GENERAL CHEMISTRY

MODULE 1 CONCEPTS
Matter
Matter is everything that occupies space and has mass
 Pure Substance
o Element
 Atom is the smallest particle of an element
 Molecule consists of two or more atoms joined by strong forces called chemical
bonds
o Compound
 Mixture
o Homogenous Mixture (Solution)
o Heterogeneous Mixture has a composition that is not uniform throughout

States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas

Properties of Matter
Extensive property - definition
Intensive property – definition

Bonding
Ionic Covalent Metallic
metallic & non-metallic non-metallic & non-metallic metallic & metallic

Naming Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Ionic Compounds
-ide monoatomic NaCl

-ous I Cu^+ or Cu(I)

-ic Cu^2+ or Cu(II)
-ate
-ite

Molecular Compounds (covalent)

mono- 1
di- 2
tri- 3

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tetra- 4
penta- 5
hexa- 6
hepta- 7
octa- 8
nona- 9
deca- 10

^transition…?

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Electron Configuration
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9946313/

sharp s ≤2
principal p ≤6
diffuse d ≤10
fundamental f ≤ 14

P6
D10
F14
sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental

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History (of Periodic Table)

Organic Chemistry Basics

Name of
Class Type Formula Bond Type Examples
Compound
Alkane C n H 2 n+ 2 saturated-single bond CH 3−CH 3 ethane
Alkene Cn H2n unsaturated-double double CH 2=CH 2 ethene
Alkyne C n H 2 n−2 unsaturated-triple bond HC ≡CH ethyne
Aromatic aromatic C6 H6 benzene
n – number of carbon atoms

CALCULATION
Units and Constants
SI Prefixes
G giga 10^9 = 1,000,000,000 billion d deci 10^-1 = 0.1 tenth
M mega 10^6 = 1,000,000 million c centi 10^-2 = 0.01 hundredth
k kilo 10^3 = 1,000 thousand m milli 10^-3 = 0.001 thousandth
h hecto 10^2 = 100 hundred µ micro 10^-6 = 0.000,001 millionth
da deka 10^1 = 1 tens n nano 10^-9 = 0.000,000,001 billionth

SI Units
s second time Avogadro’s Number
m meter length
kg kilogram mass
A ampere electric current
K kelvin temperature
5
mol mole amount of substance
cd candela luminous intensity
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6.022 ×1023

Ideal Gas Constant

l⋅atm
0.082
K ⋅ mol

Temperature
5
T C Celsius = (T – 32)
9 F
9
T F Fahrenheit = T +32
5 C
T K Kelvin = T C + 273.15

Significant Figures
Definition of Significant
SIG. All non-zero numbers (numbers 1 - 9) 12.3 has 3 sig.fig.

SIG. Zeros between two non-zero digits 103 has 3 sig.fig.

NOT SIG. Leading zeroes 0.000123 has 3 sig.fig.

0.123 has 3 sig.fig.

SIG. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal 12.00 has 4 sig.fig.
12.3400 has 6 sig.fig.

SIG. Trailing zeros in a whole number with decimal point 12000.00 has 7 sig.fig.

NOT SIG. Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal shown 12000 has 2 sig.fig.

*Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures 1, 1.00,

1.000, so
on...

with decimal without decimal

trailing zeroes (on the right) SIG NOT SIG
zeroes between non-zero digits SIG SIG
leading zeroes (on the left) NOT SIG NOT SIG

More examples:
12000.00 has 7 sig.fig.
0.34000 has 5 sig.fig.
560000 has 2 sig.fig.

Estimating CORRECT MISTAKE

4 4 9 4 4 9
4 0 0 4 5 0
5 0 0
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Estimate based on the digit nearest to the significant digit.

Example: Estimate 449 into 1 significant figure.

Answer: 400

Solving
Addition and Subtraction Multiplication and Division
least decimal least significant figure

Stoichiometry
Gas Laws
Solubility

HISTORY & FIGURES