Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Part 1
(formerly Pamphlet No. 14)
All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book in any form. It is the AAR’s intention that this
publication be used to promote the objectives of the AAR and its members for the safe, efficient, and uniform
interchange of rail equipment in North America. To this end, only excerpts of a rule or specification may be
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other than the AAR and its authorized distributor(s) without written permission from the AAR.
Minimum Loading Standards for
FREIGHT
IN GENERAL PURPOSE BOXCARS
Published by
Transportation Technology Center, Inc.
55500 DOT Road
Pueblo, CO 81001
(Printed in U.S.A.)
© 2014
(This Page Left Blank Intentionally)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1–1
1.2 Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1–1
1.3 Rail Transportation Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1–2
2.0 Selection and Preparation of Car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–1
2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2–1
2.2 Bulkhead Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2–2
3.0 General Loading Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–1
3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3–1
3.2 Concentrated Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3–1
3.3 Clearance at Side Bearing—Loaded Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3–2
3.4 Maximum Load Weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3–2
3.5 Distribution of Weight Lengthwise in Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3–2
3.6 Distribution of Weight Crosswise in Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3–3
3.7 Center of Gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3–4
4.0 Load Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1
5.0 Unitizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–1
5.1 On Wooden Pallets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5–1
5.2 Slip-Sheeted Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5–3
5.3 Clamped Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5–3
5.4 Stretch Wrap and Shrink Net Characteristics and Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5–3
6.0 Blocking and Bracing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
6.1 Steel Strapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6–1
6.2 Nonmetallic Strapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6–4
6.3 Web Strap Assemblies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6–9
6.4 Cargo Nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6–10
6.5 Lumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6–11
6.6 Nails and Nailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6–13
6.7 Pneumatic Dunnage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6–14
6.8 Friction Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6–16
7.0 Gates, Fillers, Separators, and Dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–1
7.1 Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7–1
7.2 Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7–2
7.3 Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7–8
7.4 Dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7–9
7.5 Risers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7–10
8.0 Load Securement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–1
8.1 Floor Blocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8–1
8.2 Anchored Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8–2
8.3 Incomplete Layer Bracing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8–3
9.0 Doorway Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–1
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars TOC–i
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TOC–ii Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Bulkhead doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2
Figure 3.1 Concentrated floor loading card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
Figure 3.2 Distribution of weight full length of car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
Figure 4.1 Placing lifts in cars with staggered doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1
Figure 4.2 Placing lifts in cars with staggered doors using pneumatic dunnage . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2
Figure 4.3 Key sack method of loading bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2
Figure 4.4 Brick wall method of loading bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3
Figure 4.5 Use of lengthwise fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3
Figure 5.1 Using lengthwise filler to fill pallet underhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–1
Figure 5.2 Examples of maintaining vertical alignment of unitized containers . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2
Figure 5.3 Method of preparing a two-way pallet for placement crosswise in the doorway . . 5–2
Figure 5.4 Taping slip sheet lips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3
Figure 6.1 Crimp-type joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
Figure 6.2 Notch-type joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
Figure 6.3 Triple die-cut sealless joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3
Figure 6.4 Sealless joint with reverse die-cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3
Figure 6.5 Threading a wire buckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6
Figure 6.6 Threading a cordstrap CB buckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
Figure 6.7 Threading a ladder-type buckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
Figure 6.8 Threading a Tapex FCT-12 buckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–8
Figure 6.9 Attaching Type 1A, Grade 3, 4, or 5 strap to side-wall anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–8
Figure 6.10 Web strap assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9
Figure 6.11 Sample web defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9
Figure 6.12 Attaching cargo nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–10
Figure 6.13 Cargo net attachment —top view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–11
Figure 6.14 Selecting wood blocking and bracing material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–11
Figure 6.15 Pneumatic dunnage installed vertically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–15
Figure 6.16 Pneumatic dunnage installed horizontally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–15
Figure 7.1 Divisional gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–1
Figure 7.2 Center gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–1
Figure 7.3 Methods of using fillers to square bowed end walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2
Figure 7.4 Lengthwise fillers in resilient lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2
Figure 7.5 Lengthwise fillers in rigid lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3
Figure 7.6 Reinforced lengthwise filler panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
Figure 7.7 Lengthwise void fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
Figure 7.8 Contour buffer pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5
Figure 7.9 Use of crosswise fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6
Figure 7.10 Examples of fillers used to fill crosswise space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
Figure 7.11 Lateral void fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
Figure 7.12 Unitized double layer bag or bale loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–8
Figure 7.13 Contour polyethylene foam pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–8
Figure 7.14 Plywood divider sheets between different lading types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–9
Figure 7.15 Fiberboard divider sheets between similar lading types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–9
Figure 7.16 Unitized double-layer pallet loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–9
Figure 7.17 Riser strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–10
Figure 7.18 Riser pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–10
Figure 7.19 Risers used to break strata line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–12
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars Figures–iii
Figure 8.1 Guide rails used for lateral bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–1
Figure 8.2 Draping a car for an anchored load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2
Figure 8.3 Anchored load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2
Figure 8.4 Anchored load using web strap assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3
Figure 8.5 Incomplete layer bracing—rigid loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3
Figure 8.6 Incomplete layer bracing—paper roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4
Figure 9.1 Wood doorway protection for a single-layer load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–1
Figure 9.2 Steel strap doorway protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–1
Figure 9.3 Conventional and belt-type strap applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2
Figure 9.4 Conventional key band doorway protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3
Figure 9.5 Figure-8 key band doorway protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3
Figure 9.6 Doorway protection for sliding or plug-door cars loaded with plywood . . . . . . . . . 9–4
Figures–iv Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Boxcar end wall strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–1
Table 3.2 Length of load versus percentage of stenciled load limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3
Table 3.3 Load weight as percentage of load limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3
Table 3.4 Load weight versus spring deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4
Table 6.1 Steel securement straps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
Table 6.2 AAR approved steel band manufacturers and suppliers and assigned AAR ID. . . . 6–2
Table 6.3 AAR approved high-strength Type I regular-duty package bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2
Table 6.4 Approved steel strapping sealless tool manufacturers (triple die-cut sealless joint) 6–3
Table 6.5 Approved sealless tool for 1 14 in. steel strapping bands
(sealless joint with reverse die-cut). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3
Table 6.6 Approved Type IV polyester strapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4
Table 6.7 Approved Type 1A bonded polyester strapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–5
Table 6.8 Approved Type 1A polyester strapping Grades 6 and 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6
Table 6.9 Standard thicknesses for yard lumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–12
Table 6.10 Species of wood most commonly used for bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–12
Table 6.11 Substitution guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–12
Table 6.12 Common nails, power driven nails, and power driven staples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–13
Table 6.13 Lateral resistance of nails when driven through 2-in.-thick floor blocking
and into boxcar floor (lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–13
Table 6.14 Substitution of power-driven nails or staples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–13
Table 6.15 Performance level application guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–14
Table 7.1 Minimum riser strip and pad sizes for rolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–10
Table 9.1 Substitution rate for nonmetallic strap as doorway protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars Tables–v
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Tables–vi Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
1.1.1 The purpose of this guide is to relate basic good car loading procedures that have been
developed through laboratory and field testing, engineering studies, and accumulated experience
in rail transportation. Many commodities or packaging types, such as paper, prepared food,
plywood, and intermediate bulk containers, are governed in greater detail in individual closed car
loading guides. Commodity-specific guides will normally take precedence over these general
guidelines. See the back cover for a complete listing of the Association of American Railroads’
(AAR) closed car loading guides.
