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Integral Calculator
Calculate integrals online
— with steps and graphing!
About Help Examples Options
The Integral Calculator lets you calculate integrals and antiderivatives of functions online — for free!
Our calculator allows you to check your solutions to calculus exercises. It helps you practice by showing you the
full working (step by step integration). All common integration techniques and even special functions are
supported.
The Integral Calculator supports definite and indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) as well as integrating functions
with many variables. You can also check your answers! Interactive graphs/plots help visualize and better
understand the functions.
For more about how to use the Integral Calculator, go to "Help" or take a look at the examples.
And now: Happy integrating!
Calculate the Integral of …
(cos^3(3x) * cos^3(2x) Go!
CLR + – × ÷ ^ √ ( )
?
3 3
∫ cos (3x) cos (2x) dx
Not what you mean? Use parentheses! Set integration variable and bounds in "Options".
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Calculus for Dummies (2nd Edition)
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Also check the Derivative Calculator!
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Result
Done! See the result further below.
In order to not miss anything, please scroll all the way down.
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Meaning of the icons:
= Check your own answer
= Export the expression (e. g. LaTeX)
YOUR INPUT:
f (x) =
3 3
cos (2x) cos (3x)
Note: Your input has been rewritten/simplified.
No further simplification found!
"MANUALLY" COMPUTED ANTIDERIVATIVE:
⋆
∫ f (x) dx = F (x) =
Note: The result is too wide for the screen. Scroll horizontally to see everything!
"Manual" integration with steps:
The calculator finds an antiderivative in a comprehensible way. Note that due to some
simplifications, it might only be valid for parts of the function.
77 sin(15 ) + 315 sin(11 ) + 385 sin(9 ) + 495 sin(7 ) + 2079 sin(5 ) + 1540 sin(3
77 sin(15x) + 315 sin(11x) + 385 sin(9x) + 495 sin(7x) + 2079 sin(5x) + 1540 sin(3x
36960
Hide steps
Problem:
3 3
∫ cos (2x) cos (3x) dx
Apply product-to-sum formulas:
, (1 − cos(2x)),
1 2 1
sin(x) sin(y) = (cos(y − x) − cos(y + x)) sin (x) =
2 2
(cos(y + x) + cos(y − x)), cos (x) = (cos(2x) + 1),
1 1
2
cos(x) cos(y) =
2 2
(sin(y + x) − sin(y − x)), cos(x) sin(x) =
1 1
sin(x) cos(y) = sin(2x)
2 2
cos(15x) + 3 (cos(11x) + cos(7x)) + 3 (cos(9x) + cos(3x)) + 9 (cos(5x) + cos(x
= ∫
32
Apply linearity:
1 3 3 3 9
= ∫ cos(15x) dx + ∫ cos(11x) dx + ∫ cos(9x) dx + ∫ cos(7x) dx +
32 32 32 32 32
Now solving:
∫ cos(15x) dx
du 1
Substitute u = 15x ⟶ = 15 (steps) ⟶ dx = du :
dx 15
1
= ∫ cos(u) du
15
Now solving:
∫ cos(u) du
This is a standard integral:
= sin(u)
Plug in solved integrals:
1
∫ cos(u) du
15
sin(u)
=
15
Undo substitution u = 15x :
sin(15x)
=
15
Now solving:
∫ cos(11x) dx
du 1
Substitute u = 11x ⟶ = 11 (steps) ⟶ dx = du :
dx 11
1
= ∫ cos(u) du
11
Now solving:
∫ cos(u) du
Use previous result:
= sin(u)
Plug in solved integrals:
1
∫ cos(u) du
11
sin(u)
=
11
Undo substitution u = 11x :
sin(11x)
=
11
Now solving:
∫ cos(9x) dx
du 1
Substitute u = 9x ⟶ = 9 (steps) ⟶ dx = du :
dx 9
1
= ∫ cos(u) du
9
Now solving:
∫ cos(u) du
Use previous result:
= sin(u)
Plug in solved integrals:
1
∫ cos(u) du
9
sin(u)
=
9
Undo substitution u = 9x :
sin(9x)
=
9
Now solving:
∫ cos(7x) dx
du 1
Substitute u = 7x ⟶ = 7 (steps) ⟶ dx = du :
dx 7
1
= ∫ cos(u) du
7
Now solving:
∫ cos(u) du
Use previous result:
= sin(u)
Plug in solved integrals:
1
∫ cos(u) du
7
sin(u)
=
7
Undo substitution u = 7x :
sin(7x)
=
7
Now solving:
∫ cos(5x) dx
du 1
Substitute u = 5x ⟶ = 5 (steps) ⟶ dx = du :
dx 5
1
= ∫ cos(u) du
5
Now solving:
∫ cos(u) du
Use previous result:
= sin(u)
Plug in solved integrals:
1
∫ cos(u) du
5
sin(u)
=
5
Undo substitution u = 5x :
sin(5x)
=
5
Now solving:
∫ cos(3x) dx
du 1
Substitute u = 3x ⟶ = 3 (steps) ⟶ dx = du :
dx 3
1
= ∫ cos(u) du
3
Now solving:
∫ cos(u) du
Use previous result:
= sin(u)
Plug in solved integrals:
1
∫ cos(u) du
3
sin(u)
=
3
Undo substitution u = 3x :
sin(3x)
=
3
Now solving:
∫ cos(x) dx
Use previous result:
= sin(x)
Plug in solved integrals:
1 3 3 3 9
∫ cos(15x) dx + ∫ cos(11x) dx + ∫ cos(9x) dx + ∫ cos(7x) dx + ∫
32 32 32 32 32
sin(15x) 3 sin(11x) sin(9x) 3 sin(7x) 9 sin(5x) sin(3x) 9 sin(x)
= + + + + + +
480 352 96 224 160 24 32
The problem is solved:
3 3
∫ cos (2x) cos (3x) dx
sin(15x) 3 sin(11x) sin(9x) 3 sin(7x) 9 sin(5x) sin(3x) 9 sin(x)
= + + + + + +
480 352 96 224 160 24 32
Rewrite/simplify:
77 sin(15x) + 315 sin(11x) + 385 sin(9x) + 495 sin(7x) + 2079 sin(5x) + 1540 sin(
=
36960
ANTIDERIVATIVE COMPUTED BY MAXIMA:
∫ f (x) dx = F (x) =
Note: The result is too wide for the screen. Scroll horizontally to see everything!
