geometric model of earth dam with provision of transition filter: (a) full transition
filter over the clay core, (b) partial transition filter over the clay core.

28 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

Seepage control measures layers on the seepage characteristics are

Horizontal blanket filter
The function of a filter is to facilitate the
drainage of the seepage water in a
controlled manner through the downstream
toe of the dam body. It is extended from
the downstream toe towards the body of
dam by 25% to 100% of the distance from
the center of the dam to toe of the dam. In
the present study, this filter consists of two
layers (Figure 1). Those two layers are
comprised of fine and coarse sand having
identical thickness. Here, analysis is
carried out considering both the C1F2 and
C2F1 conditions. After the numerical
analysis, the effects of the length (L),
thickness (t), and combination of different
investigated and depicted in Figure 7.
Figure 7(a) depicts the effect of horizontal
blanket filter on the pore water pressure.
From Figure 7(a), it is noticed that the
variation of thickness (0.25 m and 0.5 m)
of the horizontal blanket has very
negligible effect on the reduction of pore
water pressure for both of the material
combinations considering the length of 9
m. But, increasing the length from 9 m to
12 m results a significant decrease in pore
water pressure. It reveals that the length of
horizontal blanket filter is a controlling
factor to reduce the pore water pressure
rather than its thickness.

Figure 7: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for blanket filters: (a) Pore
water pressure vs. distance, (b) Gradient vs. distance, (c) Rate of flow for different
configurations of blanket filter and (d) Velocity of flow vs. distance.

29 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved


From Figure 7(b), it is noticed that the
maximum gradient does not dependent on
the combination of materials (i.e. whether
coarse sand is placed at top or fine sand is
placed at top of horizontal blanket filter).
Rather, it depends on the dimension of the
horizontal blanket filter. Increase in
thickness of the filter, maximum gradient
decreases. However, with the increase in
length, maximum gradient increases. As
the length and width of blanket decreases
the discharge of water also decreases (see
Figure 7 (c)). The material alternation (i.e.,
coarse sand is placed at top or fine sand is
placed at top of horizontal blanket filter)
has no effect on the discharge. To guide
the discharge through a controlled path,
blanket drain is incorporated. So, to
decrease the amount of discharge through
earth dam, horizontal blanket filter of
small length and width is preferable. Exit
velocity depends on the combination of the
filter materials which is evident from
Figure 7 (d). The combination, in which
coarse sand is place at top and fine at
bottom of horizontal blanket filter, results
in lower exit velocity than the reverse
combination (i.e. fine sand is place at top
and coarse sand is placed at bottom of
horizontal blanket filter). The effect of
dimension (i.e. length and width) of
horizontal blanket filter on the velocity of
flow follows the same trend as noticed in
case of discharge.
Horizontal filter
Horizontal filter consists of granular
materials having large coefficient of
permeability than the shell material of dam
body to drain out the seepage water
through a specified path. In this study, four
lengths (3, 6, 9 and 12 m) and three
thicknesses (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 m) of the
horizontal filter were taken into
consideration.
Figure 8 (a) depicts that the pore water
pressure changes with the distance as the
30 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1
dimensions are changed. From this figure,
it is evident that the pore water pressure
decreases with the increment in the length
of the length of the horizontal filter same
as the horizontal blanket filter. Moreover,
the change in thickness has negligible
effect on the variation of pore water
pressure.
However, from Figure 8 (b), it is depicted
that the maximum gradients increase with
the increment of the length. The change of
thickness of the horizontal filter, on the
other hand, depicts no distinct change in
maximum gradient. Most importantly, it is
noticeable here that, for any dimension of
the horizontal filter, the exit gradient is
zero. So, it is advisable not to increase the
length of the horizontal filter unnecessarily
as short length serves the same purpose.
Discharge through the dam follows the
same trend as observed in case of pore
water pressure (see Figure 8 (c)). Larger
the dimension more the discharge velocity
of seepage flow increases with the increase
in length of the filter (see Figure 8(d)) and
it decreases with the increment in
thickness of filter.
So, for the controlled seepage flow, lowest
length of filter (i.e. 25% of the distance
from the center to toe of dam) is to be
adopted.
Horizontal filter combined with rock toe
Horizontal filter combined with rock toe is
depicted in Figure 3. The combination of
rock toe with the horizontal filter is
adopted to obtain the facility of both
techniques. In case of small dam with high
chance of erosion at downstream toe, this
measure can be used economically. The
filter facilitates the dam with controlled
seepage whereas the rock is used to resist
the erosion at the downstream toe. In the
present study, models for different lengths
and widths are prepared.
 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

Figure 8: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for horizontal filter: (a) Pore
water pressure vs. distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow for different dimension
of filters (d) Velocity vs. distance.

31 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved


Figure 9: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for horizontal filter combined
with Rock toe: (a) Pore water pressure vs. distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow
for different dimension of filter (d) Velocity vs. distance.
The influence of horizontal filter has
already been presented in earlier sections.
Although the trend of the evolution for
pore water pressure or gradient or
discharge is similar for horizontal filter
alone and horizontal filter combined with
rock toe, however, there is a significant
reduction in magnitude in case of
horizontal filter combined with rock toe
than those for the horizontal filter alone.
From Figure 9 (a), a reduction in pore
water pressure is noticed with the increase
in the length for obvious reason. Pore
water pressure decreases with the increase
of length because phreatic line falls rapidly
for the long length. The effect of thickness
is also negligible.
In Figure 9 (b), it is noticed that the exit
gradients are about zero. The incorporation
of the rock toe not only serves to control
the erosion but also helps to reduce the
gradients as obvious in Figure 9(b).
The width of the filter has a negligible
effect but the length has a significant effect
as noticed in Figure 9(c). Increase in
length causes more discharge which may
cause erosion at the downstream toe. So a
moderated length is desirable. Although
the trend of the graph is same whether
32 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1
rock toe is incorporated or not, but there is
a decent reduction in velocity due to
incorporation of rock toe which can be
noticed by comparing Figure 9 (d) with
Figure 8 (d).
Rock toe
Rock toe is a control measure which
includes the dual features of controlling
seepage and stabilizing the slope of the
dam of moderated height. It consists of
some distinct layer of filter materials
having different coefficients of
permeability to impose more control over
the seepage flow. The cross-section of the
rock toe is represented in the Figure 4. The
results of the study due to the variation of
different parameters such as the variation
of layer thickness, length of the toe,
inclination of the layers, alternation of the
layers, etc. are represented as follows. In
the legend of the Figures 10 and 11, I
stand for inclined rock toe and V stands
for vertical rock toe. Also a model in
Figure 4(a) indicates type “a” and that in
Figure 4(b) indicates type “b”.
It can be realized comparing Figure 10 (a)
with Figure 11(a) that the effect of the
inclination and the thickness of the rock
 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

toe layers on pore water pressure is
negligible. Length plays a role to reduce
pore water pressure. From those figures, it
is evident that for rock toe of type “a”,
there remains a pore water pressure
throughout the base where for the type
“b”, it falls zero from starting point of toe.
increases with length and thickness.
From Figure 10 (c) and Figure 11 (c), it is
clear that the angle of inclination
dominates the discharge. Inclined toe with
same dimension gives less discharge than
the vertical one. The effect of material
combination is also very negligible.

Angle on inclination of toe has a little bit
effect on the gradient. From Figures 10 (b)
and 11 (b), it is evident that the vertical
rock toe develops a lower maximum
gradient than the inclined rock toe. For
both type “a” and “b”, the maximum
gradient is almost same but exit gradient is
difference. For type “a”, exit gradient is
zero for all dimensions where for type b, it
From Figure 10 (d), a sudden increase in
velocity is noticed whereas a stage wise
gradual increase is noticed in Figure 11
(d). This is because of the layer
combination for type “b”. The material
becomes more permeable towards the
outer face which allows the increment in
flow rate. The exit velocity for type “b” is
twice or more than that of the type “a”.

Figure 10: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for rock toe of type “a”
(i:ii:iii:iv ≡ fine sand: coarse sand: gravel: impervious rock): (a) Pore water pressure vs.
distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow for different dimension of Rock toe, (d)
Velocity vs. distance.

33 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

Figure 11: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for Rock toe of type “b”
(i:ii:iii:iv ≡ gravel: coarse sand: fine sand: impervious rock): (a) Pore water pressure vs.
distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow for different dimension of rock toe (d)
Velocity vs. distance.

Internal clay core Pore water pressure drops down for

Providing internal clay core is one of the
widespread methods of seepage control. In
this method, a core of less permeable
material than the shell material of different
shape is provided inside the body of the
dam. In this study, the effect of the shape
of the core having the same area (24 m2)
on seepage properties is investigated. The
core shapes considered in the present study
are represented in Figure 5 and the results
are described as follows. In the legend, the
Parallelogram 45 and parallelogram 135
indicate the parallelogram clay core of
angle 45 degree and 135 degree with the
horizontal measured anticlockwise.
parallelogram shape of internal clay core
with inclination of 45° as it encounters the
flow lines earlier than the other shape;
however, at the base of dam, the pore
water pressure does not drop down to the
zero. When the rectangular and the
trapezoidal shape of internal clay core are
used, it drops the pore water pressure to
zero.
Exit gradient for all shapes is zero which is
desirable. But the maximum gradient is
largest for parallelograms and lowest for
trapezoidal shape. Discharge is lowest for
rectangular shape of internal clay core but

34 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

the difference of rate of discharge for parallelogram shapes as depicted in Figure

trapezoidal and rectangular is negligible. 12 (d). Drop down of phreatic line is more
Exit velocity is exactly same for both of gradual for trapezoidal shape of clay core
trapezoidal and the rectangular shape and where for other cases, drop downs are
they are lower than that for both of sharper (see Figure 13).

Figure 12: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for internal clay core of
different shape: (a) Pore water pressure vs. distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of
flow for different shape (d) Velocity vs. distance.

Figure 13: Phreatic line for different shapes of internal core.

35 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

Transition filter decreases the pore water pressure faster

Transition filter is a filter of granular
material that is placed round the internal
core to facilitate the seepage control more
effectively. It drains out the seepage water
in a safe manner without damaging dam
body. The considered models are depicted
in Figure 6. In Figure 6 (a), full transition
filter over the core is used while in Figure 6
(b), partial transition filter over the core is
used.
Transition filter covering full core
than the partial one which is noticed in the
Figure 14 (a). But the maximum gradient
developed by partial transition filter is
lower than that of the full transition filter
(see Figure 14 (b)). However, for both
cases, a result of zero gradients is noticed.
Discharge through the base of the dam with
the incorporation of full transition is very
little than that of the partial one as noticed
in Figure 14 (c). Exit velocity for partial
filter is around four times less than for the
full transition filter (see Figure 14(d)).

Figure 14: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for transition filter: (a) Pore
water pressure vs. distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow for different shape (d)
Velocity vs. distance.

CONCLUSION were analyzed numerically using SEEP/W.

In this study, the effect of different
seepage control measures like horizontal
filter, rock toe, internal core, transition
filter etc. with the variation of their length
and width on the seepage characteristics
It is observed that horizontal blanket filter
comprises of coarse sand layer at top and
fine sand layer at bottom gives preferable
results for all flow properties. Larger
horizontal filter decreases the pore water

36 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved


pressure but increases gradient inside the
dam and also increases the velocity at
downstream side. So, the adoption of filter
having a length of 25% of the distance
from the center to the toe of the dam and a
moderated thickness is a better option to
control seepage as well as stability
simultaneously. Incorporation of rock toe
along with the horizontal filter reduces the
magnitude of gradient and the velocity of
seepage flow significantly. Performance of
inclined rock toe is better than vertical
rock toe for pore water pressure and
gradient. On the basis of all flow
parameters, the clay core of trapezoidal
shapes performs better than any other
shape having same area. The transition
filter which covers the total internal core
performs better than the partial one for
almost all seepage parameters except exit
velocity.
REFERENCES
1. Modi, P. N. Irrigation water resources
and water power engineering. 9th ed.,
Standard Book House, New Delhi,
India, 2014.
2. Garg, S. K. Irrigation engineering and
hydraulic structures. 23rd rev. ed.,
Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, India,
2013.
3. Zhang, L. M.; Xu, Y.; Jia, J. S.
Analysis of earth dam failures - A
database approach. Proc. ISGSR.
2007; pp. 293-302.
37 Page 24-37 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
View publication stats
Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1
4. Sazzad, M. M.; Rahman, M. M. Effect
of clay blanket and chimney filter
against seepage failure. IJASGE,
2017; 6(2), 77-83
5. Aboelela, M. M. Control of seepage
through earth dams based on pervious
foundation using toe drainage systems.
Journal of Water Resource and
Protection, 2016; 8, 1158-1174.
6. Greager, V., Hinds, N. Engineering of
dams. John Wiley and sons, New
York; 2002.
7. Dahigaonkar J. K. Irrigation
engineering. Kamal Jagasia Publisher,
Shahdera, Delhi, 2007.
8. Al-Labban, S. N. Y. Seepage analysis
of earth dams by finite elements. M.Sc.
Thesis, Collage of Engineering,
University of Kufa, Iraq, 2007.
9. Sazzad, M. M.; Roy, M.; Rahman, M.
M. FEM based Seepage Analysis
through Earth Dam.” International
Journal of Advances in Structural and
Geotechnical Engineering, 2015, 4(3),
158-164.
10. Sazzad, M. M; Islam, M. M. Effect of
width, length and position of cutoff
wall on the seepage characteristics of
earth dam. Journal of geotechnical
study, 4(1), 1-11,
doi:10.5281/zenodo.2543420,
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2543420
11. GEO-SLOPE International Ltd.
(2012). Seepage Modeling with
SEEP/W User’s guide Calgary,
Alberta, Canada