1.1.2 Compliance with the “Minimum Loading Standards” contained herein will ensure
conformance with Circular No. 42-K rules and provide adequate protection for lading from sources
of damage in the normal railroad environment.
1.1.3 The general rules contained in Circular No. 42-K or supplements thereto issued by the AAR
are formulated for the purpose of providing safe methods of loading boxcars and must be observed.
1.1.4 The loading rules and/or practices apply to shipments transported in the USA, Canada, and
Mexico.
1.1.5 The loading methods in individual closed car loading publications issued by AAR’s Damage
Prevention and Loading Services are minimum standards that have been evaluated and approved
by the AAR Damage Prevention and Freight Claim Committee. The minimum standards offer
practical guidelines on the subjects covered. Because these are minimum standards, it may be
necessary to supplement the methods in some instances.
1.1.6 Securement standards in AAR closed car loading publications are intended for safe transit
of the railcar from origin to destination and for the prevention of lading and equipment damage.
The standards do not address unloading practices.
1.1.7 Loading and bracing methods not currently approved may receive consideration for
approval and publication under the Damage Prevention and Loading Services General
Information Bulletin, No. 2, “Procedures Governing Evaluation and Acceptance of New Closed Car
Loading and Bracing Methods and Materials.” Submit requests to Director, Damage Prevention
and Loading Services, Association of American Railroads, Transportation Technology Center, Inc.,
55500 DOT Road, Pueblo, CO 81001.
1.1.8 CAUTION: Car rocking motion caused by lift equipment entering and/or exiting the railcar
may cause unsupported packages or articles with a high center of gravity to fall to the floor.
Minimize access to the car. Exercise caution when inside a partially loaded car. Lift operators
should stay on lift equipment, whenever possible, while inside a partially loaded car.
1.2 Reference Documents
1.2.1 Circular No. 42-K (or supplements thereto)
“General Rules Covering Loading of Carload Shipments of Commodities in Closed Cars”—These
requirements must be observed in all closed car loading activities to ensure safe transit of the
railcar from origin to destination, thereby eliminating hazard to railroad operation.
1.2.2 Circular No. 43-E (or supplements thereto)
“Rules Governing the Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight in Closed Trailers and Containers
for TOFC/COFC Service”—This publication contains the requirements covering loads in trailers or
containers.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 1–1
INTRODUCTION
1–2 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF CAR
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 2–1
SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF CAR
MINIMUM
1/2 IN.
2.2.2 Weight of cargo restrained by each bulkhead must not exceed one-half of the load limit
stenciled on the car sides.
2.2.3 Examine all bulkhead doors before loading. This cannot be emphasized too strongly. Before
moving a bulkhead door, inspect the overhead assembly to determine if it is in good condition so
the door can be moved safely.
2.2.4 Inspect locking handles to determine if they function properly. Inspect locking pins to make
sure they penetrate into the holes of the overhead and floor locking tracks. If locking pins do not
penetrate, DO NOT LOAD.
2.2.5 After cargo is loaded, place the door squarely (straight up and down) and snugly against the
load, and lock into place. If the face of the load is not flush, use filler material to make it flush. If
the door’s surface is not smooth, protect the product with fiberboard.
2.2.6 Inspect the locking pins to make sure they have penetrated the overhead and floor locking
tracks a minimum of 12 in.
2–2 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
GENERAL LOADING INFORMATION
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 3–1
GENERAL LOADING INFORMATION
3.2.4.4 If equipped with steel floors or special-type wooden flooring the full length of the car, the
overall strength of the floor must be not less than that of a floor with three stringers as specified
above.
3.2.4.5 Boxcar must be checked by the shipper to see that the floors and supporting structure are
in good condition. If the shipper has any doubts concerning the condition of the car, the serving
railroad should be contacted.
3.2.4.6 Shippers have the responsibility of attaching a concentrated floor loading card, shown in
Figure 3.1, to the routing or placard board on each side of the boxcar loaded with metals with
densities exceeding 400 lb/ft3 and/or 800 lb/ft2 floor-bearing area.
3.2.4.7 Loads occupying less than the total floor space that could cause unbalanced distribution
within the car must be secured to prevent movement.
