Vivekanand Education Society's Institute of Technology

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Roll No: 68

Class: D14A Branch: EXTC Year: TE Batch:_ _

Subject: ARWP

Experiment No._06__

Title of the Experiment: To compare directivity and half power beam

width for ordinary End fire Array and Hansen Woodyard Array for 10
elements.

Date of performance: ___16/04/21________________________

Date of Submission _____26/04/21_______________________

Grade/Marks:

Signature:
 Experiment 6

Aim: To compare directivity and half power beam width for ordinary End fire Array and Hansen
Woodyard Array for 10 elements.

Software used: GNU Octave

Theory: Array: Array is an assembly of radiating elements arranged in a particular pattern so that
fields radiated by these elements constructively add in the desired direction and cancel out in the
undesired direction. The type of array we are focusing on in this experiment is End Fire Array and
Hansen Woodyard Array for 10 Elements.

End Fire Array:

In certain cases, instead of having the maximum radiation broadside to the axis of the array, It may be
desirable to direct it along the axis of the array (end-fire). As a matter of fact, it may be necessary that
it radiates toward only one direction (either θ0=00 or θ0 =1800).

Thus end-fire radiation is accomplished when β=−kd (for θ0=00) or β = kd (for θ0=1800).

● If the element separation is d = λ/2, end-fire radiation exists simultaneously in both directions (θ0 =
00 and θ0 = 1800). If the element spacing is a multiple of a wavelength (d = nλ, n = 1, 2, 3...), then in
addition to having end-fire radiation in both directions, there also exists maxima in the broadside
directions. Thus, for d = nλ, n = 1, 2, 3... there exist four maxima; two in the broadside directions and
two along the axis of the array. To have only one end-fire maximum and to avoid any grating lobes,
the maximum spacing between the elements should be less than dmax < λ/2.

● The three-dimensional radiation patterns of a 10-element (N = 10) array with d = λ/4, β =+kd are
plotted below. Figure 1a) When β=−kd, the maximum is directed along θ0=00. Figure 1b when β
=+kd, the maximum is oriented toward θ0 = 1800 .Figure 1.Three dimensional radiation pattern of
Endfire array
● In Tables shown below, the expressions for the nulls, maxima, half-power points, minor lobe
maxima, and beam widths end-fire arrays have been listed.

A plot of Array factor patterns of a 10-element uniform amplitude end-fire array (N = 10, β = 0) can
be seen below:
Directivity of End fire Array:
Directivity is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity in a given direction from an antenna to
radiation intensity averaged over all directions.
 For an end-fire array, with the maximum radiation in the θ0 = 00 direction, the array factor is
given by

which, for a small spacing between the elements (d << λ), can be approximated by,

The directivity can now be written as,

Hansen Wood yard Array:
One of the shortcomings of end-fire arrays (EFA) is their relatively broad HPBW as compared to
broadside arrays. To enhance the directivity of an end-fire array, Hansen and Wood yard proposed
that the phase shift of an ordinary EFA β = ±kd

We know the Hansen – Wood yard conditions for end-fire radiation. They follow from a
procedure for maximizing the directivity. The normalized pattern A Fn of a uniform linear array
is:
Procedure:
1. Assign the values for the number of isotropic elements (N), separation between
elements(d) and wavelength(λ).
2.Find length of array (L) {L= (N-1)*d.}
3. Calculate the Directivity(D) in dB of the antenna, the formula for it is as follows:
D1= 10*log (4*(L/ λ)).
D2= 1.805*10*log (4*L/ λ)
4. Assign the value of phase difference (β).
5. Calculate the value of Ψ using the given formula.
6. Calculate half power beamwidth of both the arrays using appropriate formulas.
7. Determine Array factor and plot the polar plot of θ versus Array Factor.
8. Observe the graphs and derive conclusions.
CODE:

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
CONCLUSION: