CONCRETE

Arch. Annie Corpuz-Pugeda

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 INTRODUCTION

• Concrete is a composite construction

material, composed of cement (commonly
Portland cement) and other cementitious
materials such as fly ash and slag cement,
aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate
made of gravel or crushed rocks such as
limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate
such as sand), water and chemical
admixtures.
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INTRODUCTION:
▪from the Latin word "concretus" (meaning compact or
condensed), the perfect passive participle of "concrescere",
from "con-" (together) and "crescere" (to grow)
▪consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate
substance, known as an aggregate (usually made from
different types of sand and gravel), that is bonded together
by cement and water
▪solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and
placement due to a chemical process known as hydration.
water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other
components together, eventually creating a robust stone-
like material
▪used to make pavements, pipe, architectural structures,
foundations, motorways/roads, bridges/overpasses, parking
structures, brick/block walls and footings for gates, fences
and poles Page 3
INTRODUCTION:
▪used to make pavements, pipe, architectural structures,
foundations, motorways/roads, bridges/overpasses, parking
structures, brick/block walls and footings for gates, fences
and poles

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History
•used for construction in various ancient structures.
•Roman Empire: Roman concrete (opus caementicium)
- quicklime, pozzolana and an aggregate of pumice
•key event in the history of architecture termed the Roman
Architectural Revolution (freed Roman construction from the
restrictions of stone and brick material
•allowed for revolutionary new designs in terms of both
structural complexity and dimension

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Hadrian's Pantheon in Rome is an example of Roman
concrete construction

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Outer view of the Roman Pantheon, still the largest
unreinforced solid concrete dome

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Baths of Caracalla

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ROMAN AQUEDUCTS

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 Cement
• Portland cement: most common type of
cement; basic ingredient of concrete,
mortar and plaster
• Pozzolan Cement: general name for a
group of cements containing not less than
20% active mineral additives; term is
derived from the name of a friable volcanic
rock—pozzolana—used in ancient Rome
as an additive to lime in the production of
hydraulic cement.
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 Water
• Combining water with a cementitious material
forms a cement paste (process of hydration)
• The cement paste glues the aggregate together,
fills voids within it and allows it to flow more freely
• Less water in the cement paste will yield a
stronger, more durable concrete
• More water will give a freer-flowing concrete with a
higher slump
• Impure water used to make concrete can cause
problems when setting or in causing premature
failure of the structure.
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 Aggregates
• Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk
of a concrete mixture. Sand, natural gravel and
crushed stone are used mainly for this
purpose.
• The presence of aggregate greatly increases
the robustness of concrete above that of
cement, which otherwise is a brittle material
and thus concrete is a true composite material.

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 Reinforcement
• strong in compression, as the aggregate
efficiently carries the compression load
• weak in tension as the cement holding the
aggregate in place can crack, allowing the
structure to fail.
• Reinforced concrete solves these
problems by adding either steel reinforcing
bars, steel fibers, glass fiber, or plastic
fiber to carry tensile loads.

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 Reinforcement
steel reinforcing bars, steel fibers, glass
fiber, or plastic fiber

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 Reinforcement
steel fibers, glass fibers, or plastic fibers

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CLASSES OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
• Structural concrete (Class A, Class B, and
Class C) The differences between the
classes are in the cement and aggregate
contents and water/cementitious ratios.

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 Concrete Mix Ratio
Concrete is made up of a ratio of mixed
cement, sand, and aggregates or gravel.
When mixed with water cement becomes
a paste that chemically sets hard.
However cement alone is not strong
enough and so sand and gravel are mixed
in for strength and bulk or volume.
Concrete Mixing Ratio
• There are many different types of concrete
and uses but the most common are high
strength and water tight, general use and
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foundations.
 Concrete Mixing Ratio
Concrete Mixing Ratio
There are many different types of concrete
and uses but the most common are high
strength and water tight, general use and
foundations.

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 Concrete Mixing Ratio
High Strength Concrete Mix Ratio
• Cement = 1 part.
• Sand = 2 parts.
• Stone or gravel = 3 parts.
• This concrete mix ratio will give you high
strength concrete plus water tight
properties making it great for ponds, and
structural uses such as concrete panels
and building slabs.

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 Concrete Mixing Ratio
• Foundations and Large Volume
• Cement = 1 part.
• Sand = 3 parts.
• Stone or gravel = 5 parts.
• Foundations are the main use for this
concrete mix ratio where a large amount of
concrete is used to fill up strip footings
trenches. This concrete mix is used in
house foundations, to make solid and
stable, when filling from bed rock to
ground level. Page 20
 Concrete Mixing Ratio
• Mortar Mix Ratio
• Mortar is a mix of sand, cement, lime and
water. When mixed properly it forms a
bond between masonry surfaces such as
bricks and concrete blocks of all different
sizes.
• Cement (using General purpose cement) =
1 part.
• Sand = 6 parts.
• Lime = 1 part.
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 Concrete Mixing Ratio
• Types of Cement
• All of the concrete mix ratios use type GP
or General Purpose Portland cement.
However type GP and Type GB are the
most common types.
• Type GP - General Purpose Portland
cement.
• Type GB – General Purpose Blended
cement.

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 Concrete Mixing Ratio
• Types of Cement
• Type HE – high Early Strength Cement –
or rapid set.
• Type LH – low heat cement – used on
large structure such as building and dams.
• Type SR – Sulphate Resisting cement –
use in salty areas.
• Type SL – Shrinkage Limited cement.
• .

