u Example 4.1. A 50cm x 50cm copper slab 6.25 mm thick has a uniform temperature of 300°C. Its temperature is suddenly lowered to 36°C. Calculate the time required for the plate to reach the temperature of 108°C. Take p = 9000 kglm?; c = 0.38 ki/kg°C; k = 370 W/m°C and h = 90 Wini*°C 1 non ‘Scanned with CamScannerrans Solution. Surface area of pate, 4, = 20,5 x0: 0.5 m? (two sides) Volume of plate, V = 05 x 0.5 x 0,00625 = 0.0015625 m? Characteristic length, Y. _ 0.0015625 _ 5 kL a rr 1.003125 m ja _s0xoanss Biot number, Bij = —* = SNS 76x jo 370 u Since Biis less than 0.1, hence lumped ames method (Newtonian heating or cooling) may be applied for the solution of the problem,» ‘The temperature distribution is given by ¥ 1 = ha, hot, eo pve | (Eqn. (4.4)) Substituting the values, we get | 108 - 36 90 0.5 | =exp[- 90X05 300-36 9000 x 0.0013605 x (038% 1000) 02727 = mses - pom omens = 1 _ 3.667 bau 0.2727 or, 0.00842 = in 3.667 = 1.2994 1.2994 = 154.32 s (Ans.) on Dosa = 184325 Example 4.2. An aluminium alloy plate of 400 mm x 400 mm x 4 mm size at 200°C is suddenly £ at ~ 183°C. Starting from fundamentals or deriving the ncessar) quenched into liquid oxygen at el ne ere ee ‘expression determine the time required for the plate to reach a temperature of - we 30000 klin?-h-°C, ey = 0.8 Kilke°C, and p = 3000 kg/m" = ‘Scanned with CamScanner-* Oonduction-Unt Suiface aren of the sa MO, 0s loon “140 OF the pate, v0 AO tomn “ 00 “088 Hie Keng, f= Y WOnAA A 0 hen ay 214 Whe of TIVA WC 30m 0b Charset oom m pera may be Wiot number, ai 2004 2 0402 7 oosi9 TIM Reon wl may be applied Forte volun ofthe is piven by tte exp| eg nt pve tem. G4) (Por derivation of this relation please refer w Anicle 4.2) ~10 on 10007032) 2001 ~~ oa oct 08 | on 0.295 = esti fe usc a9 0298 o 4166.67 = In 3.389 = 1.2205 220 1 3600) = 1.0845 (Ans) 4166.67 Example 433. A solid copper sphere of 10 cm diameter (p = 8954 kg/m’, ¢, = 383 Ike K, k= 386 Win KJ, initially at a uniform temperature 1, = 250°C, is suddenly immersed in a Well-stired fuid which is maintained ara.uniform temperauere 1, = 30°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the sphere and the fluid is = 200 Win? K. Determine the temperature ofthe copper block {at = 5 min afer the immersion. (AMIE Winter, 1998) Solution, Given : D = 10cm = 0.1 m; p = 8954 kgim’; ¢, = 383 JIkg Ki k= 386 Wim K: 1, = 250°C; 4, = 50°C; f= 200 Wim? K; t= 5 amin = 3005, ‘Temperature of the eopper block, ¢ “The characteristic length ofthe sphere i 4 Volume(V) __ 3 t= Surface rea A.) dn ily, _ 200% 0.01667 Tz 386, ris tess than 01, hence lump capacitance method (Newtonian heating or coking) may be {applied for the solution of the problem. The temperature dination sven by Biot number, 64107 teen iti aan PL pve | ‘Scanned with CamScanner[EERE Heat and Mass Transfer Substituting the value, we get 1-9 [2p 250-50 BOSH 0.01067 x 383 035 Ace Py 1” 0016 250 — 50) x 0.35 + 50 = 120°C (Ans) “ Example 4.4, An average convective heat transfer coefficient for flow of 90°C air over a ‘lat plate is measured by observing the temperature time history of a 40 mm thick copper slab (p = 9000 kg/m’, c= 0.38 ki/kg°C, k= 370 Win°C) exposed to 90°C air I one test run the ial temperature of te plate was 200°C, and in 4.5 minutes the temperature decreased by 35°C, Find the heat transfer coefficient for this case. Neglect internal thermal resistance, ener 0p = 9000 gins = 038 gC = 200, ‘min 2708 1-008 arcs eng, 1, == 294 0.02 Chancrisc mgt, t= 4 = 2% om Mh eget Ve PWVIA,)e pel, 9000 (0.38 x 1000) x 0.02 Now, 0-24] la. (44) amanietyccm . game —_} do003047 Bape 4. Te heat transfer coefciens forthe flow of ar at 28°C over