REVIEW OF FOURIER SERIES Dr.

Ali Hussein Muqaibel

ver. 2.4

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 1

OUTLINES (CLASS OBJECTIVES)
Forms of Fourier Series
1. Trigonometric Fourier Series
2. Compact Trigonometric Form
3. Exponential Fourier Series
Example
Single Sided and Double Sided Spectra
Parseval’s Theorem

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL

2
 Visit link:

TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES http://pages.jh.edu/~si

gnals/fourier2/

❖Importance of frequency representation

❖Fourier series are usually used for periodic signals
❖We can express a signal by a trigonometric Fourier
series (FS) with period 𝑇0
∞

𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑎0 + ෍ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡

𝑛=1
1
Recall that 𝑓0 = , 𝜔0 = 2𝜋𝑓0
𝑇0
DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 3
TWO EXAMPLES FOR F.S

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 4

TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES

𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑎0 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
where
1 𝑡1 +𝑇0
𝑎0 = ‫𝑡׬‬ 𝑔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 1
2 𝑡1 +𝑇0
𝑎𝑛 = ‫𝑡׬‬ 𝑔 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑛 = 1,2,3, … .
𝑇0 1
2 𝑡1 +𝑇0
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑔 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑛 = 1,2,3, … .
𝑇0 𝑡1

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 5

COMPACT TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES &
SINGLE SIDED SPECTRUM
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑐0 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑐𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛

Since 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝎𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝎𝟎 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝎𝟎 𝒕 + 𝜽𝒏

−𝑏𝑛
where 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑏𝑛2 , 𝜃𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑐0 = 𝑎0
𝑎𝑛

Note about the periodicity of the trigonometric Fourier Series: 𝑔(𝑡) has to be
periodic otherwise the F.S. is only good for 𝑡1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡1 + 𝑇0
Amplitude Spectrum (single sided) is a plot 𝑐𝑛 𝑣𝑠. 𝜔,
Phase Spectrum (single sided) is a plot of 𝜃𝑛 𝑣𝑠. 𝜔. Note we can also plot vs. 𝑓 or 𝑛

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 6

 EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES
Using Euler's formula 𝒆±𝒋𝝎𝟎 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝟎 𝒕 ± 𝒋𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝟎 𝒕
𝑐𝑛
𝑐𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛 = 𝑒𝑗 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡+𝜃𝑛
+ 𝑒 −𝑗 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡+𝜃𝑛
2
We may write
𝑔 𝑡 = σ∞ 𝐷
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡

1
𝐷𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0
Existence of the Fourier Series: Dirichlet conditions:‫∞ < 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑔 𝑇׬‬
0

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 7

DOUBLE SIDED VS. SINGLE SIDED SPECTRA
▪The Fourier spectrum (Exponential Fourier Spectra or double sided
spectra): plot of 𝐷𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑠. 𝜔.
▪Remember that 𝐷𝑛 is complex in general.
▪Relation between the single sided and double sided spectra.
1
▪Magnitude: 𝐷𝑛 = 𝐷−𝑛 = 𝑐 , 𝐷0 = 𝑐0, even function
2 𝑛
▪Phase: 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒(𝐷𝑛) = 𝜃𝑛 and 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐷−𝑛 = −𝜃𝑛 , odd function
▪ even magnitude +odd phase= complex conjugate symmetry
▪We will be using the double sided spectra.

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 8

 𝑡
−
𝑒 2

EXAMPLE 𝑡
−
Find the complex exponential Fourier 𝑒 2

series for the given periodic signal ?

𝑇0 = 𝜋
2𝜋 1 𝜋 − 1+𝑗2𝑛 𝑡
𝜔0 = 2𝜋𝑓0 = =2 𝐷𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝜋 0
𝜋
1
𝑔 𝑡 = σ∞ 𝐷
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 −1 − +𝑗2𝑛 𝑡
𝐷𝑛 = 1 𝑒 2 ቤ
1 𝜋 +𝑗2𝑛
2
𝐷𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0 How do we get
𝑇0 𝑇0 to the next
For the given example 0.504 expression?
𝐷𝑛 =
1 𝜋 − 𝑡 −𝑗2𝑛𝑡
1 + 𝑗4𝑛 ∞
𝐷𝑛 = ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑒 𝑑𝑡 1
𝜋 0 𝑔 𝑡 = 0.504 ෍ 𝑒 𝑗2𝑛𝑡
1 + 𝑗4𝑛
𝑛=−∞
DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 9
THE SPECTRUM.. EXAMPLE SOLUTION
0.504
𝐷𝑛 =
1+𝑗4𝑛