3.3 Clearance at Side Bearing—Loaded Cars
For cars not equipped with constant-contact-type side bearings (zero clearance normal), clearance
must be maintained at side bearings to permit free curvature of trucks.
3.4 Maximum Load Weight
3.4.1 Load weight in the car must not exceed the load limit stenciled on the car.
3.4.2 Load weight on one truck must not exceed one-half of the load limit stenciled on the car.
3.5 Distribution of Weight Lengthwise in Cars
3.5.1 For all boxcars, except for those with staggered double-doors built before 1966, the
percentages of stenciled load limits shown in Figure 3.2 must not be exceeded for loads located
between truck centers, measured to full length of the car, unless car owners have otherwise noted
in the Official Railway Equipment Register.
3–2 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
GENERAL LOADING INFORMATION
3.5.2 For staggered double-door boxcars built before 1966, the percentages listed in Figure 3.2
are as follows:
Table 3.2 Length of load versus percentage of stenciled load limit
Length of Load 40 ft 50 ft
10 ft to 20 ft 40% 35%
20 ft 1 in. to 24 ft 45% 40%
24 ft 1 in. to truck centers 75% 75%
Truck centers to full length of car 100% 100%
If the maximum load is 40% of stenciled load limit, the provisions in paragraphs 3.4.1 and 3.4.2
would not apply.
3.5.3 Weight of material loaded in either end between truck centers and end of car must not
exceed 15% of stenciled load limit for boxcars built before January 1, 1966, and 25% for cars built
after January 1, 1966.
3.5.4 When crosswise bearing pieces are used, the distance between the outside bearing pieces
(center-to-center) must exceed the minimum distances specified in paragraphs 3.5.1 and 3.5.2 for
that percentage of the stenciled load limit being loaded and be in sufficient number to ensure
uniform distribution of lading on the car floor.
3.5.5 Bearing pieces lengthwise of the car, extending beyond the lading, may be used to spread
weight distribution over a greater area. In such cases, “Length of Bearing Pieces” is substituted for
“Length of Load” in paragraphs 3.5.1 and 3.5.2. Bearing pieces must be of suitable strength in
relation to percentages stated and must be continuous and in sufficient number to ensure uniform
distribution of lading on the car floor.
3.5.6 When the length of load is less than the distance between truck centers, and the load is not
located in the center of the car, the center of load weight must not be nearer to either truck center
than that shown in Table 3.3:
Table 3.3 Load weight as percentage of load limit
50% of load limit or less Any place between truck centers
60% One-sixth distance between truck centers
66.6% One-fourth distance between truck centers
75% One-third distance between truck centers
87% Three-sevenths distance between truck centers
90% Nine-twentieths distance between truck centers
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 3–3
GENERAL LOADING INFORMATION
B E + D F -
3.7.4 Combined center of gravity (CG) = -------------------------------------------
E + F
3.7.5 The following table may be used as a guideline when determining A in the above formula:
Table 3.4 Load weight versus spring deflection
3–4 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
GENERAL LOADING INFORMATION
NOTE: When loads consist of multiple sections or units having different unit heights and weights,
such as (a) and (b) above, each section or unit must be taken separately when calculating the CG of the
load.
A = 44 in.
B = 58 in.
C = (a) 151 in./2 = 75.5 in.
(b) 76 in./2 = 38 in.
D = (a) 75.5 in. + 44 in. = 119.5 in.
(b) 38 in. + 44 in. = 82 in.
E = 72,800 lb
F = (a) 9 × 13,000 lb = 117,000 lb
(b) 9 × 7,600 lb = 68,400 lb
Combined CG = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B E + D a F a + D b F b -
E + Fa + Fb
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 3–5
GENERAL LOADING INFORMATION
3–6 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
LOAD PLANNING
CENTER BRACING
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 4–1
LOAD PLANNING
PNEUMATIC
DUNNAGE AND
FILLER PANELS
Figure 4.2 Placing lifts in cars with staggered doors using pneumatic dunnage
4.10 In hand-stowed shipments, use key sack or brick wall loading patterns for bag loads (see
Figures 4.3 and 4.4). In the key sack arrangement, the key bags are loaded in the lengthwise
direction of the car. Bags located on top of the key bags are in the crosswise position.
KEY SACKS
4–2 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
LOAD PLANNING
4.13 When there is a possibility of lading falling or rolling out of the doorway or coming in contact
with sliding or plug-type side doors, openings must be protected with wood doorway protection,
steel straps, or other material of sufficient strength and number, and be adequately secured. Cars
equipped with plug-type doors loaded with cylindrical items, such as rolls of paper or drums,
require doorway protection unless specifically exempted by applicable commodity guides. See
paragraph 9.0, Doorway Protection.
4.14 Observe all restraining capacities for specially equipped cars.
4.15 Apply temporary bracing in partly loaded or unloaded cars that will be switched during the
process of loading or unloading.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 4–3
LOAD PLANNING
4–4 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
UNITIZING
5.0 UNITIZING
Unitizing shipping containers is an efficient means of handling, storing, loading, transporting, and
unloading, which contributes to efficient utilization of carrier equipment. The following guidelines
suggest ways to obtain the best stack stability in unit loads.
5.1 On Wooden Pallets
5.1.1 Stack individual pallet loads of shipping containers by bonded block or other interlocking
methods.
5.1.2 Ensure that pallets are of sufficient strength for the type of product handled and are in good
condition with no broken boards or protruding objects.
5.1.3 When loading, provide palletized units with unit-to-unit contact with minimum overhang of
shipping containers on pallets.
5.1.4 No pallet under-hang, lengthwise of the railcar, is permitted except when filled with
approved filler material. Figure 5.1 shows a method of filling under-hang on pallets by using
expanded corrugated honeycomb fiberboard with glued facings of single-wall corrugated
fiberboard.
