Chapter II Units, Concentration,

& Stoichiometry

ENGR. MUNNCLAIRE SIYANG BALLAD

Units of Measure
Measurement
• the process of associating numbers with physical quantities and
phenomena

3 Systems of Units
1. International System of Units (SI)
2. British Imperial System
3. United States Customary System

International System of Units (SI)

• Modern form of metric system, from French Système International d'Unités
• Widely used system of units
• Based on 7 fundamental base units
SI Based Units
Physical Note:
Name of Unit Abbreviation
Quantity The SI unit of volume is
Mass kilogram kg cubic meter (m3).
1 m3 = 1000 Liters
Length Meter m 1 cm3 = 1 mL
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of
mole mol
substance
Electric current ampere A
Luminous
candela cd
intensity
Prefixes for Units
Prefix Abbreviation Multiplier Prefix Abbreviation Multiplier
yotta- Y 1024 deci- d 10-1
zetta- Z 1021 centi- c 10-2
peta- P 1018 milli- m 10-3
exa X 1015 micro- µ 10-6
tera- T 1012 nano- n 10-9
giga- G 109 pico- p 10-12
mega- M 106 femto- f 10-15
kilo- k 103 atto- a 1018
hecto- h 102 zepto- z 10-21
deca- da 101 yocto- y 10-24
 Scientific Notation
• Used to express very small or large numbers.
• Uses exponential notation
• A positive number is written in scientific notation if it is written as a x 10n
where the coefficient a has a value such that 1 ≤ a < 10 and n is an integer.

LARGE NUMBERS SMALL NUMBERS

Decimal Notation Scientific Notation Decimal Notation Scientific Notation
500 5x102 0.05 5x10-2
8,000 8x103 0.0043 4.3x10-3
6,250,000 6.25x106 0.00000235 2.35x10-6
Note: Move the decimal point from right to left Note: Move the decimal point from left to right
Rules for Significant Figures
1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant.
Example: 3.22 = 3 significant figures
27 = 2 significant figures
Rules for Significant Figures
1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant.
2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant.
Example: 101 = 3 significant figures
2501 = 4 significant figures
Rules for Significant Figures
1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant.
2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant.
3. Leading zeros are NOT significant.
Example: 0.542 = 3 significant figures
0.0032 = 2 significant figures
Rules for Significant Figures
1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant.
2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant.
3. Leading zeros are NOT significant.
4. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant.

Example: 92.00 = 4 significant figures

5.0 = 2 significant figures
Rules for Significant Figures
1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant.
2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant.
3. Leading zeros are NOT significant.
4. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant.
5. Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal shown ARE significant.
Example: 540. = 3 significant figures
1000. = 4 significant figures
Rules for Significant Figures
1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant.
2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant.
3. Leading zeros are NOT significant.
4. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant.
5. Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal shown ARE significant.
6. Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal shown are NOT significant.
Example: 540 = 3 significant figures
1000 = 1 significant figures
Rules for Significant Figures
1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant.
2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant.
3. Leading zeros are NOT significant.
4. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant.
5. Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal shown ARE significant.
6. Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal shown are NOT significant.
7. Exact numbers have an INFINITE number of significant figures.
-This rule applies to numbers that are definitions.
Example: 1 meter = 1.00 meters = 1.00000000 meters
Rules for Significant Figures
1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant.
2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant.
3. Leading zeros are NOT significant.
4. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant.
5. Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal shown ARE significant.
6. Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal shown are NOT significant.
7. Exact numbers have an INFINITE number of significant figures.
8. For a number in scientific notation: ax10n, all digits comprising a ARE significant
by the first 6 rules; "10" and “n" are NOT significant.

Example: 5.02x10-2 = 3 significant figures

1.10x10-4 = 3 significant figures
The Mole
• Abbreviated as mol, is the SI unit for the amount of a chemical substance.
• It is always associated with specific microscopic entities such as atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
particles as represented by a chemical formula.

The number of moles, n, can be calculated using the following formula:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
n= 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molar Mass (MM) = is the mass in grams of 1 mole of that substance. We
calculate molar masses by summing the atomic masses of all the
atoms appearing in a chemical formula.
The Mole
Sample calculation #01
Find the number of moles of Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (M=122.1 g/mol) that are
contained in 2.00 g of the pure acid.
Given:
Mass of Benzoic acid = 2.00 g
Molar Mass of Benzoic acid = 122.1 g/mol

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
Solution: n= 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙
2.00 𝑔
Amount of Benzoic acid = 𝑛𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 = 𝑔
122.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Amount of Benzoic acid = 𝑛𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 = 0.0164 mol
The Mole
Sample calculation #02
What is the mass of Na+ (22.99 g/mol) in 25.0 g of Na2SO4 (142.0 g/mol)

Answer:
Mass of Na+ = 8.10 g Na+
The Factor-Label Approach
• Also called the Dimensional Analysis or the Picket Fence Method
• Writing out the solution to a problem so that units in the denominator of each
succeeding term eliminate the units in the numerator of the preceding one until the
units of the answer are obtained.
From the last given sample calculation…
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
25.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 =
142.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4

