Objectives

•M-ary Baseband
• Multi-Amplitude
• Orthogonal
•Carrier Modulation (ASK, PSK, FSK)
• Binary
• M-ary
•Quiz
• 12 min
• 7 questions; different weight

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 1

 M-ary
Transmission
•M-ARY BASEBAND
•Multi-Amplitude
•Orthogonal

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 2

 Motivation: Solutions to Big Data!
New applications call for high data rate, but we are limited!
Compression: Reduces data size
M-ary communication: Expands channel ability to carry information
◦ Multi-Amplitude
◦ Orthogonal Signaling
Baseband Channel Capacity= 2𝐵𝑊(𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐) (not bits/sec)
When using raised cosine signaling, the symbol rate
𝟐
𝑹𝒔 = 𝑩𝑾 (𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐)
𝟏+𝒓

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 3

 𝐼𝑀 = log2 𝑴
Symbols versus Bits 𝑀 = 2𝐼𝑀
𝑅𝑏 = 𝐼𝑀 𝑅𝑠

▪In the binary case, one pulse/symbol carries one bit.

▪M-ary communications means communication using 𝑴 symbols.
▪Let each pulse carry (represent) 𝐼𝑀 bits:
𝐼𝑀 = log2 𝑴 binary digits/symbol
▪Bit rate becomes 𝐼𝑀 multiples of pulse rate
▪We need to generate 𝑀 = 2𝐼𝑀 different pulses.

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 4

 Types of M-ary Communications
• Binary is the single most important way for signaling in practice (simplicity)
• M-ary is used in many applications like satellite communications.
M-ary can be generated based on:
◦ Baseband o Passband
◦ Multiple Amplitudes o Multiple Amplitudes
◦ Orthogonal Signaling o Multiple Phases
o Multiple frequencies
o Some combination (Amplitude and
Phase,.. orthogonal).

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 5

I. Multi-amplitude
Example M=4 (4-ary or quaternary).
Two binary digits can be transmitted by one 4-ary symbol (RZ)
Notice to make the above quaternary system equivalent to the binary system in terms of BER,
the spacing between the level is kept 2𝐴
2 2 2
𝑃2 𝐴𝑅𝑌
= (𝐴 + 𝐴 )/2 = 𝐴
−
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑃4 𝐴𝑅𝑌
= (𝐴 + 9 𝐴 + 𝐴 + 9 𝐴 )/4 = 5 𝐴 = 𝐴 + 4 𝐴
−

Practice: show that the power required for 8-ary multi-amplitude case will be
2 2
𝑃8 𝐴𝑅𝑌
= ⋯ … … … … … … … = 𝐴 + 20 𝐴
−

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 6

Same-maximum-power Scenario

typical noise

4 signal levels 8 signal levels

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 7

 How many levels?
signal noise signal + noise
High
SNR
t t t

signal noise signal + noise

Low
SNR
t t t

Average Signal Power

SNR =
Average Noise Power

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 8

 Examples
1. How many symbols are required to send 3000 bits using 2-ary (binary system), 8-ary system, 64-ary ?
Ans. 3000, 1000, 500 symbols

2. What is the average power required for 16-ary multi-amplitude case?

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 9

 For multi-amplitude communications
Case BW Rate Power BER
1 fixed increase increase fixed
2 fixed increase fixed increase

3 decrease fixed ….. …….

4 decrease fixed
Bandwidth is independent of 𝑀 (the amplitude changes and not the duration)
+ve the transmission rate, Rb , increase by a factor of IM.
-ve (the cost) to maintain the same bit error rate (BER), power increase is proportional to 𝑀2.
Alternatively, rather than increasing the rate, we can reduce the bandwidth by a factor of 𝐼𝑀
at the cost of increased duration and power. Exercise : Complete the table with case 3 and 4
Another way to increase the rate is orthogonal signaling……next

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 10

II. Orthogonal Signaling
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
A set of signals 𝜑𝑖 (𝑡), 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑇𝑏 is orthogonal set if
𝑇 𝑐 𝑖=𝑗
‫׬‬0 𝑏 𝜑𝑖 (𝑡)𝜑𝑗 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ቊ0 𝑖≠𝑗

Example : As we increase 𝑀 (For the same 𝑇𝑏 )

The power is independent 𝑀
Bandwidth is proportional to 𝑀
Case Power Rate BER BW
1 fixed increase fixed increase
2 fixed Increase increase fixed
Example for orthogonal
signals in general

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 11

 Compare Multi-amplitude with
Orthogonal M-ary signaling

BW Power When to use

Multi-amplitude Independent of 𝑀 Proportional to 𝑀2 BW at premium like
telephone lines
Orthogonal Proportional to 𝑀 Independent of 𝑀 Power at premium like space
communications

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 12