CS3CO28

DATA COMMUNICATION

Sl Quest
N Un ion Rem
o it No Question Answer ark
1)Message,2)Sender,3.
What are the five components of Receiver,Transmission Medium,5.
1 1 data communication Set of rules (Protocol)
Protocols provide us with a medium
and set of rules to establish
communication between different
devices for the exchange of data and
2 2 Why are protocols n eeded other services.
What are the key elements of
3 3 protocol Syntax,Semantics,Timing
describe three characteristics of sine
4 4 wave Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase
photocopiers,old land-line
telephones.,audio
tapes.,old televisions
(intensity and color
Give few examples of analog system information per scan
5 5 or devices line),VCRs (same as TV)
I Analog Signals :Continuous
signals,Represented by sine
waves,Human voice, natural sound,
analog electronic devices are few
examples,Continuous range of
values Digital signal:Discrete
signals,Represented by square
waves,Computers, optical drives,
compare and contrast analog and other electronic
6 6 adigital signals devices,Discontinuous values
What is the relation between time
period and frequency,and what are
7 7 their units f=1/t,second and hertz
A sine wave is offset of a cycle with
respect to time zero.what is its
8 8 phase? 1/6*360=60degree
Convert 14Mhz into Hz,Khz,Ghz and 14000000Hz,14/1000Khz,1
9 9 Thz 4/1000000Hz
A sine wave has a frequency of 1khz
10 10 what is its time period 1/1000=.001sec
 A sine wave completes one cycle in
11 11 4 sec . What is its frequency 1/4=0.25 hz
Bandwidth is measured as the
amount of data that can be
transferred from one point to
another within a network in a
specific amount of time.
Typically, bandwidth is
expressed as a bitrate and
measured in bits per second
12 12 define bandwidth (bps).
The spectrum of a signal is
the range of frequencies
contained in the signal. The
bandwidth is the difference
between the lowest and
highest frequency in the
spectrum. It is therefore the
width of the spectrum and is a
measure of the information
how bandwidth of a system related carrying capacity of the
13 13 to spectrum signal.
Express a period of 100 ms in
14 14 microseconds. 10^5 micro second
composite signal is made of many
simple sine waves.example five sine
Define composite signal with waves with frequencies of 100, 300,
15 15 example 500, 700,and 900 Hz, AM radio
If a periodic signal is decomposed
into five sine waves with
frequencies of 100, 300, 500,
700,and 900 Hz, what is its
bandwidth? Draw the spectrum,
assuming all components have a
16 16 maximumamplitude of 10 V. B =fh - fl = 900 - 100 =800 Hz
A periodic signal has a bandwidth of
20 Hz. The highest frequency is 60
Hz. What is the lowestfrequency?
Draw the spectrum if the signal
contains all frequencies of the same B =fh - fl ,20 =60 - fl ,fl =60 - 20=40
17 17 amplitude. Hz
A digital signal has eight levels. How
many bits are needed per level? We Number of bits per level =log2 8
calculate the number of bits from =3,Each signal level is represented
18 18 the formula by 3 bits.
Assume we need to download text
documents at the rate of 100 pages
per minute. What is therequired bit
19 19 rate of the channel?
The impetfection causes signal
What are transmission impairment. This means that the
20 20 impairement?What are its causes? signal at the beginning of the
 medium is not the same as the
signal at the end of the medium.
What is sent is not what is received.
Three causes of impairment are
attenuation, distortion, and noise
Attenuation means a loss of energy.
When a signal, simple or
composite, travels through a
medium, it loses some of its energy
What do you mean by attenuation in overcoming the resistance of the
21 21 ?what is its unit medium. unit is Decibel (db)
in terms of power
db=10log(P2/P1),Variables PI and
P2 are the powers of a signal at
Explian the formula for calculation points 1 and 2, respectively Note
attennuation in db. Whta do you that the decibel is negative if a
mean by its positive and negative signal is attenuated and positive if a
22 22 value signal is amplified.
A signal travels through an
amplifier, and its power is increased
10 times.The amplification (gain of p2=10p1, by formula
23 23 power) can be calculated as db=10log(P2/P1 answere is 10db
SNR=average signal power/average
noise power,Because SNR is the
ratio of two powers, it is often
described in decibel units,SNR is
actually the ratio of what is wanted
(signal) to what is not wanted
(noise).
A high SNR means the signal is less
corrupted by noise; a low SNR
means the signal is
24 24 Define SNR ? more corrupted by noise.
The bandwidth~delayproduct
What do you mean by bandwidth- defines the number of bits that can
25 25 delay product rdl the link.
The data rate defines the number
of data elements (bits) sent in Is.
26 26 What is data rate? The unit is bits per second (bps).
An analog signal has infinitely many
levels of intensity over a period of
time,A digital signal, on the other
hand, can have only a limited
number of defined
values. Although each value can be
any number, it is often as simple as
27 27 Define analog and digital system 1 and O.
what are the mathematically
Equivalent of
Milliseconds,Microseconds,Nanosec
28 28 onds,Picoseconds 10^-3,10^-6,10^-9,10^-9
The period of a signal is 1000 ms.
29 29 What is its frequency in kilohertz? 10^-3 khz
 what is the meaning of phase shift a phase,shift of 180° corresponds to
30 30 of 180° a shift of one-half of a period;
How the reliability of the Increasing the levels of a
system is related with number signal may reduce the
31 31 of levels of a signal. reliability of the system.
What is the major factor that
makes coaxial cable less
susceptible to noise than
32 32 twisted-pair cable? outer conductor
What are the advantages of
Optical fiber cable over other Large bandwidth, data
33 33 guided media security and noise immunity
What type of signal is used In
34 34 fiber optics Light waves
What are the propagation
medium through which Ground wave, Line of sight,
35 35 wireless data are transmitted Sky wave
What is the maximum bit rate
for a noiseless channel with a
bandwidth of 3KHz
transmitting a signal with four
36 36 signal levels ? 12 KBPS
In which mode of data
transmission both station can
transmit and receive data
37 37 simultaneously? Full duplex mode
For a what type of channel, the
Nyquist bit rate formula
defines the theoretical
38 38 maximum bit rate? noiseless
Define the process of
39 39 ‘aliasing’ Spectral overlapping
Define the mode of
communication between a
40 40 computer and a keyboard Simplex
Which cable is used for voice
41 41 and data communication Twisted Pair
The terms core and cladding is
42 42 a part of which cable
In a fiber optic cable signal
propagation in inner core is
43 43 based on which concept Reflection
For a noiseless channel, the
Nyquist bit rate formula
defines the theoretical
What is Nyquist bit rate maximum bit rate Bitrate=2*
44 44 formula? Bandwidth*log2L where L is
 the number of signal level
used to represent the data
Shannon Capacity determines
the theoretical highest data
rate foe a noise channel.
Capacity= Bandwidth * log2
(1+SNR) where SNR is the
signal to noise ratio, it is the
statical ratio of the power of
the signal to the power of the
45 45 Define Shannon Capacity? noise
According to this theorem, the
sampling rate must be at least
2 times the highest frequency
46 46 What is Nyquist Theorem? of the original signal.
Noise is the external energy
47 47 What is noise? that corrupts a signal.
What are the causes of channel Attenuation, distortion, and
48 48 impairment noise .
Distortion means that the
signal changes its form or
49 49 What is distortion shape
Several types of noise, such as
thermal noise, induced noise,
crosstalk, and impulse noise,
50 50 What are the types of noise? may corrupt the signal.
Twisted-pair cable consists of
two insulated copper wires
51 51 Define Twisted-pair cable twisted together.
Coaxial cable consists of a
central conductor and a
52 52 Define Coaxial cable shield.
Fiber-optic cables are
composed of a glass or plastic
inner core surrounded by
cladding, all encased in an
53 53 Define Fiber-optic cable outside jacket.
A guided medium provides a
physical conduit from one
device to another while
Unguided media (free space)
transport electromagnetic
How do guided media differ waves without the use of a
54 54 from unguided media? physical conductor.
What are the three major Twisted pair cable, coaxial
55 55 classes of guided media? cable, and optical fiber are the
 most popular types of guided
media
the complete reflection of a
light ray reaching an interface
with a less dense medium
What is total internal when the angle of incidence
56 56 reflection? exceeds the critical angle.
The function of the cladding
is to provide a lower
refractive index at the core
interface in order to cause
reflection within the core so
What is the purpose of that light waves are
57 57 cladding in an optical fiber? transmitted through the fiber.
Name the advantages of Greater Bandwidth,Faster
optical fiber over twisted-pair Speeds, Longer distance,
58 58 and coaxial cable. Better Reliability
In sky propagation, higher
frequency radio waves radiate
upward to the ionosphere
where they are reflected back
to earth while In line of sight
propagation, very high
frequency signals are
How does sky propagation transmitted in straight lines
differ from line-of-sight directly from antenna to
59 59 propagation? antenna.
What type of antenna is
required for line of sight
60 60 propogation Unidirectional
Which type of information Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum is used
61 1 to transmit? Digital
Which encoding uses positive,
62 2 negative and zero levels? Bipolar
Sinusoidal signals are periodic in
63 3 nature: true or false? No
64 4 What levels are used in MLT-3? 0, +V, -V
A band limited signal with maximum
II frequency 10 kHz is to be sampled.
According to Nyquist theorem the
sampling frequency should be more
65 5 than 20 kHz
Which technology does FHSS
66 6 include? FDM and TDM both
In digital communication system, if
smaller the code rate is used,
_________redundant bits should be
67 7 used. More
 Which of the following is not Digital
68 8 to Analog converter? AM (Amplitude Modulation)
AM and PM are examples of ____
69 9 conversion. Analog- to –analog
Which type of compression method
70 10 Run –length is? Lossless method
JPEG is the example of which type
71 11 of data compression method? Lossy
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
72 12 Modulation) is a combination of ASK and PSK
73 13 Modem is used for ? modulation and demodulation
In which shift keying, the phase of
the carrier is varied to represent
two or more different signal
elements and both peak amplitude
74 14 and frequency remain constant. Phase Shift Keying
Why spread spectrum technique is
75 15 inefficient for a single user? Large transmission bandwidth
What is the set of possible carrier
76 16 frequencies in FHSS? Hopset
Which of the following is not a
property of spread spectrum
77 17 techniques? Multipath fading
Which waveforms are also called as
78 18 line codes? PCM
In which waveform logic 1 is
represented by half bit wide pulse
and logic 0 is represented by
79 19 absence of pulse? Unipolar RZ (Return to Zero)
In which waveform logic 1 is
represented by equal amplitude RZ AMI (Return to Zero- Alternate
80 20 alternating pulses? Mark Inversion)
81 21 The Signal rate is also called as? Bit Rate
What are the levels used in Bipolar
82 22 encoding? positive, zero and negative
The interface between an analog
83 23 signal and a digital processor is Analog to Digital converter
84 24 PCM is an example of Analog to Digital convertion
If bit rate = baud rate, then the
85 25 value of r will be One
The effective bandwidth of a digital
86 26 signal is Finite
The signal touches the base line for
the following line encoding
87 27 technique RZ (Return to Zero)
88 28 For 2B1Q scheme the Q stands for quaternary
The amplitude and phase of the
modulated signal will be same as
the amplitude of the data signal in
89 29 which modulation technique? Frequency Modulation (FM)
 For frequency modulation, what will
90 30 be unaltered for carrier signal both Amplitude and Phase
Human voice is the example of
91 31 which signal: analog or digital? Analog
Sinusoidal signals are periodic in
92 32 nature: true or false? 1
a sine wave has a frequency of 5 Hz.
93 33 What is its period? 0.2 second
A sine wave completes its cycle in
125 micro seconds. What is the
94 34 frequency? 8 kHz
If a periodic composite signal is the
combination of Three sine waves
with frequencies 20Hz, 35Hz and 45
95 35 Hz,. What is the bandwidth? 25 Hz
A signal has a bandwidth of 90Hz.
The highest frequency is 300 Hz.
96 36 What is the lowest frequency? 210 Hz
As frequency increases, Time
97 37 period...... decreases
1 and 0 are represented by a
positive voltage and zero voltage
98 38 respectively, type of line coding is Unipolar
RZ, NRZ and biphase are the
techniques of which type of line
99 39 coding Polar
In polar line coding signal is inverted
10 if a 1 is encountered, this technique
0 40 is called... NRZ-I
If data contains string of
consecutive 0s then which
technique of polar line coding
10 should be prefered for better
1 41 synchronization: RZ or NRZ RZ
10 What is the disadvantage of RZ over
2 42 NRZ technique RZ requires larger bandwidth
Name two types of Biphase
10 encoding used in data Manchaster and diffrential
3 43 communication manchaster
In which encoding signal transition
10 occurs only at the middle of the bit
4 44 period Manchaster
Transition at the middle of the bit is
used for synchronization in:
10 manchaster or differential
5 45 manchaster both
Bit representation is shown by the
10 inversion or noninversion of signal
6 46 at the begining of the bit Diffrential manchaster
10 In context to line coding AMI stands
7 47 for Alternate Mark Inversion
10 AMI belongs to which type of line
8 48 coding Bipolar
We want to digitize human
10 voice(4kHz). What is the bit rate
9 49 assuming 8 bits per sample 4k* 2 * 8= 64 kbps
11 Name atleast two techniques use
0 50 for digital to analog conversion ASK,FSK, PSK, QAM
11
1 51 Write three steps involved in PCM Sampling, Quantization, encoding
To ensure accurate reproduction of
an original analog signal, sampling
11 rate must be at least twice the
2 52 What is Nyquist theorem? highest frequency of original signal.