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 Concrete Mixing Ratio
• Types of Cement
• All of these types have different properties
and have a different purpose and are
made to have different end results.
• Some of the types above all contain
additives such as: fly ash, silica fume, and
ground slag that change the workability of
the cement and the end result.

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 Concrete Mixing Ratio
• When laying a path or
slab it is best practice to
compact the concrete by
removing the air from the
concrete. This is done by
placing a vibrator pole
into the concrete at the
time of laying to release
the air bubbles which in
turn increases the density
and strength of the
concrete. Page 25
 CONCRETE MIX
Mixture Proportion Cement in Cement in Sand Gravel
class bag bag
40kg 50kg
Class AA 1 : 1 1/2 : 3 12.0 9.5 0.5 1.0
Class A 1:2:4 9.0 7.0 0.5 1.0
Class B 1 : 2 1/2 : 5 7.5 6.0 0.5 1,0
Class C 1:3:6 6.0 5.0 0.5 1.0

Strength of Mixture
a. Class AA - 4000 PSI
b. Class A - 3500 PSI
c. Class B - 2500 PSI
d. Class C - 2000 PSI

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 Chemical Admixtures
• Chemical admixtures are materials in the
form of powder or fluids that are added to
the concrete to give it certain
characteristics not obtainable with plain
concrete mixes. In normal use, admixture
dosages are less than 5% by mass of
cement and are added to the concrete at
the time of batching/mixing.

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 Chemical Admixtures
The common types of admixtures are as follows.
• Accelerators speed up the hydration
(hardening) of the concrete. However, use
of chlorides may cause corrosion in steel
reinforcing and is prohibited in some
countries, so that nitrates may be favored.
• Retarders slow the hydration of concrete
and are used in large or difficult pours
where partial setting before the pour is
complete.
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 Chemical Admixtures
• Air Entrainments add and entrain tiny air
bubbles in the concrete, which will reduce
damage during freeze-thaw cycles,
thereby increasing the concrete's
durability.
• Plasticizers increase the workability of
plastic or "fresh" concrete, allowing it be
placed more easily, with less consolidating
effort.

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 Chemical Admixtures
• Superplasticizers (also called high-range
water-reducers) are a class of plasticizers
that have fewer deleterious effects and
can be used to increase workability more
than is practical with traditional
plasticizers.

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 Chemical Admixtures
• Pigments can be used to change the color
of concrete, for aesthetics.
• Corrosion inhibitors are used to minimize
the corrosion of steel and steel bars in
concrete. Bonding agents are used to
create a bond between old and new
concrete
• Pumping aids improve pumpability, thicken
the paste and reduce separation and
bleeding.
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 Workability
• the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill
the form/mold properly with the desired work
(vibration) and without reducing the concrete's
quality
• depends on water content, aggregate (shape
and size distribution), cementitious content and
age (level of hydration) and can be modified by
adding chemical admixtures, like super
plasticizer.
• Raising the water content or adding chemical
admixtures will increase concrete workability.

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 Workability
• Excessive water will lead to increased
bleeding (surface water) and/or
segregation of aggregates (when the
cement and aggregates start to separate),
with the resulting concrete having reduced
quality. The use of an aggregate with an
undesirable gradation can result in a very
harsh mix design with a very low slump,
which cannot be readily made more
workable by addition of reasonable
amounts of water.
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 Curing
• to achieve best strength and hardness
• happens after the concrete has been placed
• Cement requires a moist, controlled environment
to gain strength and harden fully. The cement
paste hardens over time, initially setting and
becoming rigid though very weak and gaining in
strength in the weeks following. In around 3
weeks, typically over 90% of the final strength is
reached, though strengthening may continue for
decades

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Use of concrete in infrastructure
Reinforced concrete structures
• Reinforced concrete contains steel
reinforcing that is designed and placed in
the structure at specific positions to cater
for all the stress conditions that the
structure is required to accommodate.

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Pre-stressed Concrete Structures
• Pre-stressed concrete: builds in
compressive stresses during construction to
oppose those found when in use
• reduce the weight of beams or slabs, by
better distributing the stresses in the
structure to make optimal use of the
reinforcement.

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 Concrete Textures
• With the use of form liner,
concrete can be cast and
molded into different
textures and used for
decorative concrete
applications.
Sound/retaining walls,
bridges, office buildings and
more serve as the optimal
canvases for concrete art.

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40-foot cacti decorate a sound/retaining wall

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 Building with Concrete

• one of the most durable building materials

• provides superior fire resistance,
compared with wooden construction and
can gain strength over time
• Concrete structures can have a long
service life
• most widely used construction material in
the world.

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 Fire Safety
• Concrete buildings are more resistant to
fire than those constructed using wood or
steel frames
• Concrete reduces the risk of structural
collapse and is an effective fire shield,
providing safe means of escape for
occupants and protection for fire fighters.

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Integrally Pigmented

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Screeded Trowelled

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Swirl

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Broomed

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Burlap drag

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Travertine

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Rock Salt

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Stamped

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Exposed Aggregate

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Form Boards

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Form Liners

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Dimpled

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Sand blasted

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 Concrete Finishes Types
• Bush hammered

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 Building Insulation
Damp, Heat, Acoustic, Fire

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