Engineering Materials

CE-104
Engr. Tahmina Hasan
Lecturer
Civil Engineering Department

Swedish college of Engineering and Technology

RYK
Concrete
Contents
What is concrete ?
Composition
Types of concrete mix
Advantages of Concrete
Properties of Concrete
Uses of Concrete
Concrete
• oncrete, an artificial stone-like mass, is the
composite material that is created by mixing
binding material (cement or lime) along with the
aggregate (sand, gravel, stone, brick chips, etc.),
water, admixtures, etc in specific proportions.
• Concrete = Binding Material + Fine & Coarse
Aggregate + Water + Admixture (optional)
Concrete
• Concrete is a very necessary and useful material for
construction work. Once all the ingredients mixed
inside the required proportions, the cement and
water begin a reaction with one another to bind
themselves into a hardened mass.
• Concrete is powerful, easy to create, and can be
formed into varied shapes and sizes
Concrete
• it is reasonable, low cost, and instantly mixed
• Structures designed with the concrete are plenty
durable and should be designed to face up to
earthquakes
Composition of Concrete Mix
• There are four basic ingredients within the concrete
material mix:
• Binding materials like cement or lime
• Aggregates or Inert Materials
• Fine aggregate (sand)
• Coarse aggregate (stone chips, brick chips)
• Water
• Admixture (e.g. Pozzolana)
Composition of Concrete Mix
A brief description of the concrete ingredients is
given below
Binding Materials
Binding material is the main element of a concrete
material mix. Cement is the most commonly used
binding material. Lime could also be used.
Composition of Concrete Mix
Aggregates
Sand is a fine mixture. Gravel or crushed stone is the
coarse mixture in most mixes
Water
Water is required to start chemical reaction within the
cement (hydration) and to supply workability with the
concrete.
Admixtures
Chemicals added in concrete to attain some specific
property e.g quick setting time
Advantages of Concrete
• It’s an important building product. Concrete is
chosen over wood as a construction material.
• It is a durable and cost-effective material which is a
necessity for underground use.
• Concrete is a sustainable choice for residential and
commercial projects.
• The strength of concrete increases over time.
• Concrete can hold up against weather condition
and is easy to maintain.
Advantages of Concrete
• Concrete is safe for building occupants
• Concrete is fire resistant. It can resist extreme level
of flames and heat which is a good choice of the
ceiling in a storage room.
• Concrete can be shaped in various forms when
freshly mixed.
• Concrete isn’t sensitive to moisture.
• It gives a longer service life
• Concrete can be shaped in various forms when
freshly mixed.
Types of Concrete
Based on the variations in concrete materials and
purposes, concrete can be classified into three basic
categories
• Lime Concrete
• Cement Concrete
• Reinforced Cement Concretes
Types of Concrete
Lime Concrete
Lime concrete uses Lime as the binding material.
Lime is usually mixed with surki and khoa or stones in
the proportion 1:2:5 unless otherwise specified. The
khoa or stones are soaked in water before mixing.
Lime concrete is used mainly in foundation and
terrace roofing.
Types of Concrete
Advantages
• Lime concrete is cheaper than cement concrete.
• Lime concrete is more workable than cement
concrete.
• Lime concrete has a lower heat of hydration, which
makes it suitable for mass concrete works.
• Lime concrete has good resistance to fire.
• Lime concrete has good resistance to sulfate attack.
Types of Concrete
Disadvantages
• Lime concrete has a lower strength than cement
concrete.
• Lime concrete is not as durable as cement concrete.
• Lime concrete is susceptible to attack by frost.
Types of Concrete
Cement Concrete
cement concrete composites as the main building
material. It consists of cement, sand, brick chips, or
stone chips of the required size. The usual proportion
is 1:2:4 or 1:3:6. After mixing the required amounts
of concrete materials, the mix is cured with water for
28 days for proper strength building.
Types of Concrete
Advantages
The main advantages of cement concrete are its
strength, durability, and fire resistance. It is also
relatively low maintenance and can be easily
repaired if damaged
Disadvantages
cement concrete is a relatively heavy material and
can be difficult to work with. It is also susceptible to
cracking and can be damaged by extreme weather
conditions.
Types of Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
For enhancing the tensile strength of concrete, steel
reinforcements are added. Sometimes, RCC is
prestressed under compression to eliminate or
reduce tensile stresses. The resulting concrete is
known as Prestressed Concrete.
Types of Concrete
• The steel reinforcements used in RCC can be in the
form of rods, bars, wires, meshes, etc. The concrete
is cast around these steel reinforcement bars or
rods to form the desired shape. The steel
reinforcement bars are placed in such a way that
they provide enough support to the concrete
against the expected loads.
Types of Concrete
There are other various types of concrete for
different applications that are created by changing
the proportions of the main ingredients.
• Regular Concrete
• High-strength Concrete
• Stamped Concrete
• High-Performance Concrete
• Self-consolidating Concretes
Types of Concrete
• Vacuum Concrete
• Shotcrete
• Roller-Compacted Concrete
• Glass Concrete
• Asphalt Concrete
• Rapid Strength Concrete
• Polymer Concrete
• Limecrete
• Light-Transmitting Concrete
Types of Concrete
Regular Concrete
The most common type used is regular concrete. This
pertains to the concrete that is promptly on the
market within the retailer’s marketplace for personal
and residential usage. This includes usage directions
that are written within the packaging of the product.
It utilizes sand and different materials to function as
aggregates and is consolidated in temporary vessels.
Types of Concrete
High strength concrete
• High-strength concrete combined possesses
compressive strength that is over six thousand
pounds per area unit. This can be processed by
lowering the water-cement quantitative relation to
a minimum of 0.35 or lower.
Self consolidating
• The concrete combined once placed can compact
by its own weight and is considered self-
consolidated concrete.
Types of Concrete
• This concrete because of its higher workability is
named flowing concrete. In the areas wherever
there is thick reinforcement, self – consolidating
concrete works best.
Glass concrete
• The recycled glass may be used as aggregates in
concrete. Thus, we tend to get concrete of recent
times, glass concrete. This concrete can increase
the aesthetic appeal of concrete. They can give long
strength and higher thermal insulation.
Types of Concrete
Asphalt concrete
• Asphalt concrete may be a material, the mixture of
aggregates and asphalts ordinarily accustomed
surface roads, parking tons, and airports
Rapid Hardening concrete
As the name implies these concretes can acquire
strength within a few hours once it's manufactured.
Therefore, the formwork removal is created simply
and the building construction is roofed quickly.
Properties of Concrete
Concrete possesses several properties that make it
an ideal building material for a wide range of
applications.

