BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION
Idr. Karen Iledan- Abrera

• Introduction • Testing Concrete

• Concrete • Formwork
• Cement • Finishing of Concrete
• Admixtures
What is a Structure?

A body or assemblage of bodies in space to form a

system capable of supporting loads.

What is a Building?

• Relatively permanent enclosed structure

constructed over plot of land for habitable use

• Any human-made structure used or intended for

supporting or sheltering any use or
continuous occupancy
Building Structures Non-Building Structures
Building Construction

• The process of building, from site preparation through erection,

assembly, and finishing operations
Key Players Consultants
Architect

Design Contract Subcontractors

Project
Client/ Owner Manager

Construction Contract
Contractor Subcontractors
 Building’s Physical System
Structural Exterior Interior
Circulatory
System Envelope Space
Interior
Roofing
Foundation walls/ Plumbing
Systems
partitions

Columns &
Wall Systems Finishes Electrical
Beams

Floor
Mechanical
Systems

Roof
Framing
Major Parts of a Building

Superstructure

Substructure

Foundation
 Materials in Construction
Masonry

• Building with units of various or

manufactured products, such as stone,
brick, or concrete block

Mortar

• A mixture of cement, with sand and

water, used as a bonding agent in
masonry construction
Concrete

• A proportioned mixture of cement,

aggregate and water

• A mass which can be cast, molded, or

formed into predetermined size of shape
upon hydration, becomes stone like in
strength, hardness, and durability
 Concrete

Aggregates Cement

Coarse Aggregates
Fine Aggregates
(gravel or crushed Water Portland Cement
(sand)
stone)
Aggregates

• Constitutes 60- 75% of the volume of

concrete

• Any of various hard, inert, mineral

materials, such as sand and gravel,
added to a cement paste to make
concrete.

• Its properties are important to the

strength, weight, and fire resistance of
the hardened concrete
Fine Aggregates
• Particles whose size varies up to ¼” or 6mm

• Finer particles help fill the spaces between the

larger particles.

Coarse Aggregates

• Particles whose sizes are larger than ¼” or 6mm

• Best suited for making concrete

Cement
• Ingredient of concrete

Portland Cement
• named for its resemblance to a limestone
quarried on the isle of Portland, England

• Finely pulverized material consisting

principally of compounds of lime, silica,
alumina, and iron
Ready mix concrete
• Concrete mixed at a plant or in trucks en route to
the job and delivered ready for placing

Pre cast concrete

• Concrete components that are cast and cured off-
site or on-site in a location other than where they
will be finally placed

Placing
• The act of putting concrete in position

Setting
• Term used for concrete hardening
Hydration
• The term used for the chemical reaction between
Portland cement and water that would result to
setting and hardening

• Through this process, the cement and water

harden and bind the aggregates into a rocklike
mass

Curing
• To maintain newly placed concrete or mortar at Reinforced Concrete
the required temperature and humidity for the 1st
seven days following placement, casting, or • Concrete in which steel reinforcement is
finishing to ensure satisfactory hydration of the embedded in such a manner that the two
cementitious materials and proper hardening
materials act together in resisting forces
Types of Portland Cement

Type I- Normal Type III- High early strength

• Use for general construction; suitable for
most uses when the special properties of
other types are not required
Type II- Moderate
• Used in general construction where
resistance to moderate sulfate action is
required or where heat build up can be
damaging, as in the construction of large
piers and heave retaining walls
• A very finely ground Portland
cement having an increased
content tricalcium silicate,
causing it to cure faster and gain
strength earlier than normal
Portland cement
Type IV- Low heat Type V- Sulfate Resisting

• Reduced content of tricalcium • Intended for use only in

silicate and increased content of construction exposed to severe
dicalcium silicate causing it to sulfate action (areas where soil
generate less heat of hydration and water have high alkali
than normal Portland cement. content)

• Used in the construction of

massive concrete structures such
as dams, where a large buildup of
heat can be damaging
Type V- Sulfate Resisting White Portland Cement

• Intended for use only in • Used primarily in precast wall and

construction exposed to severe facing panels, terrazzo, stucco,
sulfate action (areas where soil cement paint, grout, and
and water have high alkali decorative concrete
content)
Portland Blast- Furnace Slag
Cement
• Granulated and selected blast
furnace slag, which is obtained by
rapidly chilling or quenching
molten slag in water, steam or
air, is added to and ground along
with Portland cement
Portland- Pozzolan Cement
• Pozzolan is blended with ground
Portland cement
**Pozzolan- a material which is not
cementitious in itself but which
becomes so upon admixture with lime
Fly Ash
Volcanic Ash
Calcined Shale
Clay
Admixtures
Added to concrete either immediately before or during its mixing to alter the properties of
the concrete in a variety of ways

Water Reducing Admixtures/ Retarding Admixtures

Superplasticizer
• Permit lower water content
• Used mostly in concrete that is to be
pumped. They produce a mix that flows
easily with no increase in its water content
• Overcomes the accelerating effect that
temperature has on setting during hot
weather and in large masses of concrete
• Delay in stiffening of concrete placed under
difficult conditions
Accelerating Admixtures

• Increases the rate of early strength

development of concrete

Air Entraining Admixtures

• An admixture that disperses entrained air in

a concrete or mortar mix to increase
workability, improve resistance of the
cured product to the cracking induced by
free thaw cycles or the scaling caused by
deicing chemicals, and in larger amounts,
to produce lightweight insulating concrete
Synthetic Fiber Reinforcement Coloring Agent

• To prevent plastic and shrinkage cracking • A pigment or dye added to a concrete mix
to alter or control its color
Testing Concrete

Slump Test

• a method of measuring slump by filling a conical

mold, removing it, and measuring the sag or slump
of the sample

• Measures the consistency of concrete

Compression Test

• is done to determine whether concrete has the

specified compressive strength
Forms

• Temporary structures erected to

contain concrete during placing and
initial hardening

• Can be temporary or permanent

Finishing of Concrete

Screeding Leveling
Edging Jointing
Floating Trowelling

Surface Texturing
Special Slab Finishes
Exposed Aggregates Dry shake color surface Swirl Design

Keystone Finish
Finishing formed surfaces

Rough form finish Smooth rubbed Finish

Smooth form finish