5.1.5 Filler construction: lengthwise void fillers must be of uniform strength over the face of the
void filler and capable of withstanding a load of 1,500 lb/ft2 (test full-dimension filler sheet).
5.1.6 Make the height and width dimensions of the faces of the filler material as near as possible
to the dimensions of the faces of the units they will be separating.
5.1.7 Do not reuse filler material if it has been damaged and is no longer capable of filling the
intended void, or if there is any evidence of creasing or damage to the core, which might reduce the
compression strength of the filler.
5.1.8 Do not use lengthwise void filler material as a bulkhead or in lieu of a bulkhead.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 5–1
UNITIZING
5.1.9 Maintain vertical alignment of shipping containers on wooden pallets by using fillers,
corrugated sleeves, corner protectors and strapping, stretch wrapping, shrink wrapping, spot
gluing, taping, or other methods proven by shipment. See Figure 5.2.
CORNER POSTS AND STRAPPING CORRUGATED FIBERBOARD SPOT GLUING OF CONTAINERS STRETCH, SHRINK, OR NET
(CORNER POSTS MAY BE LAMINATED SLEEVES (DOUBLE-DASHED LINES WRAPPING
PAPER, MULTIWALL CORRUGATED, OR REPRESENT GLUE LINES)
OTHER SUITABLE MATERIAL)
5.1.10 Use load-restraining devices or filler material to take up all lengthwise voids between
pallets.
5.1.11 Load as many units across the car as practical, as long as units are loaded in a straight
line lengthwise in the car. Use filler material (see Figures 7.10 and 7.11) to maintain vertical
alignment and prevent crosswise movement of lading.
5.1.12 In double-layer pallet loads, have units equal in height to ensure pallet contact both
longitudinally and laterally. If this is not the case, separate stacks of units with suitable divider
sheets (see Figures 7.14 and 7.15).
5.1.13 Load and brace lading to permit unloading from either side of railcar. Use four-way entry
pallets in doorway, if possible.
5.1.14 Use four-way entry pallets in doorway area to facilitate unloading. See Figure 5.3 for a
method of preparing two-way entry pallets for placement in doorway area of car.
5–2 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
UNITIZING
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 5–3
UNITIZING
5–4 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
Note: Apply a sufficient number of seals to accommodate the proper number of pairs of notches or crimps.
6.1.3 The number of notches or crimps shown in Table 6.1 is based on current general
recommendations of high tension strapping manufacturers on the basis that tensioning and
sealing tools are in proper operating condition. A lesser number of notches or crimps may be used
provided the shipper can demonstrate that the joint has the minimum strength shown in Table 6.1
under the column labeled “Minimum Joint Strength 75% of MBS (lb).”
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 6–1
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
Approved
Throughc/
2 1 1/4 1 1/4 3/4 5/8 1/2
Methodb/
Marking
AAR
.065
.050
.044
.065
.050
.044
.040
.035
.031
.029
.040
.025
.020
.050
.044
.035
.031
.029
.028
.025
.023
.022
.020
.023
.020
.023
.020
IDa/ Company
11 E ITW/Acme Packaging 6/15 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
11 E ITW/Signode (Mexico) 6/15 X X X X
11 E ITW/Signode 6/15 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
22, 33, 47 D, I Samuel Strapping Systems 6/16 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
d/
52 I Gerrard-Ovalstrapping 6/16 X X X X X X X X X X X X
d/
Note: This table corresponds with the AAR Open Top Loading Rules Manual, Section 1, Table 17.9. Current as of July 10, 2013.
6.1.5 Use metal protectors, such as corner guards or plates, sufficient to provide a suitable radius
to protect straps at all points on lading having sharp edges and/or sharp corners.
6.1.6 Use tensioning and sealing equipment properly. Check the tools periodically to ensure their
efficiency.
6–2 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
6.1.7 Sealless band joints are those joints that do not require the use of separate metal seals.
Figure 6.3 shows a sealless package band joint made with approved sealing equipment for 12, 58, 34,
and 1 14 in. band sizes. Table 6.4 contains a list of approved sealing equipment of this type.
6.1.8 Figure 6.4 shows a sealless joint with a fourth die-cut in reverse for 1 14-in. package bands
when made with approved sealing equipment. Refer to Table 6.5 for a list of approved sealing
equipment of this type.
Table 6.5 Approved sealless tool for 1 14 in. steel strapping bands
(sealless joint with reverse die-cut)
Orgapack (Borbe Wanner)
Signode Packaging Sys. Model SPC-114
ZR Tool Combination Tool Model ZL90-1
Sund Birsta AB—Model # SBH5
Note: This table corresponds with the AAR Open Top Loading Rules
Manual, Section 1, Table 17.6. Current as of February 27, 2012.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 6–3
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
6–4 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
Strapping in the table above may be used only where specified in an approved figure or as an allowable substitution for steel banding under the applicable figures in
Section 5.
Strapping in the table is for smooth-sided polyester plastic-type strap only unless otherwise denoted.
a/ Associated with Illinois Tool Works (ITW) as a manufacturer employing common production procedures and specifications.
b/ Friction-weld only approved joint type.
c/ Embossed-type strap
d/ Associated with Samuel Manutech Strapping Companies as a manufacturer employing common production procedures and
specifications.
e/ Heat-sealed-only approved joint type
Note: This table corresponds with the AAR Open Top Loading Rules Manual, Section 1, Table 19.1. Current as of July 10, 2013.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 6–5
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
Note: This table corresponds with the AAR Open Top Loading Rules Manual, Section 1, Table 19.3. Current as of March 7, 2013
6.2.2 Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions regarding the proper application of joints.
Figures 6.5 through 6.8 show common methods of joining nonmetallic straps.
6–6 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 6–7
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
6.2.3 Figure 6.9 shows a nonmetallic strap attached to permanent side-wall anchors. Attach
straps a minimum of 3 ft behind the face of the load.
