Antenna Fundamentals

Prof. Girish Kumar

Electrical Engineering Department
IIT Bombay

gkumar@ee.iitb.ac.in
prof.gkumar@gmail.com
(022) 2576 7436
 3-D Radiation Pattern of Antenna

Isotropic Omni-Directional Directional

D = 1 = 0dBi (λ/2 Dipole Antenna) (Microstrip Antenna Array)
D = 1.64 = 2.1dBi D = 500 = 27dBi
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 2
 2-D Radiation Pattern of Antenna
z
Beamwidth between first nulls
(HPBW) Major Lobe (FNBW) ~ 2.25 x HPBW
(FNBW) (Half Power Beamwidth)

Side Lobe Level (SLL)

< 20 dB for satellite and
Minor Lobes Side Lobe high power applications
y

Front to Back Ratio

Back Lobe
(F/B) > 20 dB
x

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 3

Directivity of Antenna
U m  DU o

Uo

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 4

 Directivity and Gain of Antenna
Directivity of Small Antenna Directivity of Large Antenna

Directivity is proportional to the

Effective Aperture Area of Antenna

Gain = η D where η is Efficiency of Antenna

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 5

Polarization of Antenna

Linear Polarization
Circularly Polarization
Elliptically Polarization
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Axial Ratio of Antenna
Input Impedance and VSWR of Antenna
Input Impedance Reflection Coefficient

RA represents power loss from the

antenna and XA gives the power stored
in the near field of the antenna VSWR

Radiation Efficiency
VSWR Bandwidth:
Frequency range over
which VSWR < 2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 8
 Microstrip Antenna at 5.8 GHz

MSA design at 5.8 GHz Input Impedance Plot on |S11| Plot

with RT Duroid 5880 Smith Chart normalized BW for |S11| ≤ -10 dB
Substrate height = 0.8 mm with 50 ohm is 85 MHz (1.5%)

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 9

 Microstrip Antenna Radiation Pattern and Gain

Radiation Pattern Antenna Gain Plot Radiation and Antenna

HPBW (E-plane) = 80° For 1dB Gain Variation, Efficiency Plots
HPBW (H-plane) = 88° BW = 126MHz
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 10
Microstrip Antenna Array – Millimeter Wave

Gain Plot
8x8 EMCP MSA Array at millimeter wave Gain = 24 dB = 250
For 1dB Gain Variation,
BW = 5.4 GHz
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 11
 Radiation Pattern of 8x8 MSA Array

Main Beam

Side Lobe
Level
Cross
Polar

Cartesian Plot Polar Plot

HPBW = 8.8°
FNBW = 20°
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 12
 Various Antennas
 Dipole, Monopole, Loop and Slot Antennas
 Linear and Planar Arrays
 Microstrip Antennas
 Helical and Horn Antennas
 Yagi-Uda, Log-Periodic and Reflector Antennas

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 13