𝐷0 = 0.504
0.504 −𝑗75.96 𝑜
𝐷1 = = 0.122𝑒 ⇒ 𝐷1 = 0.122 ∠𝐷1 = −75.96𝑜
1+𝑗4
0.504 +𝑗75.96 𝑜
𝐷−1 = = 0.122𝑒 ⇒ 𝐷−1 = 0.122 ∠𝐷−1 = +75.96𝑜
1−𝑗4
0.504 𝑜
𝐷2 = = 0.0625𝑒 −𝑗82.87 ⇒ 𝐷2 = 0.0625 ∠𝐷2 = −82.87𝑜
1+𝑗8
0.504 𝑜
𝐷−2 = = 0.0625𝑒 +𝑗82.87 ⇒ 𝐷−2 = 0.0625 ∠𝐷−2 = +82.87𝑜
1−𝑗8

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 10

 𝐷0 = 0.504
0.504 𝑜
𝐷1 = = 0.122𝑒 −𝑗75.96 ⇒ 𝐷1 = 0.122 ∠𝐷1 = −75.96𝑜
1+𝑗4

DOUBLE SIDED SPECTRUM 𝐷−1 =

𝐷2 =
0.504
1−𝑗4
0.504
1+𝑗8
𝑜
= 0.122𝑒 +𝑗75.96 ⇒ 𝐷−1 = 0.122
𝑜
= 0.0625𝑒 −𝑗82.87 ⇒ 𝐷2 = 0.0625
∠𝐷−1 = +75.96𝑜
∠𝐷2 = −82.87𝑜
0.504 𝑜
𝐷−2 = = 0.0625𝑒 +𝑗82.87 ⇒ 𝐷−2 = 0.0625 ∠𝐷−2 = +82.87𝑜
1−𝑗8

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 11

 , 𝐶0 = 𝐷0

SINGLE SIDED SPECTRUM

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 12

 PRACTICE:
Repeat the previous example to directly find the compact trigonometric
Fourier series for the exponential 𝑒 −𝑡Τ2 ,
𝑇0 = 𝜋
2𝜋
𝜔0 = 2𝜋𝑓0 = = 2
𝑇0
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑎0 + σ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑛𝑡
1 𝜋 −𝑡 Τ2 −2 −𝑡 Τ2 𝜋 −2
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 ቚ = 0.2079 − 1 = 0.504
𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 13

PRACTICE SOLUTION
Using Integration Tables (there is one in Appendix E.7, p887 , 4rd edition)
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
‫׬‬ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥
𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
‫𝑒׬‬ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥
2 𝜋 2
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑡Τ2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0.504
𝜋 1+16𝑛2
2 𝜋 8𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑡Τ2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0.504
𝜋 1+16𝑛2
2
𝑔 𝑡 = 0.504 1 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛𝑡 + 4𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑛𝑡
1+16𝑛2

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 14

CONTINUE .. PRACTICE SOLUTION
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑐0 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑐𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛

Since 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛

−𝑏𝑛
where 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑏𝑛2 , 𝜃𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑐0 = 𝑎0
𝑎𝑛

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 15

PARSEVAL’S THEOREM
+∞ +∞
𝐸=න 𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 =න 𝑋 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓
−∞ −∞

σ ∞
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑐0 + 𝑛=1 𝑐𝑛 cos(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛 )
1 ∞
𝑐02
𝑃𝑔 = + σ𝑛=1 𝑐𝑛2
2
∞ Note that the
σ 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐷0 + 𝑛=−∞ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 power in the phasor
𝑛≠0 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0𝑡 is 𝐷𝑛2

2 σ ∞ 2 σ +∞ 2
𝑃𝑔 = 𝐷0 + 2 𝑛=1 𝐷𝑛 = 𝑛=−∞ 𝐷𝑛
Exercise: Find the power of the signal in the previous
example.
DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 16