WRAPPING STRAP ON WALL USE STRAP RETAINER TO
ANCHOR FOR CONVENTIONAL SECURE STRAP TO WALL
STRAP APPLICATION. USE ANCHOR.
THREE WRAPS OF STRAPPING
AROUND THE WALL ANCHOR.
6–8 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
NOTES:
6.3.2 A synthetic webbing and/or tie-down assembly must be removed from service if any of the
following conditions are present. (Refer to Figure 6.1.1 for illustrations of some sample defect
conditions.)
MELTING, CHARRING, OVERSTRESSED FIBERS BROKEN OR WORN STICHING IN THE WEB DAMAGE
OR WELD SPATTER OR CHEMICAL DAMAGE LOAD-BEARING SEW PATTERN AT FITTING
SKETCH 5 SKETCH 6 SKETCH 7 SKETCH 8
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 6–9
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
6–10 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
6.5 Lumber
6.5.1 Use properly seasoned lumber for car bracing and blocking. Do not use green lumber
because it does not have the strength or stiffness qualities of dry lumber. Green lumber under
certain conditions will give off quantities of moisture that can have harmful effects on some
commodities loaded in the cars.
6.5.2 Properly store lumber used for blocking and bracing from the elements to prevent rotting,
decaying, or checking, which may affect its strength.
6.5.3 When selecting the size of lumber for bracing and blocking, give consideration to the
weight, size, and nature of the commodity to be secured within the car.
6.5.4 Select all blocking and bracing material from sound lumber free from cross-grain, dry rot
and knots, knotholes, and checks or splits, which will affect its strength or interfere with proper
nailing. See Figure 6.14.
CUT-OFF KNOTS THAT INTERFERE WITH LARGE KNOTS WEAKEN MEMBERS. CUT
NAILING AT DOTTED LINE, AS SHOWN OFF AS SHOWN AND USE SHORT PIECES
FOR CLEATS
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 6–11
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
6.5.5 Relative strength values of lumber, such as stiffness, bending, compression strength
qualities, and the ability to resist shocks, are important. Equally important are the factors of nail-
holding qualities and resistance against splitting.
6.5.6 Dimensions shown in Table 6.9 are the minimum commercial sizes for lumber to be used in
the construction of center gates, end gates, and blocking. Table 6.10 shows species of wood most
commonly used.
Table 6.9 Standard thicknesses for yard lumber
For a more complete listing of hardwoods and lumber, see the AAR Open Top Loading Rules
Manual, Section 1, Appendix D, “Material Mechanical Properties.”
6.5.7 Lumber used in car bracing is in Group II and III woods. Use commercial sizes. When soft
woods (Group I) are substituted, use a larger commercial size per Table 6.11.
6–12 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
Power-Driven
Common Nails Power-Driven Nails Staples
6.6.2 Consider the relation of the number, size, and kind of nails to the size and kind of lumber
used in blocking and bracing. Use sufficient nails because the strength of bracing increases
directly with the number of nails. Do not use nails where they will be in direct tension, but
preferably in lateral resistance. See Table 6.14 for the lateral resistance of nails driven in boxcar
floors.
6.6.3 Drive nails into the side grain of lumber where there is 50% more holding power than when
driven into the end grain. The probability of the wood splitting is also less. Drive all nails straight.
Table 6.13 Lateral resistance of nails when driven through 2-in.-thick floor blocking
and into boxcar floor (lb)
6.6.4 To facilitate driving, to prevent splitting, and to increase the holding power of the nail,
predrill holes slightly smaller than the diameter of the shank of the nail.
6.6.5 Use nails long enough to penetrate, hold, and secure floors with other bracing and blocking
members.
6.6.6 Nails two pennies smaller than those used for medium or soft wood may be used for
extremely hard woods listed in Group IV of Table 6.10.
6.6.7 When using pneumatic automatic nailers, staplers, or other devices, sizes of nails may be
less than those specified if the number driven is increased by one third and the size substitution in
Table 6.14 is used.
Table 6.14 Substitution of power-driven nails or staples
Power-Driven Staple
Common Nail Power-Driven Nail Leg Length
10-D 8-D or 10-D 3 in. or 3¼ in.
16-D, 20-D 16-D or 20-D 3½ in.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 6–13
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
6.7.2 Usage guidelines: follow the manufacturer’s instructions on care and storage of bags prior
to use. Inflate bags with an approved inflator, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
6.7.3 After inflation, check to see that dunnage bags are approximately the same size as the face
of the load. Do not extend the dunnage bag beyond the face of the load. See Figure 6.7.
6.7.4 Use buffer material of sufficient strength to prevent it from conforming to dunnage bag
contour, to prevent chafing, to prevent dunnage bag from crushing load at proper inflation
pressure, and to prevent lading from damaging dunnage bags.
6.7.5 Use buffer material equal or slightly larger in size than face of lading. Have lading adjacent
to bag(s) nearly equal in height on each side of bag.
6.7.6 Inflation pressure may vary from 2 psig to 10 psig depending on the nature of lading and
the level of air bag used.
6.7.7 Void size after inflation will be from 4 in. to 12 in. See applicable commodity publications
for possible exceptions to this limitation.
6.7.8 Use inflatable dunnage to fill lengthwise voids of 4 to 18 in. after inflation for bales and
bags. For fiberboard box goods, keep the void as narrow as practical, preferably 4 to 10 in. to a
maximum of 12 in. after inflation. Inflate to 3 psi to 6 psi depending on the nature of the lading,
and use an air gauge to ensure proper inflation pressure.
6.7.9 Install bag(s) so that the bottom(s) will be a minimum of 1 in. above the floor after inflation.
Apply protective material (e.g., fiberboard) between the bag and floor.
6.7.10 Use hold-down methods when necessary to prevent bag displacement from the void area.
6.7.11 Use an air gauge to ensure prescribed air pressure at inflation. Recheck air pressure one-
half hour after inflation for leakage.