11 Give relationship between bit rate bit rate= baud rate* number of bits
3 53 and baud rate per signal elements
11 In 4-PSK if baud rate is 1K then what
4 54 is the bit rate 2Kbps
11 In 8-QAM if bit rate is 24 bps, then
5 55 Boud rate is 8 baud/second
11 Name atleast two techniques use
6 56 for analog to analog conversion AM, FM, PM
Bandwidth of AM signal ,if
11 baseband signal has the bandwidth
7 57 of 4khz 8 kHz
11 LZW encoding is a lossless or lossy
8 58 method of data compression? Lossless method
11 MPEG encoding is a lossless or lossy
9 59 method of data compression? Lossy
We assign shorter code to
characters that occur more
frequently and longer codes to
12 those that occur less frequently.
0 60 Name of coding is.. Huffman coding
The dissipation of the power of a
12 What Do You Understand By transmitted signal as it travels over
1 1 "attenuation" In Dsl Technology? the copper wire line.
A local telephone network is
12 an example of a which
2 2 network. Circuit switched
12 Most packet switches use on
3 3 what type principle? Store and forward
III What are the Methods to
12 move data through a network Packet switching and Circuit
4 4 of links and switches? switching
The required resources for
communication between end
systems are reserved for the
duration of the session
12 between end systems in
5 5 ________ method. Circuit switching
12 what is data rate in circuit
6 6 switching? guaranteed constant rate
12 In which systems, resources
7 7 are allocated on demand. packet switching
12 The packet of information at
8 8 the application layer is called Packet
12 It is combination of multiplexing and
9 9 what is DSL? modulation
13 circuit switcing uses which
0 10 types of switches cross bar switch, space division switch
13 Message switching work on
1 11 which technique store and forward technique
13 DSL filter is which type of
2 12 filter analog low pass filter
how many uplading channel
13 and downloading channels are
3 13 there in ADSL. Circuit switching
Computer to computer
13 communication is example of
4 14 which switching technique packet switching
13
5 15 What is full form of VDSL? very high bit digital subscriber line
13 Which of the following is false with
6 16 respect to UDP? Connection-oriented
13 What is the main advantage of
7 17 UDP? Low overhead
13 What is the header size of a UDP
8 18 packet? 8 bytes
13 Total length field in UDP packet
9 19 header is the length of UDP header plus data
14 why User datagram protocol is all UDP packets are treated independently
0 20 called connectionless by transport layer
14 Switching in the Internet is done by
1 21 using datagram approach
14 Physical or logical arrangement of
2 22 network is Topology
14 Which network topology requires a
3 23 central controller or hub? Star
Data communication system
14 spanning states, countries, or the
4 24 whole world is WAN
N no of computer connected with
14 mesh topology then each computer
5 25 require no of port N-1
N no of computer connected with
14 mesh topology then no of cable
6 26 required ? N*(N-1)/2
14 Physical or logical arrangement of
7 27 network is Topology
14 Which network topology requires a
8 28 central controller or hub?
Data communication system
14 spanning states, countries, or the
9 29 whole world is
15 Switching at physical layer in the
0 30 traditional telephone network uses
15 What Is "cross Talk" In Dsl
1 31 Technology?
15
2 32 Define the term circuit switching.
15 What is the advantage of circuit
3 33 switching?
15
4 34 What is packet switching?
What is the main advantage of
15 packet switching over circuit
5 35 switching?
15
6 36 What causes packet delay?
15
7 37 What is hybrid switching?
15 Give one example of hybrid
8 38 network.
15
9 39 What are hybrid networks?
16
0 40 What are datagrams?
16
1 41 What is a datagram network?
Star
WAN
Circuit-switching
The interference between two wires
in the same bundle, caused by the
electrical energy carried by each of
them.
Circuit switching is a method of
implementing a telecommunications
network in which two network
nodes establish a dedicated
communications channel (circuit)
through the network before the
nodes may communicate.
A dedicated communication channel
increases the quality of
communication.
In telecommunications, packet
switching is a method of grouping
data that is transmitted over a digital
network into packets.
The main advantage that packet
switching has over circuit switching
is its efficiency. Packets can find
their own data paths to their
destination address without the need
for a dedicated channel.
Minimum packet delay corresponds
to the distance between two network
end points. It is probably caused by
a routing issue using a longer path.
Hybrid switching enables both
circuit and packet-switched services
to be provided in the same
communication network.
Star-‐Ring and Star-‐Bus networks
are most common examples of
hybrid network.
A hybrid network is any computer
network that uses more than one
type of connecting technology or
topology.
Datagrams are data packets which
contain adequate header information
so that they can be individually
routed by all intermediate network
switching devices to the destination.
Datagrams provide a connectionless
communication service across a
packet-switched network. The
delivery, arrival time, and order of
 arrival of datagrams need not be
guaranteed by the network.
A connection-oriented service is one
that establishes a dedicated
connection between the
16 What is meant by connection communicating entities before data
2 42 oriented service? communication commences.
A Connectionless service is a data
communication between two nodes
where the sender sends data without
16 What is meant by connectionless ensuring whether the receiver is
3 43 service? available to receive the data.
Congestions are less frequent and
16 Give two advantages of connection Sequencing of data packets is
4 44 oriented service. guaranteed.
The public service telephone
network (PSTN) is the traditional,
16 land-line based system for
5 45 What is PSTN? exchanging phone calls.
16 What are the advantages of using It is a tried and tested technology &
6 46 PSTN? also easily maintainable.
It requires a dedicated line for
16 What are the disadvantages of using making and completing a call and
7 47 PSTN? Scalability is limited.
Very high-speed digital subscriber
line (VDSL) is a digital subscriber
line (DSL) technology providing
data transmission faster than
16 asymmetric digital subscriber line
8 48 What is VDSL? (ADSL).
ADSL is a broadband service. It
offers data transmission at much
greater speeds and capacity than
16 What is the advantage of using narrowband services like ISDN and
9 49 ADSL? dial-up analog modems.
Real-time information access
17 through always-on connection ADSL is an "always on" service that
0 50 through which line? does not require a dial-up process.
What is Symmetric DSL? SDSL, splits the upstream and
downstream frequencies evenly,
providing equal speeds to both
17 uploading and downloading data
1 51 transfer.
What is Asymmetric DSL? ADSL, provides a wider frequency
range for downstream transfers,
17 which offers several times faster
2 52 downstream speeds.
What is the benefit of using DSL? A DSL connection makes use of
your existing telephone wiring, so
you will not have to pay for
17 expensive upgrades to your phone
3 53 system.
In a Mesh Topology, each device of
17 the network is connected to all other
4 54 What is Mesh Topology? devices of the network.
 The advantage of mesh topology is
if one link breaks then it does not
affect the whole network. And the
17 Give one advantage and one disadvantage is, huge cabling is
5 55 disadvantage of Mesh Topology. required and it is expensive.
In Star Topology, there is a central
controller or hub to which every
17 node or device is connected through
6 56 What is Star Topology? a cable.
The advantage of the star topology
is that if a link breaks then only that
17 What is the advantage of Star particular link is affected. The whole
7 57 Topology? network remains undisturbed.
The advantage of bus topology is
that it can be installed easily. And
the disadvantage is that if the
17 Give one advantage and one backbone cable breaks then the
8 58 disadvantage of Bus Topology. whole network will be down.
In Bus Topology, all the devices of
the network are connected to a
17 common cable (also called as the
9 59 What is Bus Topology? backbone).
Network topology is a physical
layout of the computer network and
it defines how the computers,
18 devices, cables, etc are connected to
0 60 What is Network Topology? each other.
There are 7 layers in the OSI model.
OSI model helps networking
professionals in understanding
18 information flow from one source
1 1 Define OSI layers. to destination.
TCP/IP is the alternate model that
18 Are there any alternative models to also explains the information flow
2 2 the OSI model? in the network.
