Digital Communications •L I N E C O D E S

•P U L S E S H A P I N G A N D N Y Q U I S T C R I T E R I A F O R Z E R O I S I
•Sinc
•Raised Cosine
Analog to Digital
Part I Conversion (ADC) •C O N T R O L L E D I S I ( PA R T I A L R E S P O N S E S I G N A L I N G )
•Duobinary
•Duobinary with Pre-coding

•M - A R Y B A S E B A N D
•Multi-Amplitude
Part II Digital Transmission •Orthogonal

•C A R R I E R M O D U L AT I O N ( A S K , P S K , F S K )
•Binary
•M-Ary

•E Y E D I A G R A M

Fundamentals of Digital Transmission

ver. 4.1
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 1

 Baseband Transmission (Line codes)
❖ Line Coding
❖Main Line codes
❖ Performance Criteria of Line Codes
❖ Advanced Examples in Line Coding: High Density Bipolar
(HDBN)

❖ Power Spectral Density of Line Codes

What are line codes?

Electrical waveform for the
purpose of transmission
over the channel.

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 2

ON-OFF (Unipolar)
Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
ON-OFF
or 5V
Unipolar
(NRZ)
Non-Return-to-Zero 0V

Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

5V
ON-OFF
(RZ)
Return-to-Zero
0V

Better synch. at extra bandwidth

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 3

 Polar
Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

5V

Polar
(NRZ) 0V

–5 V

Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

Polar 5V

(RZ)
0V
• Perfect synch.
• 3 levels
–5 V

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 4

 Bi-Polar & Bi-Phase
Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

Bi-Polar 5V
Better synch.,
at same
bandwidth
0V

–5 V
Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
Manchester
(Bi-Phase) 5V
Perfect Synch.
2 levels
0V or -5V

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 5

Performance Criteria of Line Codes
Zero DC value
Inherent Bit-Synchronization
◦ Rich in transitions
◦ Transparency: a line code in which the bit pattern does not affect the accuracy of the timing information is said to be
transparent.

Average Transmitted Power

◦ For a given Bit Error Rate (BER) Binary repetition code

Spectral Efficiency (Bandwidth)

◦ Inversely proportional to pulse width.

Error detection and correction

Hardware complexity
◦ Number of voltage levels,..etc

Insensitivity to signal inversion.

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 6
 Example: Comparison Between On-Off and Polar
Zero DC value: Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

5V
◦ Polar is better.
Bandwidth: 0V

◦ Comparable
Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

Power: 5V
2.5𝑉
◦ BER is proportional to the difference between the two
levels 0V

◦ For the same difference between the two levels, Polar

consumes half the power of on-off scheme. −2.5𝑉
–5 V

Bit Synchronization: 52 + 02
◦ Both are poor (think of long sequence of same bit) 𝑃𝑂𝑛−𝑂𝑓𝑓 = = 12.5
2
Both have no error detection/correction capability
2.52 + (−2.5)2
Polar requires two voltage supplies 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = = 6.25
2

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 7

 Advanced Examples in Line Coding:
High Density Bipolar (HDBN)

▪Because the AMI (bipolar line code) is not transparent other methods are used to prevent long strings of zeros. HDBN also does not have any dc value and
have the same data rate.
▪In this case when a run of N+1 zeros happens, they will be replaced by a code of length N+1 containing AMI violation.
▪The most popular form of HDBN is HDB3; which uses to special sequences: 000V and B00V.
▪B00V is used when there is an even number of ones following the last special sequence and 000V is used when there are an odd number of ones following
the last special sequence. Consecutive V pulses alternate in sign to avoid dc wander.
▪Because violation just happens at the fourth bit of the special code, it can be easily detected and will be replaced by a zero at the receiver.
▪It is also capable of error detecting because a sign error would make the number of bipolar pulses between violations even instead of odd.
▪Another way to avoid long string of zeros or ones is using the BNZS code which is similar to HDBN.
▪For example in B8ZS a string of 8 zeros will be replaced by 000VB0VB where V’s are bipolar violation and B’s are valid bipolar signals.

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 8

Pulse Shaping & Spectrum
Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Pulse Shaping Filter
𝑥(𝑡) Impulse response 𝑦(𝑡) 1V

𝑝 𝑡
𝑋(𝑓) Transfer Function
𝑌(𝑓) y(t) 0V t
Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb

𝑆𝑥 (𝑓) 𝑃(𝑓) 𝑆𝑦 𝑓 –1 V

𝑆𝑥 (𝑓) and 𝑆𝑦 𝑓 are the power spectral density

Bit Value 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

1V

x(t) 0V t
Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ 𝑝(𝑡) –1 V

𝑌(𝑓) = 𝑋(𝑓) 𝑃(𝑓) Bit Value

1V

2
𝑆𝑦 𝑓 = 𝑆𝑥 (𝑓) 𝑃 𝑓 p(t) 0V t
Tb

–1 V

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 9

Spectra of Some Line Codes
1.2 Power Spectral
On-Off
(NRZ) Density (PSD) of line
1 codes. The reason for
0.8
Bipolar (NRZ) not being able to use
the Fourier transform
power density

0.6 to find the spectrum

of a line code is that
0.4
Manchester the information
0.2 signals that generate
a line code is a
0
stochastic (non–
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
-0.2 deterministic) signal
fT

channels with infinite bandwidths are required to transmit any of the line codes

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 10

 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Exercise
Consider the following sequences of 1's and 0's: 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Sketch the wave form using the following methods of representing symbols 1
and 0 (line coding):
(a) On-off signaling (NRZ). Also known as unipolar
(b) Manchester Coding : A high to low transition represents 1 and a low to high
transition represents zero.
Which one of the two line codes has zero DC ?
Which one of the two line codes required minimum bandwidth?

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 11