6.7.12 Use clean and dry air to fill dunnage bags.
6.7.13 Do not use bags in tandem (back-to-back). Do not use dunnage bags to fill more than one
lengthwise void in a car.
6.7.14 Use two bag systems unless otherwise specified.
6–14 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
6.7.15 When loading single layer units, use one bag positioned horizontally. For units loaded two
layers high, use two bags positioned vertically or horizontally adjacent to each other. Normally a
48- by 96-in. bag is compatible with side-by-side unit loads measuring 48 in. long by 40 in. wide to
54 in. high. See Figures 6.15 and 6.16.
12 IN. MAXIMUM
AFTER INFLATION
12 IN. MAXIMUM
AFTER INFLATION
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 6–15
BLOCKING AND BRACING MATERIALS
6.7.16 For bags and bales, use a minimum of two sheets of 275-lb double-wall fiberboard buffer
material between each side of dunnage and lading. When bracing fiberboard box goods, use
suitable buffer material between dunnage bags and lading to prevent deformation of the lading.
6.7.17 Reusable dunnage bags intended for use only in filling crosswise (lateral) voids must be
prominently marked by the manufacturer to indicate proper application. Never use bags marked
for this application to fill lengthwise voids.
6.7.18 Leave the door of the car open after loading is completed, and check bag 30 minutes after
installation for leakage.
6.7.19 Use of dunnage bags does not eliminate the need for doorway protection.
6.7.20 For further information, refer to AAR General Information Bulletin No. 9, “Product
Performance Profile for Pneumatic Dunnage.”
6.7.21 Go to http://www.aar.com/standards/dpls/pfds/PPPPD_Verification_List.pdf for the most
current “Product Performance Profile for Pneumatic Dunnage Product Verification List.”
6.8 Friction Mats
Friction mats are used between freight and the railcar and between layers of freight to increase
resistance to lateral and longitudinal movement. For freight loading applications, friction mats are
most commonly manufactured from either masticated or rebonded rubber, in thicknesses up to
¼ in. Use friction mats as specified in specific loading methods.
6–16 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.1.2 Do not secure divisional gates to car walls when used in floating loads. Space horizontal
members on a divisional gate positioned opposite the intersection between layers of containers.
Construct this type of gate with solid faces as may be required by the type of container or
commodity loaded.
7.1.3 Use center gates to take up the space in the doorway area of the car to prevent a shift in the
load and to permit the ready removal of lading. When a large space is left in the doorway area, use
blocking and bracing, as shown in Figure 7.2.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 7–1
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.2 Fillers
7.2.1 Use fillers to square off bowed end walls before car is loaded. See Figure 7.3.
HEIGHT EQUAL
2 IN. × 4 IN. UPRIGHTS TO OR GREATER
THAN LOAD
1 IN. × 4 IN.
CROSS BRACE
1/2 IN. PLYWOOD OR
EQUIVALENT 2 IN. × 4 IN. END
WALL FILLERS
7.2.4 If the lading is rigid in nature and/or very dense, such as boxes of nuts and bolts, machinery,
metal beams, brick, lumber, and cut paper, lengthwise fillers must have a combined crush strength
as defined below.
7–2 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.2.5 In cushioned cars, lengthwise fillers must have a combined crush strength equal to the
weight of the load being restrained. In standard draft gear cars, lengthwise fillers must have a
combined crush strength equal to twice the weight of the load being restrained. Secure fillers in
position.
7.2.6 For example, if the filler is to be located at the end of a standard draft gear car loaded to
150,000 lb, the combined crush strength of the fillers must be greater than or equal to 300,000 lb.
If two 4- by 8-ft filler panels are used side by side, their combined area is 2 × 4 × 8 ft = 64 ft2. The
required minimum crush strength would equal 300,000/64, or 4,687.5 lb/ft2. See Figure 7.5,
Example 1.
7.2.7 Fillers centered in the same load would require a minimum crush strength of 2,344 lb/ft2.
See Figure 7.5, Example 3.
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
HT
WEIG
AD
LO
T IRE
EN
LENGTHWISE FILLERS EXAMPLE 3
AT END WALL
HT
W EIG
AD
LO
3/4
LENGTHWISE FILLERS
T
MIDPOINT IN END OF LOAD IGH
D WE
LOA
1/2
LENGTHWISE FILLERS
AT MIDDLE OF LOAD
Figure 7.5 Lengthwise fillers in rigid lading
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 7–3
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.2.8 Fillers may be reinforced for special load applications such as intermediate bulk containers
(see Figures 7.6).
7.2.9 Figure 7.7 shows examples of two types of fillers for lengthwise space.
7.2.10 Lengthwise filler material must be tall enough to cover the full height of the void from the
bottom of the void to the top. If smaller pieces of culled material are used, they must be laminated
or joined with a consistent width from the bottom to the top of the void for which they are intended
to protect.
7–4 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.2.11 Contour buffer pads are fillers designed to help prevent the displacement of pneumatic
dunnage in roll paper loads (Figure 7.8). Buffer pads are placed on each side of the voids. The
contour side of the pads face the rolls with the flat side adjacent to the dunnage. Use buffer pads
that are at least as tall as the dunnage used. Minimum crush strength of 4,500 lb/ft2 is required
for buffer pads.
BUFFER PAD CRUSH STRENGTH = 4,500 LB/FT2
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 7–5
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.2.12 When cars are pallet or slip-sheet loaded, load the units against the side walls and apply
lateral void fillers in voids between the unit rows. Units may also be loaded tight against one side
wall and fillers applied between the units and the other side wall, and alternated in opposite ends
(see Figures 7.9, 7.10, and 7.11).