77 sin(15x) + 315 sin(11x) + 385 sin(9x) + 495 sin(7x) + 2079 sin(5x) + 1540 sin(3x
36960
No further simplification found!
DEFINITE INTEGRAL:
Note: If you want to calculate a definite integral, click "Options" above. Enter the lower and
the upper bound of integration in there, and repeat the calculation.
Look up definition: C , cos, sin
Interactive function graphing:
Navigate using mouse or touch screen. Drag to pan, use the mouse wheel or two fingers to
zoom.
+ Toggle graphs:
+ Assign variables:
+ Table of values:
+ Zoom mode:
Marker at: 0, 0
Click x coordinate for table of values.
How the Integral Calculator Works
For those with a technical background, the following section explains how the Integral Calculator
works.
First, a parser analyzes the mathematical function. It transforms it into a form that is better
understandable by a computer, namely a tree (see figure below). In doing this, the Integral
Calculator has to respect the order of operations. A specialty in mathematical expressions is
that the multiplication sign can be left out sometimes, for example we write "5x" instead of "5*x".
The Integral Calculator has to detect these cases and insert the multiplication sign.
The parser is implemented in JavaScript, based on the Shunting-yard algorithm, and can run
directly in the browser. This allows for quick feedback while typing by transforming the tree into
LaTeX code. MathJax takes care of displaying it in the browser.
When the "Go!" button is clicked, the Integral Calculator sends the mathematical function and the
settings (variable of integration and integration bounds) to the server, where it is analyzed again.
This time, the function gets transformed into a form that can be understood by the computer
algebra system Maxima.
Maxima takes care of actually computing the integral of the mathematical function. Maxima's
output is transformed to LaTeX again and is then presented to the user. The antiderivative is
computed using the Risch algorithm, which is hard to understand for humans. That's why
showing the steps of calculation is very challenging for integrals.
In order to show the steps, the calculator applies the same integration techniques that a human
would apply. The program that does this has been developed over several years and is written in
Maxima's own programming language. It consists of more than 17000 lines of code. When the
integrand matches a known form, it applies fixed rules to solve the integral (e. g. partial fraction
decomposition for rational functions, trigonometric substitution for integrands involving the
square roots of a quadratic polynomial or integration by parts for products of certain functions).
Otherwise, it tries different substitutions and transformations until either the integral is solved,
time runs out or there is nothing left to try. The calculator lacks the mathematical intuition that is
very useful for finding an antiderivative, but on the other hand it can try a large number of
possibilities within a short amount of time. The step by step antiderivatives are often much
shorter and more elegant than those found by Maxima.
The "Check answer" feature has to solve the difficult task of determining whether two
mathematical expressions are equivalent. Their difference is computed and simplified as far as
possible using Maxima. For example, this involves writing trigonometric/hyperbolic functions in
their exponential forms. If it can be shown that the difference simplifies to zero, the task is
solved. Otherwise, a probabilistic algorithm is applied that evaluates and compares both
functions at randomly chosen places. In the case of antiderivatives, the entire procedure is
repeated with each function's derivative, since antiderivatives are allowed to differ by a constant.
The interactive function graphs are computed in the browser and displayed within a canvas
element (HTML5). For each function to be graphed, the calculator creates a JavaScript function,
which is then evaluated in small steps in order to draw the graph. While graphing, singularities
(e. g. poles) are detected and treated specially. The gesture control is implemented using
Hammer.js.
If you have any questions or ideas for improvements to the Integral Calculator, don't hesitate to
write me an e-mail.
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