18 How many layers are present in
3 3 TCP/IP model? 4 layers
Physical Layer, Data Link Layer,
Network Layer, Transport Layer,
18 Session Layer, Presentation Layer
4 IV 4 Name the OSI model Layers? and application layer.
At which layer of the OSI model is a
18 path decision made based upon an
5 5 IP address ? Network Layer
18 Which layer converts data bits into
6 6 electrical impulses or radio signals Physical Layer
In which layer provides a node to
18 node data transfer and detects the
7 7 errors . Data Link Layer
Which layer manages and controls
18 the connections between
8 8 computers. Session Layer
18 Name the layer which provides
9 9 services for email, file transfer, etc. Application Layer
19 Which is the last layer of TCP/IP
0 10 model. Network Interface Layer
19 What is the main work of Responsible for translation,
1 11 Presentation Layer? compression, and encryption.
A node refers to a point or joint
where a connection takes place. It
19 can be a computer or device that is
2 12 What is a node? part of a network
MAC, or Media Access Control,
uniquely identifies a device on the
network. It is also known as a
19 physical address or an Ethernet
3 13 What are MAC addresses? address.
Network is defined as a set of
devices connected to each other
19 using a physical transmission
4 14 What is a Network? medium.
Local area network(LAN) , Wide
area network(WAN) , Personal area
network(PAN) ,Metropolitan area
network(MAN), Campus Area
Computer network can be classified Network (CAN) ,Home Area
19 according to their geographical area Network(HAN) , Wireless Local Area
5 15 name those types Network (WLAN)
Routers connect two or more
network segments. These
intelligent network devices store
information in their routing tables
19 such as paths, hops, and
6 16 What are routers? bottlenecks.
Encryption is the process of
changing data from its original
readable format to an unreadable
format, thus ensuring network
security. It requires the user to use
19 Why is encryption on a network a secret key or password to decrypt
7 17 necessary? the data.
A communications protocol is used
to connect computers to remote
19 networking services, including
8 18 What is the point-to-point protocol? Internet service providers.
19
9 19 TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol
20 User Datagram Protocol or
0 20 UDP is stands for Universal Datagram Protocol
It is the smallest and basic network
type that is often used at home. It is
a connection between the
computer and another device such
20 as phone, printer, modem tablets,
1 21 What is PAN network ? etc
 Frame synchronization, Flow
20 What are Functions of Data-link control, Error control, Addressing
2 22 layer name only? ,Link management
Application Layer Protocols are
20 Give Some Example For Protocols HTTP, HTTPs, Telnet, SSH, DNS,
3 23 Work At Application Layer ? FTP, TFTP, DHCP, RIP
20 Which protocol uses window flow
4 24 system TCP
20
5 25 Which protocol deals with emails SMTP
20
6 26 TCP/IP suite was created by Department of defense
Complicated and complex , High
20 What is the main disadvantages of cost ,Required high performance
7 27 WAN? devices , low security
20 Geographic operation limit of LAN is
8 28 ? up to 10 Km
a frame is a digital data
transmission unit or data packet
that includes frame
synchronization, i.e. a sequence of
bits or symbols making it possible
for the receiver to detect the
20 beginning and end of the packet in
9 29 What is frame ? the stream of symbols or bits.
Which layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
21 the source host to the destination
0 30 host. The network layer
21 application, transport,internet,network
1 31 Name the layers of TCP/IP model? access
21 The OSI network layer, maps
2 32 directly to what TCP/IP layer? internet
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol.DHCP is used to
21 assign IP addresses automatically to the
3 33 What do you mean by DHCP? devices over the network.
The 32 bits Internet address is that which
21 defines a host or router uniquely and
4 34 What is IP address? universally on the Internet.
Which protocols are used in the
21 Transport layer of the TCP/IP
5 35 model? TCP and UDP
21 What is the data unit of transport
6 36 layer? Segment
Flow control: orderly flow of transmitted
data between the source and the
21 What is the difference between destination. Error Control: involves both
7 37 flow control and error control? error detection and error correction.
21 In Which Layer Term “packets” Is
8 38 Used ? Network Layer
 Which Layer Is Responsible For
Keeping The Data From Different
21 Applications Separate On The
9 39 Network ?
22 Give major difference between TCP service. On the other hand, TCP provides
0 40 and UDP
22
1 41 What is CRC?
22 What are the responsibilities of the determination are the main
2 42 Network Layer?
What is the difference between
22 connection oriented and
3 43 connectionless services?
22
4 44 Bridges operate at which layer?