FILLERS FILLERS
FILLERS FILLERS
PLACEMENT OF FILLERS WHEN PALLETS PLACEMENT OF FILLERS WHEN PALLETS ARE CENTERED
ARE LOADED AGAINST SIDE WALLS
7–6 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
COLLAPSIBLE HANGING HONEYCOMB INTERLOCKING FLANGED SHEETS FLANGED TUBES INTERLOCKED WITH
FLANGED SHEET
Figure 7.10 Examples of fillers used to fill crosswise space
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 7–7
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.3 Separators
7.3.1 Use separator sheets to protect the top of units when stacked (see Figure 7.12).
SEPARATOR
SHEET
7.3.2 Polyethylene foam pads may be used to separate lading (e.g., metal coils).
7.3.3 Pads are typically 54 in. high by 24 in. wide and 3¼ in. thick at the center of the pad. The
polyethylene pads have a density of 4 lb/ft3.
7.3.4 Type A (Figure 7.13): For use between coils. Contoured on each side with two 8-in.-long by
34-in.-diameter plastic tubing “legs” capped off with 1-in. rubber cane tips inserted at the bottom of
each side to elevate the pad above the adjacent deck boards.
7.3.5 Type B (Figure 7.14): For use between coils and the end wall or bulkhead. Contoured on one
side only. Place flat side against end wall or bulkhead.
7–8 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.4 Dividers
7.4.1 Separate different type containers lengthwise using plywood sheets or equivalent material
of sufficient height to protect the tallest stack of containers. See Figure 7.14.
7.4.2 Separate different sizes of the same type of containers by divider sheets. See Figure 7.15.
DIVIDER SHEETS
Figure 7.14 Plywood divider sheets Figure 7.15 Fiberboard divider sheets
between different lading types between similar lading types
7.4.3 The construction and quantity of properly installed divider sheets will vary based on many
factors (e.g., density of product and weight of load). The following are the minimum standards for
use of divider sheets in cars that do not have cushioning devices or load restraining devices.
Shippers are expected to cooperate with carriers when it can be demonstrated that additional use
of divider sheets is necessary to avoid excessive damage.
7.4.4 When shipping containers of significant height differences or when bags/bales and boxes
are loaded in cars that do not have cushioning devices or load-restraining devices, use corrugated
or solid fiberboard divider sheets where these differences occur within the load. The divider sheets
may also absorb some of the creasing that would otherwise appear on the shipping containers. Use
corrugated or solid fiberboard divider sheets approximately the same width and height as the load.
When corrugated divider sheets are used, place the divider sheets so that corrugations are vertical
(see Figure 7.16).
DIVIDER SHEET
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 7–9
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.4.5 For stretch-wrapped units of fiberboard boxes, use divider sheets between doorway stacks to
facilitate unloading. Divider sheets are not required for loads that are stretch-wrapped and meet
the following criteria:
• Weight limitation: Floor layer units must not exceed 35,000 lb; double-decked loads must
not exceed 70,000 lb.
• No lengthwise void is allowed in unit patterns, except for pinwheel or chimney-stacked
units or similar bonded blocks.
7.5 Risers
7.5.1 Risers are used to raise articles of freight to block freight in adjacent stacks and to break
the strata line within a load. Risers are commonly used to raise rolls within paper loads, to either
block incomplete layers or to break the strata line in multiple layer loads of rolls of the same
width.
7.5.2 Risers may be either a strip or pad design (see Figures 7.17 and 7.18). Riser strips made
from laminated corrugated fiberboard or other suitable material should be a minimum of 6 in. tall
by 5 in. wide by 30 in. long, for 40-in.-diameter rolls. Larger diameter rolls require longer risers.
Pad-type risers made from closed-cell honeycomb with reinforced corners should also be a
minimum of 6 in. tall and appropriately sized to fit under the roll without protruding on any side
See Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Minimum riser strip and pad sizes for rolls
7–10 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.5.3 Risers must have a combined crush strength greater than or equal to twice the weight that
they support.
If strip-type risers measuring 6 in. tall by 5 in. wide by 30 in. long are used, their bearing
surface area equals 5 × 30 = 150 in.2 or 1.04 ft2. Because two are required, the total
bearing surface area is 2.08 ft2. Two rolls at 4,500 lb each equals 9,000 lb. Risers need to
be able to support twice the weight or 18,000 lb. 18,000 lb divided by 2.08 ft2 yields
minimum compression strength of 8,654 lb/ft2.
If pad-type risers measuring 6 in. tall by 28 in. square are used, their bearing surface
area equals 28 × 28 = 784 in.2 or 5.44 ft2. Two rolls at 4,500 lb each equals 9,000 lb.
Risers need to be able to support twice the weight or 18,000 lb. 18,000 lb divided by
5.44 ft2 yields a minimum compression strength of 3,309 lb/ft2.
7.5.4 Do not place risers in between roll layers anywhere within a load. Risers should be placed
only under rolls on the floor.
7.5.5 Use risers under rolls in the doorway area only when they are necessary for dock plate
clearance. Risers used in the doorway area should be no more than 2 in. high. Place risers only on
the floor—never between stacked rolls.
7.5.6 Place strip risers so that their longest dimension is lengthwise of the car.
7.5.7 Never extend risers beyond the outer edge of the roll.
7.5.8 Laminated risers are acceptable but must meet the minimum required crush strength.
7.5.9 Do not stack and tape risers together. Only pad-type risers glued together are considered
laminated risers. If glued together, the manufacturer of product should provide glue or
specifications for appropriate adhesive.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 7–11
GATES, FILLERS, SEPARATORS, AND DIVIDERS
7.5.10 In loads of multiple layers, use risers placed beneath rolls midway between the ends of the
car and the doorway to break the layer strata line (see Figure 7.19). This will help to prevent roll-
over ride, reduce edge damage opportunities, and increase the performance of dunnage bag
application.