First eliminate moles of NA2SO4

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎 +
25.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 = =
142.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
And then eliminate moles of Na+. The result is…
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎+ 22.99 𝑔 𝑁𝑎+
25.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 = = = = 8.20 𝑔 𝑁𝑎+
142.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎+
Concentration
• A general measurement unit stating the amount of solute present in a
known amount of solution.
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Molarity (M)
• Also called Molar concentration, M
• Is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀=
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Molarity
Sample calculation #01
Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an aqueous solution than
contains 2.30 g of C2H5OH (46.06 g/mol) in 3.50 L of solution.
Given:
Mass of Ethanol = 2.30 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molar mass of Ethanol = 46.06 g/mol 𝑀=
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Liter of solution = 3.50 L
Solution:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 2.30 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = = = 0.04992 mol of Ethanol
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 46.06 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 0.04992 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
𝑀= =
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3.50 𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 = 0.0143 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 0.0143 𝑀
𝐿
Molarity
Sample calculation #02
Describe the preparation of 2.00 L of 0.108 M BaCl2 from BaCl2 • 2H2O
(244.3 g/mol).
Given:
Liter of solution = 2.00 L 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity of BaCl2 = 0.108 M 𝑀=
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Molar mass of BaCl2 • 2H2O = 244.3 g/mol
Solution:
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 • 2 𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑀 𝑥 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.108 𝑥 2.00 𝐿 = 0.216 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐿
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 • 2 𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 • 2 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑥 (𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 • 2 𝐻2 𝑂)
𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 • 2 𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.216 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 (244.3 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 Answer: Dissolve 52.8 g of BaCl2 •
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 • 2 𝐻2 𝑂 = 52.8 𝑔 2H2O in water and dilute to 2.00 L
Molarity
Sample calculation #03
Describe the preparation of 500 mL of 0.0740 M Cl- solution from solid BaCl2
• 2H2O (244.3 g/mol).
Given:
Liter of solution = 500 mL = 0.5 L
Molarity of Cl- solution = 0.0740 M
Molar mass of BaCl2 • 2H2O = 244.3 g/mol

Answer:
Dissolve 4.52 g of BaCl2 • 2H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL or 0.5 L.
Molality (m)
• A way of expressing concentration in terms of the number of moles of
solute per kilogram of solvent (not of solution).
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀=
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Molality
Sample calculation #01
Calculate the molality of a solution of 13.5 g of KF dissolved in 250.0 g of
water.
Given:
Mass of KF = 13.5 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Mass of water = 250 g = 0.250 kg 𝑚=
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Solution:
𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐹 = 58.1
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐹 13.5 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐹 = = = 0.232 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 58.1 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 0.232 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐹
𝑚= = 𝑚 = 0.929 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 0.250 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Percent Concentration
• The percent composition of a solution can be express in several ways:

𝑤 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑤 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑣 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑣 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑣 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝐿)
Mass Concentrations
Parts per Thousand (ppt)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑡 = 𝑥 1000 𝑝𝑝𝑡
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Parts per Million (ppm)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑚 = 𝑥 106 𝑝𝑝𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Parts per Billion (ppb)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑏 = 𝑥 109 𝑝𝑝𝑏
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Note: For dilute aqueous solutions whose densities are approximately 1.00 g/mL,
1 ppm = 1.00 mg/L.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑔)
𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑚 = 𝑝𝑝𝑚
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿)
Sample Calculation…
What is the molar concentration of K+ in a solution that contains 63.3 ppm of
K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3 g/mol).
Given:
Concentration of K3Fe(CN)6 = 63.3 ppm 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀=
Molar mass of K3Fe(CN)6 = 329.3 g/mol 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Solution:
Because the solution is so dilute, it is reasonable to assume that its density is 1.00 g/mL.
𝑚𝑔
63.3 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6 = 63.3 𝐾3𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6
𝐿
Note: 1 g = 1000 mg
𝑚𝑔 1𝑔 𝑔
63.3 𝐿
𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6 × 1000 𝑚𝑔
= 0.0633 𝐿
𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6
Sample Calculation…
What is the molar concentration of K+ in a solution that contains 63.3 ppm of
K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3 g/mol).

Solution:
0.0633 𝑔 𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6 = ×
𝐿 329.3 𝑔 𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6 = 1.922 × 10−4 𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6
𝐿
Calculate for the value of K+ using the mole ratio,
𝑚𝑜𝑙 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 +
𝐾+ = 1.922 × 10−4 𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6 ×
𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾3 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6
𝑚𝑜𝑙 +
𝐾 + = 5.77 × 10−4 𝐾
𝐿
𝐾 + = 5.77 × 10−4 𝑀
Chemical Stoichiometry
Balancing of Chemical Equations
• Chemical equations should be balanced to obey the Law of Conservation of Mass.
• An equation can be balanced only by adjusting the coefficients of formulas.

Useful Tips
• If an element occurs in only one compound on each side of the equation, try
balancing this element first.
• When one of the reactants or products exists as the free element, balance this
element last.
• In some reactions, certain groups of atoms (for example, polyatomic ions) remain
un-changed. In such cases, balance these groups as a unit.
Chemical Stoichiometry
• The stoichiometry of a reaction is the relationship among the number of
moles of reactants and products as represented by a balanced chemical
equation.
Chemical Stoichiometry
Sample calculation #01
What mass of AgNO3 (169.9 g/mol) is needed to convert 2.33 g of Na2CO3
(106.0 g/mol) to Ag2CO3?

𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑠

+ 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞)

Balanced equation:
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝟐𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑠
+ 𝟐𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞)

Calculate for the amount of Na2CO3 in terms of mols.

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑛 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 2.33 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 ×
106.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
𝑛 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 0.02198 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Chemical Stoichiometry
Sample calculation #01
What mass of AgNO3 (169.9 g/mol) is needed to convert 2.33 g of Na2CO3
(106.0 g/mol) to Ag2CO3?
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝟐𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑠
+ 𝟐𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞)

Using the balanced equation:

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 = 𝑛𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 = 0.02198 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 ×
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
𝑛𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 = 0.04396 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
In this instance, the stoichiometric factor is (2 mol AgNO3)/(1 mol Na2CO3).
169.9 𝑔 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 = 0.04396 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 ×
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 = 7.47 𝑔𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
 What’s next?
➔ Chapter 3: Chemical Equilibrium