Tutorial 1 ITT400

CS2302A
GROUP 4
NUR ARYUNI ALLYSHA BINTI HASNAN 2021603714
NUR EZZATI BINTI FIZAL 2021461316

NUR FATIN FARHANAH BINTI JADI @ MOHD FAIZ 2021619788

RADHIAH BINTI RAHIM 2021885576

1. Explain the meaning of data and signal in data transmission.

Data Signal

data has to be interpreted, managed or converted Signals are the electric or

by software instructions so that it becomes electromagnetic impulses used to
information. Electronic transmissions have to be encode and transmit data.
encoded into a language that can be transmitted.

2. Differentiate between analogue and digital signals.

Analogue Digital

Analog signal is continuous and time Digital signal have two or more states and in
varying. binary form.

An analog signal is usually in the form of An digital signal is usually in the form of
sine wave. square wave.

3. Differentiate between periodic and non-periodic signals.

Periodic Signals Non-periodic Signals

Can be represented by a mathematical Cannot be presented by any mathematical

equation equation

Their value can be determined at any point Their value cannot be determined with
of time certainty at any given point of time

4. List and explain the 3 characteristics of sine wave?

• Amplitude , specifies the maximum distance between the horizontal axis and the vertical
position of the waveform.
• frequency , tells how quickly the sinusoid completes full cycles

• Phase , refers to the horizontal position of a waveform with respect to one cycle.
5. Given the frequencies listed below, calculate the corresponding periods T.
a) f = 24Hz, give answer in ms

b) f = 8 MHz, give answer in μs

c) f = 140 KHz, give answer in μs

6. Given the following periods, calculate the corresponding frequencies f.

a) T = 5 s, give answer in Hz
 b) T = 12 μs, give answer in KHz

c) T = 220 ns, give answer in MHz

7. Draw the sine wave of the following analogue simple signal waves in time domain.
a) Frequency = 9Hz, Peak amplitude = 5 Volts & Phase = 90°
b) Frequency = 6Hz, Peak amplitude = 15 Volts & Phase = 180°

c) Frequency = 3Hz, Peak amplitude = 10 Volts & Phase = 270°

8. Based on the same details of question no 7 above, draw the signal waves in frequency domain

9. What is the bandwidth of a signal that can be decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies
at 0, 20, 50, 100, and 200 Hz? All peak amplitudes are the same. Draw the bandwidth.
10. A periodic composite signal with a bandwidth of 2000 Hz is composed of two sine waves. The
first one has a frequency of 100 Hz with maximum amplitude of 20 V; the second one has
maximum amplitude of 5 V. Draw the bandwidth

11. A digital signal has 16 levels. How many bits are needed?
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = log 2 16

= 4 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠

∴ 𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 4 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠

12. We need to download text documents at the rate of 150 pages per minute. Each page usually
consists of 35 lines. Given the following details;
• 150 page per minute
• 35 lines per page
• 85 characters per line
• 8 bits per character

What is the bit rate?

𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 150 × 35 × 85 × 8
= 3570000 𝑏𝑝𝑠

= 3.57 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠

13. What is the bit rate for the signal in the following figure?
 8 bits in 16ns
8
𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 16×10−9

= 0.5 × 109 𝑏𝑝𝑠

= 500 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠

14. A line has a signal-to-noise ratio of 1000 and a bandwidth of 4000 KHz. What is the maximum
data rate supported by this line?
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × log2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
= 4000 log2 1001
= 39.89 𝐾𝑏𝑝𝑠

15. We have a channel with 4 KHz bandwidth. If we want to send data at 100 Kbps, what is the
minimum SNRdB? What is SNR?
𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝑏 /3
100 × 103 = 4 × 103 × 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝑏 /3
100 × 103
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝑏 = (3)
4 × 103
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝑏 = 75
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝑏 = 10 log10 𝑆𝑁𝑅
75 = 10 log10 𝑆𝑁𝑅
15
log10 𝑆𝑁𝑅 =
2
15
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 10 2

16. What are baseband transmission and broadband transmission?

• Baseband Transmission is transmission that sends a digital signal over a channel without
changing the digital signal to an analog signal and requires a low-pass channel.
• Broadband Transmission is transmission that changes the digital signal to an analog
signal for transmission and requires bandpass.
 • Baseband transmission uses the complete bandwidth for transmitting the signals and
occupy the while cable while in broadband transmission, at the same time, multiple
signals can be transmitted using multiple frequencies using only one channel.

17. Three types of transmission impairment are?

Attenuation • It occurs when a signal, simple or
composite, travels through a medium, it
losses some of its energy in
overcoming the resistance of the
medium.
• To compensate for this loss, amplifiers
are

Distortion • It occurs in a composite signal when

the signal changes its form or shape at
the receiver.

• The shape of the composite signal is

therefore not the same.

Noise • unwanted electrical or electromagnetic

energy that degrades the quality of data
and signals.

18. What is the different between low-pass and band-pass?

A low-pass channel is a channel with a bandwidth that starts from zero

while bandpass channel is a channel with a bandwidth that does not start from zero
19. Explain about the Nyquist theorem and how it different than the Shannon's Theory.

• Nyquist’s work states that an analog signal waveform can be converted into digital by
sampling the analog signal at equal time intervals. The sampling rate must be “equal to,
or greater than, twice the highest frequency component in the analog signal. The Nyquist
theorem states that a signal with the bandwidth B can be completely reconstructed if 2B
samples per second are used.

• Nyquist's theorem specifies the maximum data rate for noiseless condition, whereas the
Shannon theorem specifies the maximum data rate under a noise condition. Nyquist’s
theorem deals with the maximum signalling rate over a channel of given bandwidth.
Shannon’s theorem deals with the reconstruction of a signal from a finite number of
samples.

20. What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 5-Mbyte message (an image) if
the bandwidth of the network is 1 Mbps? Assume that the distance between the sender and the
receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 x 10 8 ms.