WORKSHOP 1.

COMMUNICATIONS FOUNDATIONS
SPECIALIZATION IN DATA NETWORK MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMÁS

Submitted By:
Hasbleydy Osorio Melo
Teacher: Gustavo Chica
Date: October 22th, 2020

1. Make a 10-bit frame and graph it in each of the line codes.

The different types of signals to be sent must be coded before transmission and efficiently
adapted to the different transmission media. It is important for transmission to use methods that
give precision. Line codes allow you to do this. Among the methods are those of Return to Zero
and No Return to Zero. A bit frame is shown below in each of the line codes.

Figure 1. 10-Bit Frame

 2. Indicate the characteristics of each of the line codes seen in class.

Table 1. Line Codes

Incidencia de
LINE CODE GENERALITIES APPLICATIONS Ventajas Desventajas
Acoplamiento DC

Line code Non-

return-to-zero,
non-polar. Use a Magnetic
It requires less
UNRZ different voltage recording. It cannot be
This code if you bandwidth.
(Unipolar Non- level for each It is not used implemented over
have DC. Easy to
Return-to-Zero) bit. It presents a much in data long distances.
Implement.
single state as transmission. It does not have
positive impulse optimal
"1" and "0" is a synchronization
reference. capabilities.
Code Non-
return-to-zero.
It uses state "0"
for negative It does not have
NRZ-L Not used much
pulses and state Efficient use of optimal
(Non-Return-to- in data It has a low DC
"1" for positive bandwidth. synchronization
Zero Level) transmission component.
pulses. The level capabilities.
remains
constant during
the bit interval.

This code keeps

the voltage level
constant for the
duration of the
Use twice the
bit. Each "0" bit
Elementary The code has no bandwidth.
is a negative
RZ-L transmissions problem with
voltage and Has DC level
Return-to-Zero and recording large numbers of It uses two signal
each "1" bit is a
equipment. "1" and "0". changes to encode a
positive voltage;
Energy saving. bit.
these always
pass by
reference in the
second half of
each state..

This code is
NRZ- transition based USB. Efficiency against It does not have
(Non-return-to- on the state Fast Ethernet. Has DC level noise and wiring optimal
zero inverted) change at "1" Optical fiber. errors. synchronization
and maintains Efficient use of capabilities.
the state at "0". Bandwidth.
 Ease of
implementation.

Bipolar code-
return-to-zero.
When a positive
It was used in
pulse is sent to It has no timing
the first PCM
the first "1", the problems.
AMI networks. Autosynchronization
next "1" is It has no DC There is no direct
(Alternate Mark Now used in the in receiver.
assigned a component. DC component
Inversion) Integrated Code with memory.
negative pulse. due to
Services digital Catch errors.
As long as the alternating
network
"0" is always in voltages.
ISDN.
the reference Less use of
state. Bandwidth.
Bipolar code
with return-to-
zero.
It is the inverse
of the AMI.
PDH
When a positive It has no difference
(Plesiochronous
pulse is sent to It has no DC It has no to the AMI code base.
PSEUDOTERNARIO Digital Hierarchy)
the first "0", the component. difference to the It is used for long
Technology for
next "0" is AMI code base. distance
Telephony.
assigned a communication.
negative pulse.
While the "1" is
always in the
reference state.
This code
presents in each
bit interval a
transition
Self-syncing
between two
encoding for
signal levels,
precise timing.
with transition
Detection of
in the middle of
delays. Larger bandwidth.
the interval. The
It has no DC The hardware Wider signal
MANCHESTER transition from Ethernet
component. detects spectrum.
positive to
violations. It has no error
negative (high-
The continuous detection.
low) means a
component of
"1" and a
the signal
negative
prevents energy
transition to
losses.
positive (low-
high) means a
"0".
 This method has
the data and
clock sync
combined. Use
the presence or It is used in
Less prone to
absence of Token Ring
DIFERENTIAL It has no DC errors.
transitions to networks. Larger bandwidth.
MANCHESTER component. The transition is
give a logical Magnetic and
important but
value. The "1" optical storage.
not the polarity.
means
transition and
the "0" without
transition.
This code uses 3
voltage levels; It
changes state
when
transmitting a
Synchronization
"1" and keeps
MLT3 (Multi Level 100 Base Tx. It has no DC Less interference problem when
the state in a
Transmit) FDDI. component. and less detecting large
"0" bit; parallel
bandwidth used. number of "0".
transitions vary
from positive to
negative. (2
Transition rules
apply)