a 12.5 wm dameer “phere are measured by observing thetemperatre-tin history ofa copper ball ofthe same dimension. The temperature of copper ball (c = 0 kifkg K and p = 8850 kg/m’) was measured by two ‘thermocouples, one located nthe centre and other near the surface. Both the thermocouples registred the same temperature at a given insant. In one test the initial temperature ofthe ball was 65° and in 1.15 minute the temperature dereased by 11°C. Calculate the heat transfer coefcient for this ‘case. (AMIE Winter, 2001) AF = 6.25 mm = 0.00625 m; e= 0.4 kirkg*C: p= 8850 kg/m = 65°C: ¢= 65 ~ 11 = = 1.15 min = 69 ‘Heat transfer coefficient, hb, _ (RID) Biot umber, oar - Since heat ranger coefficient has 1 be ealeuated, 50 assune thatthe intemal resistance negligible and Bes thar 0.) Using eqn. (4.4), we have vo[-tee-om ‘Scanned with CamScanner+ Conduction-Unstendy-state (Transient) REED ‘| Substituting the proper values, we have 0.00625 ,, 8850 x (0.4 x 1000) 3 oo [Sean] Example 4.6. A steel ball 50 mm in diameter and at 900°C is placed instill atmosphere af 30°C. Calculare the inital rate of cooling of the bal in °Cénin Cooling of IC engine. 771 Wim?K (Ans.) Take: p = 7800 kg/m, c = 2 kikg°C (for steel); h = 30 Wim?*C. Neglect internal thermal resistance ony Satin, Given: R = 52 =25 mm = 0025 ms =900°C:1,= 30°, 9 = 780 kms © =D Ukg"C; k= 30Was?°C; += 1 min = 60s. “The temperature variation inthe ball (with rspectto time), neglecting intemal thermal resistance, is given by: Eqn. (44) ie 3x 30x60 ‘pRe ~ 7800 x 0.025 (2% 1000) where, = 001385, ‘Substituting the values inthe above equation, we get oe = Franses = 09862 0 + 09862 (900-30) = 888°C Rate of cooling = 900 ~ 888 = 12°C/min. (Ans.) 19 Bxample 47.4 onic ingot 10cm diameter and 30m lon pases through a heat reamed Fa csc length The ingot must reach a temperature of 800°C before it comes out of “he frnace The fumace gas sat 1250°Cand ingot initial temperature is 90°C. Whats the maximum eens eyed ine ingot should move in the fumace ro atin the required temperature? The oo eicive and convective surface heat transfer coefficient is 100 Win? °C. Take k 116 x 10° mis, Solution. Given : D = 10 em =0.1 m; L= 30cm =0.3 mt 40 Wim*Cs h = 100 Wim?*C; a= 1.16 10% ms, or, ‘Scanned with CamScannerFEMI Heat ang ma Transfer V (volume) eee v (Characteristic length, 4b wD A, (surface area) npr pd 4 0.103 4x034 25011 fet, _ 100002143 k 40 As Bi < 0.1, then internal thermal resistance of the neglected, 0.02143 m Biot umber, Bi 0.0536 i201 for conduction heat flow can be “+ The time versus temperature relation is given as Now, Mk the (KYM A Dg tA Z pve k pve (pee) VJ kV = 1.16 10° 100 0.001353 40 * 002183 Substituting the values in the above equation, we get avons <1 Boor3ss ‘Velocity of ingot passing through the furnace, Frcs length __6 mss nth «6 goness mis (Ans) ecg 8A 1 ne ir eal per Cem 2 We 0) exp cg at 20°C resling inthe convective coeficlen h © 10 WiC Determine teflon {0 Tne required 10 col he sphere from $50%Co 90°C (id Instantaneous hes rae ate 2 mites fete sta of cooling up Tt energy ranfered fom ih sphere rng he at? rate, For mild steel take: 9 = 7850 kg/m, c = 475 Jikg°C and = 0.045 mi/h, mes Sato: Gen: R= b= 120 Win?