DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARINAS

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Depart of Engineering
Civil Engineering Program

DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARINAS
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Depart of Engineering
Civil Engineering Program

CEET 312: HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

2ND SEM SY 2021-2022
Engr. Dolphy F Fadriquela

MODULE 3
QUEUEING MODELS
__________________________________________________________________
Gospel Devotion
Colossians 3:16
Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one
another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to
the Lord.
Message
If there is one book worth studying and meditating, that is the Word of God. The
abundant wisdom and riches God has provided in His Word are available to all believers
but they are only possessed and fully-owned by those who diligently search for them.
What the Bible is to us:
1. It is a sword (Hebrews 4:12)
2. It is a food (1 Peter 2:2)
3. It is a mirror (James 1:23-27)
4. It is likened to a water (John 15:3)
5. It is a lamp (Psalm 119:105)

Let’s pray………
________________________________________________________________

1
Module Contents:
Module 3: Queuing Models

Gospel Devotion and Prayer

Lesson 1: Poisson Distribution Definition

Lesson 2: Types of Queueing Models:

M/G/1 Model
M/M/1 Model
M/D/1 Model
M/M/z Model
D/D/1 Model
Assignment
Prayer

Module Learning Outcome:

On completion of this module, the student should be able to:

·MLO1: Recall their knowledge about the different queueing models

·MLO2: Analyze traffic behavior in a certain section of a roadway where queues can
build up.
·MLO3: Apply specific queueing model in determining length of queue of vehicles,
waiting time of driver in the queue and total time spent in the queue,
MLO4: Determine the total vehicle delay until a queue dissiptates.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
QUEUEING MODELS

Queueing is the study of traffic behavior near a certain section where demand exceeds
available capacity. Queues can be seen in many common situations: boarding a bus or
train or plane, freeway bottlenecks, shopping checkout, exiting a doorway at the end of
class. In transportation engineering, queueing can occur at red lights, stop signs,
bottlenecks, or any design-based or traffic-based flow constriction. When not dealt with
properly, queues can result in severe network congestion or "gridlock" conditions,
therefore making them something important to be studied and understood by
engineers.

The objective of a queuing model is to find out the optimum service rate and the
number of servers so that the average cost of being in queueing system and the cost of

2
service are minimized. The queuing problem is identified by the presence of a group of
customers who arrive randomly to receive some service.

Lesson 3.1: Poisson Distribution Definition

The Poisson distribution is a discrete probability function that means the variable can
only take specific values in a given list of numbers, probably infinite. A Poisson
distribution measures how many times an event is likely to occur within “x” period of
time. 
Poisson distribution is used under certain conditions. They are:

The number of trials “n” tends to infinity

Probability of success “p” tends to zero

np = 1 is finite
Poisson Distribution Formula

The formula for the Poisson (pronounced as “pwa-shun”) distribution function is given by:

x
f(x) = ❑
x!
e−¿¿

Where,
x is the number of occurrence
x! is the factorial of x
λ is equal to the expected value (EV) of x when that is also equal to
its variance is an average rate of value
e is Euler's number (e = 2.71828)

Example 1: Calls per Hour at a Call Center

Suppose a given call center receives 10 calls per hour. We can use a Poisson
distribution calculator to find the probability that a call center receives 0, 1, 2, 3 … calls
in a given hour:

Solution:

X= 0, 1, 2, 3……expected calls per hour

l= 10, received calls per hour (average)

3
e = 2.71828

*Try X=3
x
❑ e−¿¿
f(x) = x!

103
P=
−10
(2.71828 ) =0.00757, probability that they will receive 3 calls in a given hour.
3!

and it follows that,

P(X = 0 calls) = 0.00005

P(X = 1 call) =  0.00045
P(X = 2 calls) = 0.00227
P(X = 3 calls) = .00757
Example 2:
The average number of homes sold by a Realty company is 2 homes per day. What is
the probability that exactly 3 homes will be sold tomorrow?

Solution: 

l = 2; since 2 homes are sold per day, on average.

x = 3; since we want to find the likelihood that 3 homes will be sold tomorrow.
e = 2.71828

❑x e−¿¿
f(x) = x!

23
P(3) = (2.71828−2 )=0.180
3!

Thus, the probability of selling 3 homes tomorrow is 0.180.