Which address is used by the
22 network layer to route data to
5 45 destination hosts?
22 Encryption takes place at which
6 46 layer?
22 Which layers of the OSI model are
7 47 host to host layers?
22 Routers operate at which layer of
8 48 the OSI model?
22 Bits are packaged into frames at
9 49 which layer of the OSI model?
Give dotted decimal representation
23 of the IP address 11011101
0 50 10001111 11111101 00001111.
23
1 51 What does OSI stands for
23 Repeaters and hubs operate at
2 52 which layer?
When displaying a web page
23 application layer uses which
3 53 protocol?
23
4 54 What is the address size of IPv6 ?
23
5 55 What is DNS?
23 What type of format is used to
6 56 represent IPv6 address?
Session
UDP provides unreliable connectionless
connection oriented reliable service
Cyclic Redundancy Check is used to
detect errors in the network.
Routing, IP Addressing, and Path
responsibilities of the Network Layer.
Connection-oriented service involves the
creation and termination of the
connection for sending the data between
two or more devices. In contrast,
connectionless service does not require
establishing any connection and
termination process for transferring the
data over a network.
Datalink
logical address
Presentation
Application, presentation, session,
transport
Network layer
Datalink
221.143.253.15
Open system interconnect
Physical
HTTP(Hyper text transfer protocol)
128 bits
The Domain Name System resolves the
names of internet sites with their
underlying IP addresses adding efficiency
and even security in the process.
Alphanumeric
 Hop to hop delivery means chunks of
23 What do you mean by hop to hop data are forwarded from node to node in
7 57 delivery? a store-and-forward manner.
HTTP is unsecured while HTTPS is
secured. HTTP sends data over port 80
while HTTPS uses port 443.No encryption
23 Give any three differnece between in HTTP, with HTTPS the data is encrypted
8 58 http and https before sending.
23 Which layer is responsible for
9 59 process to process delivery? Transport
24 HTTP and HTTPS operates at which
0 60 layer? Application and Transport
24 Which is not a function of Data Link
1 1 Layer? logical addressing
24 In CRC the remainder obtained after
2 2 division is added with data
24 Checksum error method is used for
3 3 _______ error detection/correction silgle, multiple and burst
In CRC if Generator code is 101110
24 number of zeros appended in Data is
4 4 ________. 5
The checksum used for error
24 detection will be _______ at
5 5 receiver and transmitter end same
Automatic repeat request error
24 management mechanism is provided
6 6 by ________ logical link control sublayer
24 There are ____ types of HDLC
7 7 frame. 3
24 An HDLC ____ is used to transport
8 8 user data and control information. I-Frame
24 The PPP encapsulation Provides for multiplexing of
9 V 9 ____________ different network-layer protocols
25 PPP provides the _______ layer in
0 10 the TCP/IP suite. Link
A _____ error means that two or
25 more bits in the data unit have
1 11 changed. burst
25 Adding 1 and 1 in modulo-2
2 12 arithmetic results in _________. 0
25 Which error detection method uses
3 13 one’s complement arithmetic? Checksum
25 The Hamming distance between
4 14 equal codewords is 0
25 Which type of error may likely to be
5 15 skipped from CRC fully divisible
25
6 16 Sliding window protocol is used for Flow control
25 At the sender side the checksum is
7 17 used for error control
25 A method to combine a data frame
8 18 with ACK. Piggybacking
 In--------------------------------, at any
point in time, there is only one
25 frame that is sent and waiting to be
9 19 acknowledged. Stop and wait
26 Go-Back-N ARQ protocol is
0 20 _______________ for noisy link inefficient
26 In bit stuffing a zero is inserted after
1 21 _____________ bits After five one
Error detection and correction are
implemented either at the
_________________ or the
26 ________________________of the
2 22 OSI model Data Link Layer, Transport Layer
26 Burst error is most likely to happen
3 23 in __________ transmission serial
Hamming code , Interleaved codes ,
26 Block Parity , Convolution code are
4 24 used for error control
Starting with a complete list of legal
codewords, we need to find the two
codewords whose Hamming
distance is the smallest. This
26 determines the
5 25 ___________________ of the code Hamming Distance
The data along with the checksum
26 value is transmitted to the receiver
6 26 in Checksum
________________ is a set of
procedures that tells the sender
how much data it can transmit
before it must wait for an
26 acknowledgement from the
7 27 receiver. Flow control
In ARQ Sender starts a timer when it
sends a frame. If an ACK is not
received within a allocated time
period, the sender assumes that the
frame was ____________ or
26 ________________and
8 28 ______________it lost, damaged, resends
ACK number always defines the
number of the
26 _________________________
9 29 frame Next Frame Expected
27 Piggybacking
0 30 saves________________________ Bandwidth
__________________ improves the
efficiency of the transmission if the
number of bits in transition is large
27 with respect to the bandwidth-
1 31 delay Sliding window
27 In __________________________,
2 32 only the damaged frame is resent Selective Repeat ARQ
 In the sliding window method of
flow control, the receiver window
27 ________________ size whrn
3 33 frames are received decreases in
A sender has a sliding window of
size 15. The first 15 frames are sent.
