TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN

MAMMALS
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN MAMMALS
CONSISTS OF

BLOOD
CIRCULATORY LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM SYSTEM

CONSISTS OF

HEART BLOOD BLOOD

VESSELS
Single Circulation - Fish
Double Circulation - Mammals
 BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSYTEM
CONSISTS OF

HEART BLOOD VESSELS BLOOD

IS DIVIDED IN 4 CHAMBERS

ATRIA VENTRICLES

RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT

Receives deoxygenated blood Receives oxygenated pumps deoxygenated pumps oxygenated blood to
from the rest of the body blood from the lungs blood into the lungs the rest of the body
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Septum:
© Wall between left
and right side of
heart.
© Separates
oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
ANATOMY OF THE HEART: 4 CHAMBERS
(DOUBLE PUMP)
Right side of the Heart:
© Pumps deoxygenated blood coming
from the tissues out to the lung

Left side of the Heart:

© Pumps oxygenated blood coming
from the lungs out to the tissue
 ANATOMY OF THE HEART: 4 CHAMBERS
(DOUBLE PUMP)

Why are the muscular walls

(myocardium)
of the atria thinner than the muscular
walls of the ventricles?

Why is the muscular wall

(myocardium) of the left ventricle
thicker than the right ventricle?
IMAGE: http://slideplayer.com/slide/6366592/
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
: VEINS & ARTERIES
Veins:
1. Superior Vena Cava
2. Inferior Vena Cava
3. Pulmonary arteries

Arteries:
1. Aorta
2. Pulmonary veins
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
: VALVES
1. Tricuspid Valve (3 flaps):
©Prevents blood flowing back from
ventricle to atrium
2. Pulmonary Valve + Aortic Valve =
Semilunar Valves:
©Prevent backflow of blood into the
ventricles

3. Mitral/Bicuspid Valve (2 flaps):

©Prevents blood flowing back from
ventricle to atrium
 FOUR VALVES IN THE HEART

IMAGE: http://www.slideshare.net/nirmalajosephine1/11-14-circulation
 ANATOMY OF THE HEART
: VALVES

IMAGE: https://www.cardiosmart.org/Heart-Basics/How-the-Heart-
Workshttp://www.guwsmedical.info/heart-failure/internal-anatomy-of-the-heart.html
 ANATOMY OF THE HEART
: CHORDAE TENDINEAE/HEART STRINGS
Cord-like tendons:
Connect the walls of the
muscles of ventricles
(papillary muscles) to the
tricuspid valve and the
mitral valve in the heart
 ANATOMY OF THE
HEART (SUMMARY)

IMAGE: http://bicyclemania.co.uk/BODY.htm
Detailed Sheep
Heart
Dissection
 3D ANIMATION OF WORKING
OF HEART
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF68qhyfcoM&feature=rela
ted
 THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Stage 1:
A heartbeat begins
with the heart muscle relaxed and
valves
closed.
Blood flows into the two atria and
both sides fill up with blood.
This blood has to be pushed
through the valves to get into the
ventricles. How does this happen?
 THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Stage 2:
The atria contract and the blood is
squeezed which causes the valves
leading to the ventricles to open.

Blood then flows from the atria into

the ventricles.

What happens to the open valves

when the atria are empty?
 THE CARDIAC CYCLE

Stage 2 (continued):
The valves between the atria
and the ventricles close.

This prevents any backflow.

What happens next

to the blood in the ventricles?
 THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Stage 3:
Almost immediately, the ventricles contract
and the blood is squeezed again.

The pressure of the blood forces open the

valves leading out of the heart.

Blood is pumped out

of the heart.

What happens to the open valves when the

ventricles are empty?
 THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Stage 3 (continued):
When the ventricles are empty, the
valves leading out of the
heart close and the heart muscle
relaxes.

This completes the sequence of

contraction and relaxation in one
heartbeat.

What will happen next?

 THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Stage 1 (again):
The atria fill up with blood as the
heartbeat sequence begins again.
https://www.slideserve.com/chalice/circulatory-system-of-a-mammal
 THE CARDAIC CYCLE
One heartbeat = Systole + Diastole
• Two atria contract while 2 ventricles relax.
• When two ventricles contract, two atria relax.

Systole: Phase of Contraction Diastole: Phase of Relaxation

 THE CARDAIC CYCLE
Systole: Phase of Contraction

Diastole: Phase of Relaxation

• Blood pressure is measured in units

of millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The
readings are in pairs.
• Upper (systolic) value first, followed by the
lower (diastolic) value.
 THE CARDAIC CYCLE
PACEMAKER =
ELECTRICAL
SIGNALS

IMAGE: http://www.texasheart.org/HIC/Topics/Proced/ablation.cfm
 THE CARDAIC CYCLE
How may times does you heart beat?
• The average heartbeat is 72 times per minute. In
the course of one day it beats over 100,000 times.
In one year the heart beats almost 38 million
times, and by the time you are 70 years old, on
average, it beats 2.5 billion times!
 THE CARDAIC CYCLE
Does your heart rate change as we age?
Age Pulse
Everyone's pulse Newborn 130
(average heart rate per 3 months
6 months
140
130
minute) changes as we 1 year 120
2 years 115
age. Here is a chart of 3 years 100
average pulse at 4 years 100
6 years 100
different ages: 8 years 90
12 years 85
adult 60 - 100
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A test which measures
the electrical activity of
your heart to show
whether or not it is
working normally.

An ECG records the

heart's rhythm and
activity on a moving
strip of paper or a line
on a screen.

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/741053313662657369/?lp=true
 Listening to a beating heart: lub-dub
What does a doctor hear when they listen to a patients’ heart?
lub-dub, lub-dub, lub-dub, lub-dub, lub-dub, lub-dub…
The sound of a heartbeat is the sound of the heart valves.

The “lub” is caused by The “dub” is caused by

the closing of the valves the closing of the valves
leading to the ventricles. leading out of the heart.
How the Heart Works
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=oHMmtqKgs50&feature=youtu.be
 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

The blood supplied by the coronary arteries

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
If coronary artery becomes partially or
completely blocked by fatty deposits called
‘plaques’ (mainly formed from cholesterol)
• arteries are not as elastic as they should be and
therefore cannot stretch to accommodate the
blood which is being forced through them -
leading to coronary heart disease

1) Partial blockage of the coronary arteries creates a

restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and
results in severe chest pains called angina

2) Complete blockage means cells in that area of

the heart will not be able to respire and can no
longer contract, leading to a heart attack
Risk factors for
(CHD)
 Preventing & Treating CHD
To reducing the risks of developing coronary heart disease:
1. Quit smoking
2. Reduce animal fats in diet and eat more fruits and vegetables - this will
reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and help with weight loss if overweight
3. Exercise regularly - again, this will help with weight loss, decrease blood
pressure and cholesterol levels and help reduce stress
4. Treatment of coronary heart disease - Aspirin can be taken daily to reduce
the risk of blood clots forming in arteries.
5. Surgical treatments include:
i) Angioplasty
ii) Coronary bypass surgery
Preventing & Treating CHD

i) Angioplasty
• A narrow catheter (tube) threaded through the
groin up to the blocked vessel
• A tiny balloon inserted into the catheter is pushed
up to the blocked vessel and then inflated
• This flattens the plaque against the wall of the
artery, clearing the blockage
• To keep the artery clear, a stent (piece of metal /
plastic mesh) is also inserted which pushes against
the wall of the artery
• Sometimes the stent is coated with a drug that
slowly releases medication to prevent further
build-up of plaque
 Preventing & Treating CHD

ii) Coronary bypass surgery

A piece of blood vessel is taken from
the patient’s leg, arm, or chest and used
to create a new passage for the flow of
blood to the cardiac muscle, bypassing
the blocked area
The number of bypass grafts gives rise
to the name of the surgery, so a ‘triple
heart bypass’ would mean three new
bypass grafts being attached