Lesson 3.2 Types of Queueing Models

A civil engineer and his wife were visited by 7 relatives on weekend. On Friday evening
he was asked by his wife to get some olive oil from the grocery. When he went to the
checkout area, there were 4 checkout clerks on duty, one at the express lane and 3
others on the regular checkout lanes. There were 7 people lined up at the express lane
and 2 people with their carts at each of the other cash registers. Which lane should the
engineer join?
The following methods will help the engineer at the supermarket.

4
The shorthand notation used to describe a type of queueing system is x/y/z.
X = the distribution of arrival time
Y = the distribution of service times
Z = the number of server

The most common values for x and y are

D = interval or service times are constant; “D” stands for “deterministic” or degenerate,
because there is no variability in the “distribution”.
M = a negative exponential distribution; “M” stands for “Markovian” or “memoryless”
based on the Poisson assumptions.
G = a general distribution

Example: M/M/1
Arrival rate = random
Service rate = random
Number of server = 1

Arrival rate 0ne server 1 service rate

queue

*If the grocery store patronized by the engineer has determined that service time at the
non-express lane is normally distributed, the best queueing model is M/G/1. If there are
10 non-express checkout lanes, the queueing model would be M/G/10.

The most important performance measures are as follows:

`Q= average number of customers waiting for service.

`W= average waiting time for each vehicle in the queue.
`t = average time spent in the queuing system = waiting time + service time
Pn = steady-state probability that exactly n customers are in queueing system.

The input values are:

5
l = the arrival rate at a queueing system
m = the service rate by a single server.

❑
r= ❑ is called utilization ratio. This must be less than 1, (r < 1).

*When r <1 means that l< m ® arrival rate is less than the service rate. The queue
fluctuates, perhaps dissipating before a new queue forms. This is called stable queue.

*When l > m, the result will be a queue of increasing length. This is called a persistent
queue.

3.2.1 Queueing Model: M/G/1

Arrival rate = random
Service rate = general distribution/arbitrary
Number of server = 1

In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, an M/G/1

queue is a queue model where arrivals are Markovian (modulated by a Poisson
process), service times have a General distribution and there is a single server.

M/G/1

❑2+❑2 2
1. `Q = average number of customers waiting for service. Eq. 2.1
1¿¿

s2 = variance of service time

Q
2. `W = ❑ average waiting time for each vehicle in the queue Eq. 2.2

1
3. `t = `W + average time spent in the queueing system Eq. 2.3
❑

6
3.2.2 Queueing Model: M/M/1
Arrival rate = random
Service rate = random
Number of server =1
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, an M/M/1
queue represents the queue length in a system having a single server, where arrivals
are determined by a Poisson process and job service times have an exponential
distribution.

M/M/1
2
1. `Q =
❑ average number of customers waiting for service Eq . 2.4
1−¿ ¿

2.
❑
`W = −¿ ¿ average waiting time for each vehicle in the queue Eq. 2.5

1
3. `t = average time spent in the queuing system Eq. 2.6
−¿ ¿

4. Pn = (1 - r) ❑nsteady-state probability that exactly n customers Eq. 2.7

are in queueing system.

3.2.3 Queueing Model: M/D/1

Arrival rate = random
Service rate = deterministic
Number of server = 1

In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, an

M/D/1 queue represents the queue length in a system having a single server,
where arrivals are determined by a Poisson process and job service times are
fixed (deterministic).

M/D/1

2
1. `Q= ❑ average number of customers waiting for service Eq. 2.8
2¿ ¿

7
 2
2. `W =
❑ average waiting time for each vehicle in the queue Eq. 2,9
2¿ ¿

¿
3. `t = 2− 2 ¿ ¿ ¿ average time spent in the queuing system Eq. 2.10

3.2.4 Queueing Model: M/M/Z

Arrival rate = random
Service rate = random
Number of server= multiple server

M/M/z

Po ❑z+1
1.`Q =
z!z
[ ¿1¿ ] average number of customers waiting for service Eq. 2.11

+Q 1
2. `W = −¿ average waiting time for each vehicle in the queue Eq. 2.12
❑ ❑

+Q
3. t= average time spent in the queuing system Eq. 2.13
❑

z−1 n z
❑ ❑
4. Po = ∑ + z!¿¿ ❑
−1
Eq. 2.14a
n=0 n!
n
Po
5. Pn = for n < z Eq. 2.14b
n!
n
Po
6. Pn = for n ³ z
n−z Eq. 2.14c
z z!