RISERS
7–12 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
LOAD SECUREMENT
CROSSPIECES
GUIDE RAILS
8.1.3 Guide rails may be either nailed to the car floor or held in position by crosspieces nailed to
the guide rails.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 8–1
LOAD SECUREMENT
STRAPS
SECURED TO
CAR SIDE WALLS
TAPE
TAPE
FASTEN STRAP
OUTSIDE CAR WHILE
LOADING
8.2.5 When two or more straps are used, tension and seal straps simultaneously to equalize the
tension on all straps.
8.2.6 Provide corner or edge protection to prevent damage to the lading due to pressure from
straps.
8.2.7 Use strap hangers, tape, or other means to prevent straps from slipping or dropping out of
position while in transit.
8.2.8 Figure 8.3 shows a completed anchored load and the applications of steel straps to a gate
with truss-block construction.
STRAPS SECURED TO
SIDE WALL ANCHORS
8–2 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
LOAD SECUREMENT
8.2.9 Web strap assemblies that attach to the side-wall anchors may be used to secure lading in
the ends of the car. The combined minimum breaking strength of the number of straps used must
be equal to or greater than the weight of the lading restrained. When lading height-to-base ratio is
greater than 2, apply half of the straps on the upper one third of the lading, as shown in
Figure 8.4.
RATCHETS FOR
TENSIONING STRAPS
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 8–3
LOAD SECUREMENT
8.3.2 To prevent possible contact and damage between lower layer lading and the incomplete
layer, elevate the lading immediately in front of the incomplete layer on risers and secure with
straps anchored to the car side walls, as shown in Figure 8.6.
STRAPS SECURED
TO CAR SIDE WALLS
8–4 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
DOORWAY PROTECTION
9.3 Use steel straps for doorway protection. For heavy freight, use 1¼- by 0.029-in. steel straps
(or equivalent). See Figure 9.2. Place one steel strap opposite each layer, attached to permanent
side-wall anchors, and use sheets of fiberboard placed over straps and anchors as needed to protect
lading.
FIBERBOARD
SEAL
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 9–1
DOORWAY PROTECTION
9.4 The nonmetallic straps listed in Table 9.1 have been tested and found acceptable for use as a
substitute for 1¼- by 0.029-in. steel straps in doorway protection applications.
Table 9.1 Substitution rate for nonmetallic strap as doorway protection
NOTE: The application of nonmetallic straps as a substitute for 1 14-in. by 0.029-in. steel strap is
restricted to maximum door openings of 10 ft in width.
9.5 Install straps across the door opening between the doorposts, as shown in Figure 9.3. Use the
proper number of straps. Apply uniform tension to all straps so that all straps share the load
equally.
9.6 Straps must be tensioned using the correct tensioning tools in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. It is important that the buckle be applied properly to maintain strap
tension.
9.7 The strap must be clearly marked with the strap I.D. in accordance with the strap-marking
requirements of AAR Circular 42-K, General Rules Covering the Loading of Carload Shipments of
Commodities in Closed Cars, or revisions thereof.
9–2 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
DOORWAY PROTECTION
9.8 Key roll strapping, as shown in Figures 9.4 and 9.5, is a method for protecting doors (both
standard and plug type), as well as restricting lengthwise movement in roll paper loads.
STRAP HOLDERS
SHADED AREA
INDICATES ROLLS
TO BE KEY BANDED
9.9 Refer to specific loading methods for more detailed application instructions.
Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars 9–3
DOORWAY PROTECTION
9.10 For plywood and similar panel products in sliding or plug-door cars, use two Type 1A, Grade
4, nonmetallic unitizing straps around the lengthwise stacks in the doorway. See Figure 9.6.
Figure 9.6 Doorway protection for sliding or plug-door cars loaded with plywood
9–4 Closed Car Loading Guide—Minimum Loading Standards for Freight in General Purpose Boxcars
CLOSED CAR LOADING STANDARDS
Publication
Part Subject/Title Date Formerly
1 Minimum Loading Standards for 1/2014 Pamphlet No. 14, Minimum Loading
Freight in General Purpose Standards for Freight in General Purpose
Boxcars and Specially Equipped Boxcars (12/84)
2 Best Practices for Loading of Roll Best Practices for Loading of Roll Paper in
Paper Railcars/Pamphlet No. 39, Supplemental
in Railcars Loading Standards for Roll
Paper/Pulpboard in Closed Cars (5/11)
3 Minimum Loading Standards for Pamphlet No. 8, Minimum Loading
Plywood and Similar Building Standards for Sanded and Sheathing
Products in Plywood in Closed Cars (11/85)
Closed Cars
4 Minimum Loading Standards for Pamphlet No. 20, Minimum Loading
Lumber in Closed Cars Standards for Lumber in Closed Cars
(10/87)
5 Minimum Loading Standards for Pamphlet No. 6, Minimum Requirements
Building Brick in Closed Cars for Loading, Bracing and Blocking
Carload Shipments of Building Brick in
Closed Cars (8/83)
6 Minimum Loading Standards for Pamphlet No. 17, Minimum Loading
Prepared Food and Similarly Standards for Packaged Food Products in
Packaged Products in Closed Closed Cars and TOFC/COFC (10/88)
Cars
7 Minimum Loading Standards for New
Intermediate Bulk Containers
in Closed Cars
8 Minimum Loading Standards for Pamphlet No. 3, Minimum Loading
Bagged and Baled Standards for Bagged and Baled
Commodities in Closed Cars Commodities in Closed Cars (10/93)
9 Minimum Loading Standards for Pamphlet No. 23, Minimum Standards for
Coiled Metal Products in Closed Loading Steel Products in Closed Cars,
Cars Trailers or Containers (4/95)
10 Minimum Loading Standards for Pamphlet No. 37, Minimum Standards for
Primary Metal Products in the Safe Loading of Ingots, Pigs, Anodes,
Closed Cars Rods and Similar High Density Metallic
Commodities in Closed Cars (11/84)
See also:
Intermodal Loading Guide for Products in Closed Trailers and Containers (7/2011)
Open Top Loading Rules Manual, Sections 1–7