2D2 / γ

Coordinate System
BEAM AREA OR BEAM SOLID ANGLE:-

The measure of a plane angle is radian, but the measure of a solid angle is
steradian.
One steradian is solid angle with its vertex at the center of a sphere of radius r
that is subtended by a spherical surface area equal to that of a square with each
side of length r as shown

a) Steradian b) Radian

Fig:- Geometrical arrangement for defining a radian and steradian.

5) BEAMWIDTH:-
It is the angular separation between two identical points on opposite side of the
pattern maximum.

Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW):- In a plane containing the direction of the

maximum of a beam, the angle between the two directions in which the radiation
intensity is one-half value of the beam.

First-Null Beamwidth (FNBW):-

The angular separation between the first nulls of the pattern.

Major lobe

FNBW

HPBW

Side lobe
Isotropic Pattern
The source types from
which radiation takes
place equally in all
direction is known
as isotropic radiation.
Pattern of a Paraboloid Reflector
2) RADIATION POWER DENSITY:-
Poynting vector is defined as,
S = EH ……..(5)
S= Instantaneous Poynting vector (W/m2)
E = Instantaneous electric-field intensity (V/m)
H= Instantaneous magnetic-field intensity (A/m)

P=  S
S
ds =  S .nda
S
……….(6)

Pn = instantaneous total power (W)

= unit vector normal to the surface
da = infinitesimal area of the closed surface (m2)
Now the complex fields E and H are related with their instanteneous field
intensities as

E ( x, y, z; t ) = Re E ( x, y, z ) et 
H ( x, y, z; t ) = Re  H ( x, y, z ) et  …….(7)
Now Poynting vector can be written as,
1 1
S = E  H = Re E  H  + Re E  He 2t  …….(8)
2 2
The time average Poynting vector(average power density) can be written as,
1
Sav ( x, y, z ) = Re E  H  ……….(9)
2
The average power radiated by an antenna(radiated power) can be written as,

1
Prad = Pav =  Srad  ds =  Sav  nda =  Re(E  H* )  ds
S S
2 S ……(10)
 the area of a sphere of radius r is A = 4 r 2 . The infinitesimal area on the
surface of sphere of radius r is given by,

dA = sin  d d ……(3)

The element of solid angle of a sphere can be written as,

dA
d  = 2 = sin  d d …….(4)
r
Example 2.2
The radial component of the radiated power density of an antenna
is given by

where A0 is the peak value of the power density, θ is the usual

spherical coordinate, and ar is the radial unit vector. Determine
the total radiated power.
 3) RADIATION INTENSITY:-
The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle
is called the radiation intensity.

Prad = 4πU = 4πr2Wrad

 2 
Prad = 

Ud  = 
0 0
U sin  d d 
Example 2.3
The radial component of the radiated power density of an
antenna is given by

Find the total radiated power using the total power relation of
radiation intensity.
Find the total radiated power using the total power relation of
radiation intensity for following the radiated power density of an
antenna
Find the
HPBW
FNBW
4) DIRECTIVITY:-

The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to
the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. The average radiation
intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4π. If
the direction is not specified , the direction of maximum radiation intensity
is implied
U 4 U .......(14)
D = =
U0 Prad
If the direction is not specified, it implies the direction of maximum
radiation intensity (maximum directivity) expressed as

U max 4 U max …….(15)

Dmax = D0 = =
U0 Prad
Example 2.5
Find the maximum directivity of the antenna whose radiation
intensity is given by

U = A0 Sinθ

Write an expression for the directivity as a function of the

directional angles θ and φ.
Example 2.6
The radial component of the radiated power density of an
infinitesimal linear dipole of length l << λ is given by

where A0 is the peak value of the power density, θ is the usual

spherical coordinate, and ar is the radial unit vector. Determine
the maximum directivity of the antenna and express the
directivity as a function of the directional angles θ and φ.
Three Dimensional Radiation Pattern
clc;
clear all;
close all;
theta=(0:5:360)*pi/180;
phi=0:5:360;
U=((cos(theta)).^2).*((cos(3*theta)).^2);
polar(theta,U)