8
Example 2.1: (M/M/1 Queueing)

During afternoon peak periods, so much traffic tries to enter NLEX at the
Bocaue interchange. A signal has been installed on the ramp to restrict the
number of vehicles entering the expressway. This is called ramp metering.
The ramp has a space for about 10 vehicles. The ramp metering signal is
controlled by a sensor that looks for gaps in the expressway traffic. The result
is that no more than 500 vph may enter the expressway from on-ramp. During
the typical weekday afternoon peak hour, 400 vehicles attempt to enter the
expressway.

a) Which queueing model x/y/z best fit this problem?

b) What is the average queue length for the situation described?
c) What is the average time a driver will have to wait in the queue?
d) How long will the average driver spend waiting on the ramp?
e) What is the probability that the on-ramp will be full at any time?

Solution:

median
NLEX
Service rate is random

1 server
Ramp

Arrival pattern is random

l = 400 vph arrival rate at the on-ramp

m = 500 vph service rate at the expressway.

❑
r= ❑ = 400/500 = 0.8, utilization ratio

l < m ® stable queue. The queue’s length fluctuate, dissipates before a

new queue forms.

a) Let us analyze. For arrival pattern, the usual choice is between M

(Poisson/negative exponential) and D (deterministic). In traffic, the arrival
pattern is usually M. The service pattern for this ramp is probably M,
because the ramp meter operation is tied to traffic on the expressway,

9
 and the expressway arrivals are Poisson (random). Let us use the M/M/1
model. It means (arrival is random / service is random/ 1 server).

b) Average length of queue:

2 2
(0.80)
`Q = ❑ = = 3.2 vehicles
1−¿ ¿ 1−0.80

*Note that, even though l< m, the average queue length is not zero. The
randomness of arrivals will cause the queues to form and dissipate. But the
average length of queue is 3.2 vehicles.

c) Average time a driver will have to wait in the queue?

*If there were never a queue on the ramp, the driver would only have to
wait to be served. However, there is sometimes at least one other vehicle
ahead waiting for the signal to turn green.

❑ 0.80
`W = −¿ ¿ = 500−400
= 0.008 hr/vehicle = 28.8 seconds/vehicle

d) Average driver spend waiting on the ramp?

1 1
`t =
−¿ ¿
= 500−400
= 0.01 hr/veh = 36 seconds

*`t must be ³ `W. Here, 36 seconds > 28.8 seconds OK!

e) Probability that the on- ramp will be full at any time.

Pn = (1 - r) ❑n steady-state probability that exactly n customers

are in queueing system.

*This equation allows us to estimate the probability that any particular

number of vehicles will be in queueing system (on-ramp) at any given
time.

For example, the probability that there is no vehicles (n=0) will be on the
on-ramp is,

Po = (1-r)ro = (1-0.80)(0.8)o = 0.200

10
Consider n ³ 10, then P(n>10) = 1- ∑ Pn
n=0

10
 Pn Calculations
 400
 500
 0.8
   
 (Pn)
0 0.2000
1 0.1600
2 0.1280
3 0.1020
4 0.0825
5 0.0660
6 0.0520
7 0.0420
8 0.0340
9 0.0270
10 0.0210
0-10 0.9145

Finally P(n>10) = 1- 0.9145 = 0.0855

Example 2.2 (M/M/z Queueing

Travelers on Eastbound of an expressway must cross a river using a toll bridge. At

present, there are only 2 tollbooths for each direction of traffic. The average service time
for each tollbooth has a negative exponential distribution, with mean value of 8.8
seconds. Approach traffic follows the Poisson model. Determine the following:

11
 1) Compare the first 3 performance measure `Q, `W, and t for the Eastbound toll
plaza when the arrival rate is 718 vph.
2) The number of tollbooths that would have to be active to guarantee `W < 15
seconds.

Solution:

For the above situation, let us use M/M/z It means (arrival is random / service is
random/ multiple server).

Z = 2 server

l = 718 vph arrival rate at the toll plaza

3600 sec
m= = 409.1 veh. per hr
8.8 sec per veh

❑ ❑ ❑ 718
Since there are 2 server, then z = 2 = 2 = 2 x 409.1
= 0.878

718
r= 409.1 = 1.756 for a single server case.

