MAKALAH

GENRE AND ELEMENTS OF PROSE, FICTION, AND DRAMA

Subject : Literature in English Language Teaching

Supporting Lecture : Desi Sri Astuti, M. Pd

Class : A Morning

Arranged by Group 3:

1. Andika Sangga (322110081)

2. Aser Yodika (322110022)
3. Azhimi Cahyadi (322110049)
4. Muhamad Fitrah Arsyadewa (322110125)

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Seni
IKIP PGRI PONTIANAK

2021/2022
 FOREWORD

With praise and gratitude, we pray to the presence of God Almighty because, with His
permission and will, we can finish this paper on time. The writing and preparation of this
paper aims to fulfill the duties of the Literature in English Language Teaching Course. Due to
our limited knowledge regarding matters relating to the writing of this paper, we encountered
various obstacles.

Therefore, it is fitting for us to thank Mrs. Desi Sri Astuti, M.Pd as a lecturer in the
Literature in English Language Teaching Course, who has provided an abundance of useful
knowledge for us. We also do not forget to express our infinite gratitude to God Almighty.

We are aware of our abilities that are still amateurs. In the preparation of this paper,
we have tried our best. With our shallow knowledge, we believe that there are still many
mistakes and shortcomings in the writing and composition of this paper. Therefore, we hope
that the suggestions and criticism that we will receive will hopefully be able to make our
knowledge more advanced in all matters, especially in the Literature in English Language
Teaching Course.

Pontianak, 17 September 2022

Writers
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Reseach Background

The definition of literature is endless. Everyone can describe what literature is based
on his or her understanding of it. According to Klarer, Etymologically, the Latin word
"literature" is derived from "Littera" (letter), which is the smallest element of alphabetical
writing. The word text is related to "textile" and can be translated as "fabric": just as single
threads form a fabric, so words and sentences form a meaningful and coherent text. The
origins of the two central terms are, therefore, not of great help in defining literature or text
(Klarer, 2004, p. 14). Referring to the Latin word “litteratura" which mean the writing, was
used to refer to anything from creative writing, such as poetry, novels, short story, essays,
letter, etc. Whatever people read or write was literature..

Literature has been widely known by many people and experts. The word literature
is derived from the word 'littera' in Latin which means letter. It refers to the written or
printed words. However, now, the term 'literature' is more focused and restricted to merely
imaginative works, which comes up from the imaginative mind of the story writers. The
primary aim of literature is to give pleasure, to entertain those who voluntarily attend to it.

B. Statements of the Problem

The formulation of the problem of this paper, is:

1. What are "prose," "fiction, and "drama"?

2. What is the difference between prose, fiction, and drama
3. What are the meanings of genres and elements of prose, fiction, and drama?
4. What are the genres and elements of prose, fiction, and drama?
C. Research Objective
1. To Recognizing the meanings of “prose”, “fiction”, and “drama”
2. To Recognize the different between prose, fiction, and drama
3. To Reconize the definition of genre and the elements of prose, fiction, and drama
4. To find out what the genres and elements of prose, fiction, and drama are
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition Of Prose Fiction

Prose fiction is a combination of two words “prose” and “fiction”

a. Prose

Prose is any communication (spoken or written) through the use of language sentences
or statements without the use of rhythm, rhyme, and metre but with proper grammatical
structure. Prose is the most typical form of language and it is derived from the Latin word
prosa which literally means ‘straight forward’. This means that anything you say or write in
prose is presented in a straight- forward manner.

Prose is made up of omplete sentences which constitute paragraphs in a narrative

form. Prose reflects the pattern of everyday speech. However, in prose the writer does not just
present words whether they make sense or not. Words in prose are arranged in correct
sentences and in a logical sequence for a meaningful understanding of the intended
communication

b. Fiction

Fiction is derived from the Latin word fictum which means “created”. Fiction is a term
used to denote anything, mainly stories or accounts that are not real. Fiction is any prose
writing which is completely fictious or imaginative. Abram (2008: 116) explained that fiction
is any literary narrative, whether in prose or verse, which is invented instead of being an
account of events that actually happened. In a narrower sense, however, fiction denotes only
narratives that are written in prose (the novel and short story), and sometimes is used simply
as a synonym for the novel. The important thing is that the story is not factual or real. It is just
reflecting the reality or the factual thing into story.
c. Prose Fiction

Prose fiction is an imaginary story, usually written down, that someone tells in
everyday, natural language. Prose fiction is the narrative form or story which is not factual or
real. It is the result of author’s imaginary. Fiction and narrative are words that distinguish
prose fiction from any other form of narrative or fictional work. For example, drama is fiction
but it is presented in dialogue and not narrative.

Prose fiction as a literary genre is made up of the short story, the novella and the
novel. The story in prose fiction is invented by the writer but is presented in a realistic
manner. Prose fiction present various individual matter which is then will be interpreted by
the reader. What the reader read in prose fiction are events, incidents, and experiences that
affect human beings. It reflects and connect the factual or reality of man.

As a conclusion, prose fiction is a combination of two distinct words, "prose" and

"fiction". It is an imaginary work that is presented in a narrative form. Prose fiction is a
literary genre that presents human experience to educate and entertain the readers. It tells a
story that deals with cultural, social and political issues in the world but the characters are not
real (known) human beings but bear human traits and dispositions.

B. Definition of Drama

Drama is a mode of fictional representation through dialogue and performance.

It is one of the literary genres, which is an imitation of some action. Drama is also a type of a
play written for theater, television, radio, and film. In simple words, a drama is a composition
in verse or prose presenting a story in pantomime or dialogue. It contains conflict of
characters, particularly the ones who perform in front of audience on the stage. The person
who writes drama for stage directions is known as a "dramatist" or "playwright."

Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term

comes from a Greek word meaning "action", which is derived from the verb meaning "to do"
or "to act". The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an
audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception.
The structure of dramatic texts. unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this
collaborative production and collective reception.
 C. Genres of Prose, Fiction, and Drama

Genre originates from the French word meaning kind or type. As a literary device,
genre refers to a form, class, or type of literary work.

a. Genre of Prose Fiction

1. Novel

The novel is a long prose essay that tells about human life and the surrounding
community with the presence of characters and highlighting the character of the character.

2. Novella

Novella is simply a term used for miniature or short novel. It sharers all characteristic
of the novel and can fall into any of categories of the novel.

3. Short Story

Short story is a piece of prose fiction marked by relative shortness and density,
organized into a plot and with some kind of denouement at the end.

4. Fairy Tale

Fairy Tales are short stories that involve fantasy elements and characters like gnomes,
fairies, whitches, etc., who use magical powers to accomplish good or evil.

5. Fable

A Fable is a short piece of fiction that features animals in a role of protagonist and
usually includes or illustrate a moral. A Fable can also have other inanimate objects, mythical
creatures, or force of nature as main character.

6. Science Fiction

Science fiction, often called “sci-fi”, is a genre of fiction literature whose content is
imaginative, but based in science.
b. Genres of Drama

1. Tragedy

Tragedy is a type of drama in which the protagonist or hero is brought down by

his/her flaws. Murders, deaths, insanity, and pain are among the most common ideas in
tragedies. Main characters usually have some kind of weakness or defect that causes their
downfall.

2. Comedy

Comedy is a type of drama that aims to make the audience laugh. Its tone is light and
it mostly has a happy ending. The classic conception of comedy came from the Ancient
Greek theatre, where comedy first emerged as a form of drama.

3. Tragicomedy

Tragicomedy is a special kind of drama that combines the features of tragedy and
comedy. This means that such play may be sad but will have a happy ending, or it may be
serious with some elements of humour emerging throughout the whole play.

4. Melodrama

Melodrama is the last one of the four types of drama. It is a kind of drama in which
everything is hyperbolized. Usually, themes depicted in melodramas are simple and without
any unpredictable plot twists.
D. Elements of prose, fiction, and drama

Literary elements are the foundation of every story that ever was or has ever been.
Common literary elements include character, setting, conflict, and more, which we’ll look at
in more detail below.

a. Elements of Prose Fiction

1. Character
Characterization is often listed as one of the fundamental elements of fiction. A
character is a participant in the story, and is usually a person, but may be any persona,
identity, or entity whose existence originates from a fictional work or performance.