• Workability
• Strength
• Durability
• Creep
Properties of Concrete
• Shrinkage
• Unit weight
• Modular Ratio
• Poisson's Ratio
Properties of Concrete
Workability
• Refers to the ease with which the concrete can be
mixed, transported, and placed into its final
position
• It is essential for achieving the desired shape and
finishing
• Dependent on the w/c
Properties of Concrete
Strength
• Ability to withstand heavy loads and stresses
• Concrete known for its strength
• Increases with proper curing
• Strength vary depending upon it's composition
Properties of Concrete
Durability
• Ability of concrete to resist weathering action,
chemical attack, abrasion, and other conditions of
service
• Proper curing make it durable upon it's lifespan
Properties of Concrete
Creep
• Refers to the gradual deformation of concrete
under sustained load over time
• It can results serious damage
• It should be considered during the design
Properties of Concrete
Shrinkage
• Concrete shrinks when dries
• It can results in cracking
• Proper curing and reinforcement can help to
minimize shrinkage
Properties of Concrete
Unit weight
• Refers to density
• Depends upon it's composition
• Higher unit weight results in more durable and
stronger concrete
Properties of Concrete
Modular Ratio
• Refers to the relationship between the elastic
moduli of concrete and the steel reinforcement

• A higher modular ratio can result in stronger, more

durable structures.
Properties of Concrete
Poisson's Ratio
• This is a measure of the ratio of lateral strain to
axial strain when a material is stretched or
compressed

• It can affect the overall strength and stability of

concrete structures.
Uses of Concrete
Driveways and patios
• Ideal material for driways and patios
• It can withstand heavy loads
• Require less maintenance
• It can coloured and stamped
Uses of Concrete
Sidewalks
• Popular choice for sidewalks due to strength
• Concrete sidewalks can withstand heavy foot traffic
and can be easily repaired if damaged
• Afortable and locally available
Uses of Concrete
Parking
• common material used for parking lots
• Parking lots made of concrete can withstand heavy
traffic and can last for many years with proper
maintenance
• concrete is slip-resistant and can be painted with
visible markings for safety.
Uses of Concrete
Streets
• preferred material for street paving due to its
durability, skid-resistance, and ability to withstand
heavy loads.
• They are also resistant to oil and gas spills
• making them an ideal choice for high-traffic areas.
Uses of Concrete
Footings/Foundation
• commonly used for building foundations and
footings
• can support the weight of a building and protect it
from moisture and water damage
• concrete can be reinforced with steel bars to
further increase its strength and durability.
Uses of Concrete
Mid-Rise and High-Rise Buildings
• ideal material for constructing mid-rise and high-
rise buildings
• It can resist natural disasters like earthquakes and
hurricanes
• Reinforced concrete structures can withstand high
winds and seismic forces, making them a reliable
choice for tall buildings.