1) Performance measure `Q, `W, and t

a) For `Q

r =1.756
Z =2
❑
2 = 0.878

Determine first Po:

z−1 n z
❑
Po = ∑ ❑n! + z!¿¿ ❑
−1
Eq. 2.14a
n=0

1.7560 1.7561 1.7562 −1

=[ 0!
+ 1! + 2! ¿ ¿ ❑

= [ 1 + 1.756 + 12.633 ❑−1

Po = 0.065

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 Po ❑z+1
`Q =
z!z
[ ¿1¿ ] average number of customers waiting for service Eq. 2.11
3
0.0659(1.756 )
`Q =
2x 2
∗¿ [ ¿1¿ ] = 0.088* 67.186 = 5.91 vehicles

b) For `W:

+Q 1
`W = −
❑ ❑ average waiting time for each vehicle in the queue Eq. 2.12

1.756+5.91 1
`W = 718 - 409.1 = 0.0082235 hours = 29.6 sec.

c) For `t :

+Q
. `t = average time spent in the queuing system Eq. 2.13
❑

1.756+5.91
`t = = 0.10677 hour = 38.44 sec.
718

2) Number of tollbooths that would have to be active to guarantee `W < 15

seconds.

In part 1, `W = 29.6 sec. with 2 tollbooths active. A natural approach to this

problem would be to repeat the calculations of part 1 using z = 3. If z = 3, the
computed result of `W = 8.00 seconds. Therefore only one additional booth is
needed to meet `W < 15 seconds.

Example 2.3 M/D/1 Queueing

At the exit tollgate of TPLEX with a single booth, vehicles arrive at random at a rate
of 20vpm. The service has an average rate of 22 vpm.

Determine the following:

a) Average length of queue formed at the toll gate.

b) Average waiting time of vehicle
c) Average time of vehicle spent in the system.

Solution:

Arrival rate is l = 20 vpm

13
Service rate is m = 22 vpm
❑
Utilization factor is = ❑ = 0.909

* Although r < 1, the condition may start to become unstable.

® ® ® TPLEX
Exit ramp
arrival =20vpm

□ departure =22vpm
Exit toll gate

Solution:

a) Average length of queue formed at the toll gate.

2
`Q= ❑ average number of customers waiting for service Eq. 2.
2¿ ¿
2
(0.909)
`Q=
2(1−0.909)
= 4.54 vehicles

b) Average waiting time of vehicle

❑2
`W = average waiting time for each vehicle in the queue Eq. 2,9
2¿ ¿
2
0.909
`W = = 0.23min per veh = 13.62 sec per veh
2(22)(1−0.909)

c) Average time of vehicle spent in the system.

¿
`t = 2− 2 ¿ ¿ ¿ average time spent in the queuing system Eq. 2.10

2−o .909
`t = = 0.27min per vehicle = 16.35 sec per ve
2(22)(1−0.909)

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3.2.5 D/D/1 QUEUING MODEL

The model that we will consider here is called the D/D/1 model, for deterministic
(D). It means both the arrival rate and the service rate are deterministic and there
is only 1 server.

Example 3.1

Entrance Gate to a Park. At the opening of the booth at 8am, there is no queue,
vehicles arrive at a rate of 480 vph for 20 minutes and then changes to 120 vph.
The
fee booth attendant spends 15 seconds with each car. Determine the following:

a) Longest queue
b) When does it occur?
c) When will the queue dissipates
d) What is the total time of delay of all the vehicles?
e) What is the delay experienced by the 200th vehicle to arrive?

Solution:

Arrival of vehicles @ 8:00AM = 480 vph = 8vpm, there is no queue.

Arrival of vehicles @ 8:20AM = 120 vph = 2vpm
3600
Service rate is constant (departure rate) = 15 sec per vehicle = = 240vph =4vpm
15

Plot the data where the vehicles are the ordinates and abscissa are the time in
minutes starting @ 8:00AM.

               

15
vehicles              
   
400 ¬ 20min® ¬  t-20  ® ®
350              
300            queue=0  
250        200th  2vpm   c
200      160v        
150  8vpm   a        
100              
50     b      
0    4vpm  80v  t      
  8:00 20 30 40 50 60 

a) Longest queue,

Lq = the longest ordinate = ab.

At 8:20 the accumulated vehicles @ point a is 8vpm (20) = 160 vehicles

At 8:20 the accumulated vehicles @ point b is 4vpm (20)= 80 vehicles

Lq = 160-80 = 80 vehicles

b) When does it occur? It occur @ 8:20 AM

c) When will the queue dissipates?

It will dissipate @ point C, the intersection between the 2vpm and 4vpm lines.

Let t the time from 8:00AM to point C.

Accumulated vehicles @ C:

Starting at 8Am, the accumulated veh @ point C = 8vpm x 20min + 2vpm(t-20) ®(1)
Also, the accumulated vehicles at point c = 4vpm x t ® (2)
Equate (1) and (2) and solve for t.

t = 60 minutes from 8:00AM

Therefore, queue will dissipate @ 9:00AM

d) Total time of delay of all the vehicle.

Time delay is equal to the area of the 2 triangles in the figure.

16
 ab = 80 vehicles

Area = ½(ab)(20min) + ½(ab)(40min)

= ½((80)(20) +1/2(80)(40)

Total time delay = 2400 vehicle. minute = 40 vehicle.hr

e) Delay experienced by the 200th vehicle to arrive?

Let z = time from a to the 200th vehicle.

Starting from a the vehicles are;

160 + 2vpm (z) = 200

160 + 2z = 200
Z = 40/2 = 20minutes

Therefore the delay of the 200th vehicle from 8:00Am is 20min + z = 40 minutes.

Example 3.2 (D/D1)

Quirino Highway has 2 lanes in each direction but a resurfacing project will require that
the north bound side be closed for two weeks while those lanes are resurfaced. The 2
south bound lanes will be converted to 2 direction of traffic. One for NB and one lane for
SB traffic. The lane in either direction provides enough capacity for most hours of the
week except for certain weekend hours. For example, from 4PM to 6PM on a typical
Friday, the NB traffic flow is about 1500 vph. The single lane is expected to have a
capacity 1340 vph. At 6 PM, NB suddenly changes to 850 vph.

North bound Closed

NB
SB
South bound
Solution:

NB traffic flow from 4 to 6 pm = 1500 vph (arrival)

NB traffic flow after 6pm = 850 vph (arrival)
NB traffic flow capacity (ability to handle traffic flow= 1340 vph (considered as departure)

5,000       T          
                   

17
 4,500    2hr        T-2hr      
           arrival        
4,000          850vph        
                   
3,500            d  
         3000 v        Arrival is  
3,000         b        Less than  
 queue  departur
          f e  
2,500              cleared    
           c        
2,000          2680 v        
 departur
            e      
1,500        1340vph          
   arrival                
1000  1500vph                
                   
500                  
                   
0                  
 a 4pm 4:30 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00

a) Maximum length of queue.

Max queue = length of bc.

@ point b accumulated vehicles = 1500 vph x 2 hours = 3000 vehicles
@ point c accumulated vehicles = 1340 vph x 2 hours = 2680 vehicles

Max queue = 3000 – 2680 = 320 vehicles

b) What is the longest time any vehicle will spend in the queue?

Longest time = longest horizontal line (bf) between arrival and departure.

Let bf = longest time

1340 vph x 2 hour + 1340 vph (bf) =3000 vehicles

bf = 0.24 hours = 14.33 minutes

c) When will the queue be cleared?

The queue will be cleared at the intersection of arrival and departure at point d.

Let T= the time from 4pm to point d.

Equate arrival and departure

1500 vph(2hr) + 850vph(T-2) = 1340vph(T)

18
 3000 + 850T-1700 = 1340 T

490T = 1300
T = 2.65 hours after 4PM or 6:39 PM

d) What is the total delay that drivers will have to endure from 4PM until the queue
dissipates?

Total delay = the area of triangle of the 2 triangles abc and bdc.

1 1
Total delay = (bc)(2hr.) + (bc)(T-2)
2 2

1 1
Total delay = (320)(2hr.) + (320)(2.65 - 2)
2 2

Total delay = 424 vehicle. hour

e) What is the average time spent in the queue.