*c. ( Time required to cool the sphere from 550°C to 90°C, +: ‘The characteristic length L, is given by, 4 3 Smm=0.0075 mk: ke ‘Scanned with CamScanner,Chapter: 4: Conduction-Unsteady-Stato (Transient) TEI Biot number, fy Hh. 120 0.0025, FOS gran | Boutier number Sf 001Sxt eo ber, fy = SE ©9200 ¢ (where tis in hour) ; Bi< OL, s0we ie mayne) | + S0 we cane lam theory to solve his podem The temperature variation with time is piven by Substituting the values 90 = 20 550-20 oi to 7576 oe 2.025 0.132 or 5143 103937 h = 141.7 5 (Ans.) 51.43 nstantancous heat transfer rate 2 minutes (0.0333 h) after the start of cooling, O,: Qi == A, y-1) © (gn. 4.7(0)) Now iF, = (0.007143) (7200 x 0.0333) = 1.7126 : , = ~ 120-4 mx (0.0075) (550-20) e174 8.1W (Ans) “The negative sign shows that hea is given off by sphere. ii) Total energy transferred from the sphere during first 2 minutes (0.0333 h), Q": Q' = p¥ewy-1)(e% -N = 7850 $ mx (0.0078) 475) (80 ~ 20) [6 “0 = () 28623 J (Ans.) ‘Example 4.9. The decorative plastic fl on copper sphere 10 mm is diameter seared in an oven oe RC. After removal frm oven the sphere is exposed to an ar siream at 10 ms and 23°C. ‘Estimate the time taken to cool the sphere to 35°C using Lump theory. Eetoriaion: : nn 7+ [04 el? +006 Re)" wot ey" or deermination of correlation co-efficient h use ollowing properties of air and copper 1p 8983 kg/m’ k= 400 Wink, = 380 hg" C Fer CoP j= 1816 % 10 Nh v= 1536 10° ws ie = 00258 Win K, Pr= 0.708, ard ; [ yn 1978 x10 Nat? 13°C, natu 1955) Solution. Given SFC, Ve 10 miss, = 23°C. 35°C “Time taken to cool the spbere, + VD __10x00t = 7 1536x10° ‘Scanned with CamScannerHeat and Mass Transfer (19162108 Nu = 2+ (04 x (6510)"% + 0.06 (6510) | x 0.709)" + [019 «00m si?" conn (Mtoe 4132.27 4 20,92] «087 «0979 247.3 on Ny = HD ned xargs 22. Wim?eC ‘The time taken to coo! from 75°C to 35°C may be found from the following relation oe “f Ina dn? aos 7 ae xe ex 02308 =exp(——_123_ BB 0005 x30 eomiser on ae on 02156r= 1466 1466, «, c= 6 6s (ans 0.2156 oT Example 4.10.An egg with mean diameter of 40 mm and intally at 20°C is placed in a boiling water pan for 4 minutes and found to be boiled to the consumer's taste. For how long should @ similar egg for same consumer be boiled when taken from a refrigerator at 5°C. Take the following properties for ese k= 10 Wi*C, p= 1200 kgfn', ¢=2 k/kg®C and h (heat ransfer coefficient) = 100 Win?*C. Use lump theory. (watu) Solution. Given ; R= > =20mm=0.02 mi, p= 1200 kg/m’; c= 2 kiskg*C; h= 100 Wim*C. For using the lump theory, the required condition is B, < 0.1 4x6 240 5; k = 2 wmf acai gh hs pre, 7 4 Igo Yom) Ful Fy Gare area) ~ aa ah R - 100X002 _ y 967 BES 0x3 ‘As B,<0.1, we can use lump theory. ‘The temperature variation with time is given by : se" (ee)7)- [ror (@) ) ‘Scanned with CamScanner| EMESCMOn-Unstoady-State (Transient) (rate 4-100 frre ie 1 Og : 1 20 100 Oe Ta cant 1 = 100 + (20 ~ 100) 0,223 = #2.16°C say 42°C [Now let us find °t” when the given data i 100°C and = 82°C 303 Substitutin 0223 Again using eqn, (1), we get 7 #2100 1 3100 aan a ous he, oe eimitasar or, 1.6633. _ 966,13 5 = 4.435 minutes (Ans.) aan ae a ra eer ee temperature from 800 to 100°C. Take the following: ence nay euge = mre dha augon toy mec p (density of ingot material) = 800 gin? Wg i 0 1 pte an 20 Wh 1 omen or oan 2 a 1m; L= 200 mm or 0.2 m_ Solution, Given : R= 52 = 25 mm-=0.025 m 7 w(t) )(6) Sx) “(LEC ICE)-0oe aatte a(t )e( 7 \+( Elana) “Ue )t2)* Cao 2 aoe reread tne one Aspe eg ie inn .deraeronaree 0.025 0.2 = 0.0314 m? of vat omen re a wearer bene M4, Mes, sof Be] ‘Scanned with CamScannerHeat and Mass Transfer 200° 0.0314 pVe ~ 800% 3.927 x 107 x 200 0.0999 z soo’c os1=—4 on, = To 4 or, PH = 1,639 & or, 0.0999 r, = 0.494 or, 4 = 244 Lyons nee 0.0999 (b) The temperature variation with respect to time when cooled in air is given by (See Fig. 4.6) np. - thee P| ye a —— 20% 0.0314 ___ 9.99999 "| p¥e 800% 3.927 x10™ x 200 716 1, = L:s045 or, 0200999 t,= 1.9045 ot =D 9655 = 1906 s Total time (2) is given by 121,47, .94 + 190.6 = 195.54 s or 3.259 minutes. (Ans.) 30°C ‘Scanned with CamScanner,