Aliasing

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

ver. 4.4
G() Frequency range of input signal
above half the sampling frequency


s 2B s/2 s/2 +2B s

Half the Sampling Sampling

Frequency Frequency

G() Frequency range of input signal

above half the sampling frequency

A
... ...

s 2B s/2 s–2B s/2 +2B s

Half the Sampling Sampling

Frequency Frequency

Not only the above range is affected (damaged) by

aliasing but all of this frequency range
Introduction
• To reconstruct the signal, 𝑓𝑠 > 2𝐵.

Magnitude of LPF should be Ts to cancel G() LPF for reconstructing the origianl
the scaling factor caused by sampling Ts signal from the sampled signal
A/Ts

... ...

s s s–2B s s+2B 2B +2B s–2B s s+2B s s

Reconstructed Signal s > 2(2B)  No interference between Images

A/Ts


s s s 2B +2B s s s

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 2

 Aliasing
G() Frequency range of input signal
above half the sampling frequency


s 2B s/2 s/2 +2B s

Half the Sampling Sampling

Frequency Frequency

G() Frequency range of input signal

above half the sampling frequency

A
... ... Under
sampled
s 2B s/2 s–2B s/2 +2B s spectrum

Half the Sampling Sampling

Frequency Frequency

Not only the above range is affected (damaged) by

aliasing but all of this frequency range
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 3
Aliasing and Nyquist Sampling Rate
• All practical signals are time-limited ⇒ Bandwidth unlimited.
• Two Problems:
𝑓𝑠
1. Loss of the tail 𝐺(𝑓) beyond 𝑓 > 𝐻𝑧.
2
2. The reappearance of this tail inverted or folded onto the spectrum
𝑓𝑠 1
= is the folding frequency.
2 2𝑇
𝑠

• 𝒇𝒔 /𝟐 + 𝒇𝒙 shows up or "impersonate" a component at 𝒇𝒔 /𝟐 − 𝒇𝒙

This tail inversion is known as spectral folding or aliasing

𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒔
− 𝒇𝒙 + 𝒇𝒙
𝟐 𝟐

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 4

 Anti-Alias Filter G() Frequency range of input signal
above half the sampling frequency


s 2B s/2 s/2 +2B s

Anti-Aliasing Sampler Reconstruction

LPF g*(t) g*(t) LPF
Half the Sampling
Frequency
Sampling
Frequency
g(t) gRecons(t)
BW = s/2 rad/s Sampling Freq. BW = s/2 rad/s [= g*(t)] Output of Anti-Aliasing Filter This range of the input signal above
= fs/2 Hz = fs samples/s = fs/2 Hz bandlimited to s/2 G*() half the sampling frequency was
(This is the signal input to the sampler) filtered out
A


s 2B s/2 s/2 +2B s

Half the Sampling Sampling

Frequency Frequency
To SAVE HALF of the signal in the frequency range G*() Frequency range of input signal

[𝒇𝒔 − 𝑩 , 𝑩]
above half the sampling frequency

A
... ...
solution (Anti-aliasing filter) use an ideal low pass
filter of bandwidth 𝑓𝑠 /2 before sampling. s 2B s/2 s–2B s/2 +2B s

Practically, use a steep cutoff filter which leaves a Half the Sampling
Frequency
Sampling
Frequency

sharply attenuated residual after 𝑓𝑠 /2. Because the original input signal was filtered, non of
images will intefer with adjacent images

GRecons()

A This part of the original

input signal is lost


s 2B s/2 s/2 +2B s

Half the Sampling Sampling

Frequency Frequency

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 5

 Fun time!

Aliasing Examples in Real Life Amazing Water Experiment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uENITui5_jU

Airplane fan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIsS4TP73AU

• When video taping a TV

or a PC monitor.
• Rotating wheel or fan.
• 2D example

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 6

 Examples: Aliasing of Sinusoidal Signals
Frequency of signals = 1100 Hz, Sampling frequency = 2000Hz Frequency of signals = 1800 Hz, Sampling frequency = 2000Hz

What is the reconstructed frequency? What is the reconstructed frequency?

900 Hz
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 7
 Example
• The following figure shows two sinusoidal
signals. One of them is the original signal and
the other one is the recovered signal after
sampling.
• Write a time domain expression to represent
the two signals
• The original signal =
• Signal recovered after sampling =
• Why the recovered signal does not equal to the
original signal?
• What do we call this
phenomena?.....................................
• Sketch the spectrum of the SAMPLED signal

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 8