The first ACK received is ACK 15.
27 What frames(s) has the receiver
4 34 accepted? frame 0 to 14
A sender has a sliding window of
size 15. The first 10 frames are sent.
27 How many frames are in the
5 35 window now? 5
Which data link layer function
27 answers the question. How much
6 36 data may be sent? flow control
In the stop and wait method of flow
control, if 100 good data frames are
sent and received, how many ACK
27 frames have been sent by the
7 37 receiver? 100
A sender uses the Stop-and-Wait
ARQ protocol for reliable
transmission of frames. Frames are
of size 1000 bytes and the
transmission rate at the sender is 80
Kbps (1Kbps = 1000 bits/second).
Size of an acknowledgement is 100
bytes and the transmission rate at
the receiver is 8 Kbps. The one-way
propagation delay is 100
milliseconds.
Assuming no frame is lost, the
27 sender throughput is___________
8 38 bytes/second. 2500
Suppose that the stop-and-wait
protocol is used on a link with a bit
rate of 64 kilobits per second and 20
milliseconds propagation delay.
Assume that the transmission time
for the acknowledgement and the
processing time at nodes are
negligible.Then the minimum frame
size in bytes to achieve a link
27 utilization of at least 50% is
9 39 _________. 160
Suppose that the stop-and-wait
protocol is used on a link with a bit
rate of 64 kilobits per second and 20
milliseconds propagation delay.
Assume that the transmission time
for the acknowledgement and the
processing time at nodes are
28 negligible.Then the minimum frame
0 40 size in bytes to achieve a link 5
 utilization of at least 50% is
_________.
The technique of temporarily
delaying outgoing
acknowledgements so that they can
28 be hooked onto the next outgoing
1 41 data frame is called ____________ piggybacking
When does the station B send a
28 positive acknowledgement (ACK) to only when no error occurs at the
2 42 station A in Stop and Wait protocol transmission level
28 What are the different types of
3 43 transfer mode HDLC supports? NRM, ABM, ARM
28 What are the types of stations used Primary Station and Secondery
4 44 in NRM? Station
28 What are the fields in the HDLC
5 45 frame? Flag, Address, Control, Payload, FCS
28 What is the Flag value for the HDLC
6 46 frame? 1111110
28 What are the different types of the
7 47 HDLC Frames? I-frame, S-frame and U-frame
28 Which HDLC frame has no payload
8 48 field? S-frame
28 How U-frame type of HDLC frame is The first two bits of control field
9 49 identified? of U-frame is 11
29
0 50 What is RFC 1661? This is Point to Point Protocol
Link Control Protocol,
29 What are the components of PPP Authentication Protocol and
1 51 protocol? Network Control Protocol
29 IPCP, OSINLCP, IPXCP, DNCP,
2 52 Name some of NCP's of PPP NBFCP, IPV6CP
29 What are the fields in the PPP Flag, Address, Control, Protocol,
3 53 frame? Payload and FCS
A Layer 2 bridge enables
connectivity between the
virtual and physical
network by enabling virtual
machines (VMs) to be
29 connected to a physical
4 54 Where L2 bridge is used? server or network
Password Authentication
Protocol (PAP) and Challenge
29 What are the different types of Handshake Authentication
5 55 Authentication Procols? Protocol (CHAP)
29 In Go-Back-N-ARQ what us the
6 56 sender window size? block size -1
29 In Go-Back-N-ARQ what us the
7 57 receiver window size? 1
29 In Selective-Repeat-ARQ what us
8 58 the sender window size? half of the block size
29 In Selective-Repeat-ARQ what us
9 59 the receiver window size? same as sender window size
30 What is the value of the PPP
0 60 address field? 11111111 for broadcast