Characters may be of several types:

- Protagonist: the driver of the action of the story and therefore responsible for achieving the
stories Objective Story Goal (the surface journey). In western storytelling tradition the
Protagonist is usually the Main Character.

- Antagonist: the character that stands in opposition to the protagonist.

- Supporting character: A character that plays a part in the plot but is not major.

- Minor character: a character in a bit/cameo part.

2. Plot

Plot is How the author arranges events to develop the basic idea; it is the sequence of events
in a story or play. The plot is a planned, logical series of events having a beginning, middle, and end.
The short story usually has one plot so it can be read in one sitting. There are five essential parts of
plot.
3. Setting

Time and location that a story takes place. For some stories, the setting is very
important; while for others, it is not. When examining how setting contributes to a story,
there are multiple aspects to consider:

1) Place - Geographical location; where is the action of the story taking place?

2) Time - Historical period, time of day, year, etc; when is the story taking place?

3) Weather conditions - Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc?

4) Social conditions - What is the daily life of the character's like? Does the story contain
local colour (writing that focuses on the speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc. of a
particular place)?

5) Mood or atmosphere - What feeling is created at the beginning of the story? Cheerful or
eerie?

4. Point-of-view character

the character from whose perspective (theme) the audience experiences the story. This
is the character that represents the point of view the audience will empathize, or at the very
least, sympathize with. Therefore this is the “Main” Character.

There are several variations of POV:

1) First Person - Story told by the protagonist or a character who interacts closely with the
protagonist or other characters; speaker uses the pronouns "I", "me", "we". Readers
experiences the story through this person's eyes and only knows what he/she knows and feels.

2) Second Person - Story told by a narrator who addresses the reader or some other assumed
"you"; speaker uses pronouns "you", "your", and "yours". Ex: You wake up to discover that
you have been robbed of all of your worldly possessions.

3) Third Person - Story told by a narrator who sees all of the action; speaker uses the
pronouns "he", "she", "it", "they", "his", "hers", "its", and "theirs". This person may be a
character in the story.
 5. Theme

 The central idea of a work of fiction is the guiding concept or the central idea. It is the unified
generalization about the world as expressed or implied by the narrative.
 While the theme is an important aspect of the plot, it’s not the only thing that is important.
The purpose of a literary author is not to present an idea, but rather to illustrate and explain
the theme.
 Theme does not mean “moral”, “lesson”, ”lesson”, “message”.

b. Elements of Drama

1. Characters

The characters that form a part of the story are interwoven with the plot of the drama.
Each character in a play has a personality of its own and a set of principles and beliefs.
Actors in the play have the responsibility of bringing the characters to life.

The main character in the play who the audience identifies with, is the protagonist.
He/she represents the theme of the play. The character that the protagonist conflicts with, is
the antagonist or villain. While some characters play an active role throughout the story,
some are only meant to take the story forward and some others appear only in certain parts of
the story and may or may not have a significant role in it. Sometimes, these characters are of
help in making the audiences focus on the play’s theme or main characters. 

2. Dialog

The story of a play is taken forward by means of dialogs. The story is narrated to the
audiences through the interaction between the play’s characters, which is in the form of
dialogs. The contents of the dialogs and the quality of their delivery have a major role to play
in the impact that the play has on the audiences. It is through the dialogs between characters
that the story can be understood. They are important in revealing the personalities of the
characters. The words used, the accent, tone, pattern of speech, and even the pauses in
speech, say a lot about the character and help reveal not just his personality, but also his
social status, past, and family background as given by the play.
3. Conflict

The internal or external struggle between opposing forces, ideas, or interests that
creates dramatic tension.

4. Theme

The basic idea of a play; the idea, point of view, or perception that binds together a
work of art.
 CHAPTER III

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