This code is not

self-syncing.
Susceptible to
Code Non- It requires less
interference.
return-to-zero. bandwidth even
Bit loss in long
The "0s" with long pulses.
It maintains a sequences of "0" or
CMI (Coded Mark transition mid- Multiplex 140 Guaranteed
balance in DC "1".
Inversion) range from low- Mbps JDP transition
component. Level of complexity in
high and the density.
the synchronization
"1s" alternate Timing recovery.
of the sender and
positive and Easy to
receiver.
negative, implement.
maintaining the Error detection
full range state. capacity.
Called delay
code; polar
code; has a "1"
in transition
Poor timing.
mid-range. A "0"
MILLER Low bandwidth. It does not detect
means that
errors.
there is no
transition, but if
there are two
consecutive "0",
 a transition is
given at the end
of the interval.

This code is the

opposite of NRZ-
It does not have
NRZ-S I; it is based on Not used much
Efficient use of optimal
(Non-return-to- the transmission in data It has a low DC
bandwidth. synchronization
zero space) of "0" if there is transmission component.
capabilities.
transition and a
"1" if it is
maintained.
Code based on
AMI, the
frequency
spectrum lacks
continuous
component.
Limit amount of
"0's" by not
accepting more
Optimized
than 4
Bandwidth.
consecutive
It detects errors
ones. It places a RDSI
HDB3 (High Density It has no DC by validating that
violation Links PSM-E1 Rape Impulse and a
Bipolar Order 3) component. the received
impulse in the 2048Mbps Fill Impulse.
pulses comply
place of the 4
with the
zero, as it has
established
the same
polarity rules.
polarity as the
last one sent. If
the message
does not allow
the previous
polarity to be
placed, a fill "B"
pulse is placed.

This code is
based on a
B8ZS Bipolar AMI; It maintains a Simple codes.
Links T1-USA
(Bipolar 8-Zero they implement balance in DC Avoid DC
1544Mbps
Substitution) 2 violations due component. component.
to the limitation Good timing.
of 8 bits in Ability to detect
consecutive "0". errors.
3. Explain the power spectral density of line codes.

The power spectral density of the line codes will depend on the code system used when
transmitting.
This density must be favorable for optimal code performance.
Power density is that the spectrum of the signal must match the frequency response of the
channel. If a channel has high attenuation at lower frequencies, the signal spectrum should have
a small DEP and avoid too much distortion.
It is desirable if you have DC = 0 the DEP = 0
The Spectral Density of a signal is a mathematical function that informs us of how the power or
energy (depending on the case) of said signal is distributed over the different frequencies of
which it is formed.

The power spectral density is calculated using the Wiener-Khinchin theorem, which relates the
power spectral density with the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function.

expressed in [W / Hz] where TF means Fourier Transform and R_xx is the autocorrelation
function of x (t).
The value S_xx (0) is the power of the direct component (DC) of the signal. The integral of this
function over the entire f-axis is the value of the total power of the signal x (t).

The graphs of the spectral density of the following codes are shown below:

UNRZ:

There is a very high component of DC, very high transmission bandwidth. Little immune to noise
and intersymbol interference.

Figure 2. Spectral Power Density UNRZ

BIPOLAR RZ:

This code has a null DC component, with an AC coupling.

Figure 3. Spectral Power Density RZ

UNIPOLAR RZ:

It has Component DC level, uses twice the bandwidth.

Figure 4. Spectral Power Density Unipolar RZ

AMI:

There is no DC component and the bandwidth is lower.

Figure 5. Spectral Power Density AMI

MANCHESTER:

This spectral density shows the bandwidth is twice the signal. It presents transitions in each
period.

Figure 6. Spectral Power Density MANCHESTER

HDB3:

Figure 7. Spectral Power Density Code HBN3