Number of vehicles in the queue = 1340vph x T = 1340vph x 2.65 hr = 3551 vehicles

Total delay 424 v . h

Average time spent = ¿
number of vehicles∈the queue 3551 v

Average time spent = 00.12hr/vehicle = 7.2 min per vehicle.

Example 3.3 (D/D/1)

Incident Detection and Response (ITR)

When an accident occurs on a highway on a heavily traveled expressway a
shock wave is generated. Traffic builds up and vehicles move closer to each
other when traveling at a lower speed. Traffic build up is a phenomenon that
traffic engineers call it the “shockwave”. Under this condition, the traffic flow rate
will be whatever is allowed to pass by the location of the incident.

*Shockwave – continuous to move farther back in the line of traffic.

*clearing wave – permits traffic to move at the maximum flow.

An express lane has 3-lanes in each direction and has a maximum flow of 6000 vph. It is
operating at 3600 vph at t = 0. A collision occurs, blocking 2 lanes and restricting the
flow of the third lane to 1800 vph. The incident was completely cleared in 45 minutes
and traffic returns to normal as soon as the build-up is dissipated.

19
 6000      T        
5500              
5000    45min     T-45      
4500             d  
4000              
3500        2700v      
3000      Lqueue        
 
2500     b        
2000    60vpm      100vpm    
1500              
1000       c  1350v      
500              
0      30vpm        
  0min 15 30 45 60 75 90

a) How long does it take to dissipate the back up?

Let T the time to dissipate the back up.

60vpm(T) = 30vpm(45min) + 100vpm(T- 45min)

60T = 1350 + 100T - 4500

40T = 3150

T = 78.75 minutes, it will dissipate at point d

b) What is the total delay of vehicle?

Longest queue = length of bc

Longest queue = 2700 – 1350 = 1350 vehicles

T- 45 = 33.75min

Total delay is equal to the area of triangle.

1
TD = bc [ 45 + 33.75]
2

1
TD = ( 1350 ) 45 + 33.75]
2

20
 TD = 53,156 vehicle.minute = 885.94 vehicle.hour

Example 3.4 (Refer to Problem 3.3)

An incident response team (IRT) is stationed along the expressway during peak
traffic hours. Traffic is monitored by detectors so that the location of an incident
that causes the traffic to build up is known within few minutes. The IRT is able to
reach the scene of the incident in 15 minutes and in 15 additional minutes able to
push disabled vehicles to the shoulder, increasing the flow from 1800 vph to
3600 vph. Because of this new service rate is the same as the arrival rate, the
shock wave will not move further back. The wrecker and the ambulance came
and clear things fully in 30 minutes so that the expressway is opened up for full
traffic flow of 6000 vpm.

a) What is the reduction in delay due to immediate rescue by the IRT?

b) At P780 per veh. hour, what is the value of the time savings?

Solution:

Maximum traffic low = 6000 vph = 100 vpm

Operating traffic flow = 3600 vph = 60 vpm
Restricted traffic flow = 1800 vph = 30 vpm

3000    
             
 1800v
2500                 f
  d
2000                
 900v  60vpm  100vpm
1500            
 30vpm  e
1000    b          
   1350v
500              
0      t  
a   c   450v    

  0min 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Vehicles @ b = 60 x 15 = 900 vehicles

Vehicles @ c = 30 x 15 = 450 vehicles
Vehicles @ d = 60 x 30 = 1800 vehicles
Vehicles @ e = 450 + 60 (15) = 1350 vehicles

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Longest queue = 900 – 450 = 450 vehicles. This long queue lasted for 15 minutes and
the queue of vehicles was cleared at point f.
Solve for t;

1800 + 60(t) = 1350 + 100(t)

t = 11.25 minutes

Therefore, the queue will dissipate at 30 + 11.25 = 41.25 minutes from time 0.

a) What is the reduction in delay due to immediate rescue by the IRT?

Total delay = area of polygon abdfec. Two triangles and a parallelogram.

bc = de = 450 v

Total delay = ½ (450) (15) + 450(15) + ½ (450)(11.25) = 210.94 vehicle.hour

Compare this with total delay without the IRT which is equal
to 885.94 vehicle.hour

Therefore, total reduction in delay = 885. 94 – 210.94 = 675 veh.hour or 76.2 %

b) At P780 per veh. hour, what is the value of the time savings?

Time savings = P780 x 675 = 526, 500 pesos Answer!

.........................................................................................................................................
Assignment:
Send to: dlsud.dolphyfadriquela@gmail.com

Solve the following Problems:

1. Poisson Distribution: The average number of vehicles sold by Good Motors is

8 vehicles per per day. What is the probability that exactly 11 vehicles will be sold
tomorrow?

2. (M/M/1 Queueing)During afternoon peak periods, so much traffic tries to enter

NLEX at the Bocaue interchange. A signal has been installed on the ramp to
restrict the number of vehicles entering the expressway. This is called ramp
metering. The ramp has a space for about 12 vehicles. The ramp metering signal
is controlled by a sensor that looks for gaps in the expressway traffic. The result
is that no more than 550 vph may enter the expressway from on-ramp. During
the typical weekday afternoon peak hour, 420 vehicles attempt to enter the
expressway.

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 a) What is the average queue length for the situation described?
b) What is the average time a driver will have to wait in the queue?
c) How long will the average driver spend waiting on the ramp?
d) What is the probability that the on-ramp will be full at any time?

3.(M/M/z Queueing:Travelers on Eastbound of an expressway must cross a river using

a toll bridge. At present, there are only 2 tollbooths for each direction of traffic. The
average service time for each tollbooth has a negative exponential distribution, with
mean value of 8.8 seconds. Approach traffic follows the Poisson model.
Determine the following:

a) Compute `Q, `W, and t for the Eastbound toll plaza when the arrival rate is 768
vph.
b) The number of tollbooths that would have to be active to guarantee `W < 10
seconds.

4.M/D/1 Queueing: At the exit tollgate of TPLEX with a single booth, vehicles arrive at
random at a rate of 16 vpm. The service has an average rate of 18 vpm.
Determine the following:

a)Average length of queue formed at the toll gate.

b)Average waiting time of vehicle
c)Average time of vehicle spent in the system.

5. D/D/1 Model : Entrance Gate to a Park. At the opening of the booth at 8am, there is
no queue, vehicles arrive at a rate of 500 vph for 30 minutes and then changes to 120
vph. The fee booth attendant spends 12 seconds with each car. Determine the
following:

c) Longest queue
d) When does it occur?
e) When will the queue dissipates
f) What is the total time of delay of all the vehicles?
g) What is the delay experienced by the 220th vehicle to arrive

6. (D/D1): Quirino Highway has 2 lanes in each direction but a resurfacing project will
require that the north bound side be closed for two weeks while those lanes are
resurfaced. The 2 south bound lanes will be converted to 2 direction of traffic. One for
NB and one lane for SB traffic. The lane in either direction provides enough capacity for
most hours of the week except for certain weekend hours. For example, from 4PM to
6PM on a typical Friday, the NB traffic flow is about 1800 vph. The single lane is
expected to have a capacity 1320 vph. At 6 PM, NB suddenly changes to 830 vph.

a) Maximum length of queue.

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b)What is the longest time any vehicle will spend in the queue?

c)When will the queue be cleared?

c) What is the total delay that drivers will have to endure from 4PM until the queue
dissipates?

d) What the average time spent in the queue.

7) D/D/1 Model : An express lane has 3-lanes in each direction and has a maximum flow of
6100 vph. It is operating at 3700 vph at t = 0. A collision occurs, blocking 2 lanes and
restricting the flow of the third lane to 1900 vph. The incident was completely cleared in
40 minutes and traffic returns to normal as soon as the build-up is dissipated.

a)How long does it take to dissipate the back up?

b) What is the total delay of vehicle?

8. Continuation of Problem 7

An incident response team (IRT) is stationed along the expressway during peak
traffic hours. Traffic is monitored by detectors so that the location of an incident
that causes the traffic to build up is known within few minutes. The IRT is able to
reach the scene of the incident in 18 minutes and in 18 additional minutes able to
push disabled vehicles to the shoulder, increasing the flow from 1900 vph to
3700 vph. Because of this new service rate is the same as the arrival rate, the
shock wave will not move further back. The wrecker and the ambulance came
and clear things fully in 40 minutes so that the expressway is opened up for full
traffic flow of 6100 vpm.

a)what is the reduction in delay due to immediate rescue by the IRT?

b)At P880 per veh. Hour, what is the value of the time savings?
………………………………………………………………………………………….

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