Electronic Circuits

ELCT 105

Review
 Schedule for the midterm exam

• No new lecture on Friday this week, but I will be

in my office B3191 to answer your questions.
• Midterm exam will be on Tuesday next week,
from noon to 12:50 pm at B3250.
 The content of the midterm exam

 25% for the midterm exam.

• Lectures from week 1 to week 6
• Labs from lab 1 to lab 5

The format of the midterm test

• Multiple choice questions

• Short answer questions
• Analysis & calculation.

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 Sine wave

5V/div
5ms/div

1. Peak value, Peak to Peak value, RMS and instantaneous value

2. Period, frequency
3. Angle
4. Math expression of a sine wave.

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 Transformer

• Transfer electric energy between two or more circuit through electromagnetic induction
• For AC circuit only

1. Transformer ratio: 3. Ideally

2. Complete formulae of a transformer

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 Example:
An transformer with a 600 turn primary connected to a 480V, 60 Hz supply
line needs to output 240 V from the secondary. If a 100 Ohms resistor is
connected across the secondary, determine:
A) How many turns the secondary must have to output the desire voltage.
B) The current through the resistor.
C) The current drawn through the primary.

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 P type and N type semiconductors
• Semiconductors are not good conductors
• Doping
• P type
• N type

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 Conductor, Semiconductor, Insulator

Conductor: a. Allow current to flow easily. b. Large number of free

electrons. c. Atoms have 1 to 3 valence electrons <4.

Semiconductor: a. Neither good conductor nor insulator. b. Atoms

have 4 valence electrons.

Insulator: a. Materials that do not conduct. b. Have very few free

electrons. c. Atoms have 5 or more valence electrons >4.

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 PN junction

• Depletion region is a high resistance region,

• The width of the depletion is controllable by external voltage.
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Forward and Reverse bias of PN junction

• Conducting current in one direction/way only

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I-V Characteristic of Diode

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 Equivalent circuits of PN junction
• Ideal Model

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• Practical Model

Forward bias

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Examples:

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• Complete Model

Dynamic resistance:

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 Applications
1. Half-wave rectifier circuit

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 2. Full-wave rectifier circuit

a. Full-wave rectifier with center-tapped transformer

• DC output voltage is doubled

• Output frequency is also doubled
• With a capacitor
DC output voltage is increased, ripple voltage
is reduced

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b. Full-wave bridge rectifier

• DC output voltage is doubled

• Output frequency is also doubled
• With a capacitor
DC output voltage is increased, ripple voltage
is reduced

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LED

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RGB and Seven Segment Display

Common Anode

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 Zener Diode

Zener diode can work both forward

and reverse biased, but usually it works
reverse biased. It can be used as voltage
regulator and voltage reference.
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 Equivalent circuits of zener diode

• Forward bias VD = 0.7V

• -VZ <VD <0.7C

• VD = VZ

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Example:

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Sketch waveforms

Waveform across the diode?

What is the output waveform?

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 BJT
BJT is a current controlled device, it has two PN junctions.

• Controlled switch: switch on (closed), switch off (open)

----- nonlinear region.

• Amplification ----- linear region.

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Switching action of a transistor (Non-linear region)

a. Cutoff --- Switch open (off)

Both PN junctions are reverse biased
b. Saturation --- Switch closed (on)
Both PN junctions are forward biased, and

c b c
b

e e

VCC  VCE ( Sat )

VCE (Cutoff )  VCC I C ( Sat ) 
RL 26
Switching action of a transistor (Non-linear region)

c
b

e
ON: 5V
Off: 0V

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 Amplification ----- linear region

• Linear region: base emitter PN junction is forward biased

and base collector PN junction is reverse biased.

• This equation is valid.

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 Transistor Voltages & Currents Calculation
Please calculate IB, IC and IE; VC,VRB,VRC and VCB.
Assuming all of the resistances, DC voltages and current gain are
given and transistor is working in linear region.

1. The voltage drop across base-emitter junction is VBE= 0.7V

For the input loop: VBB, RB, and base-emitter junction.

We have:

(KVL) ……(1)
……(2)
(Replace VRB with IB xRB )

So, we have
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 And

For output loop: (VCC ,RC and VCE)

We have:

….(3)

Or

So:

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 The Operating Point Calculation
• For a linear operation amplifier, it is desirable to have the Q-point center in
the DC load line.
• VCEQ is the half of VCE and ICQ is the half of the IC(sat)
• When a circuit is designed to have a centered Q-Point, the amplifier is said
to be midpoint biased.
• Amplifier can have maximum output signal without distortion.

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1. Operating Point Q (IB, IC and VCE ) calculation
2. Plot DC load line.

VCC  VBE
Input loop IB 
RB

Output loop

Q: (IB=?;,IC,=?; VCE=?) 32