1

Data Communication &

Networking

Lecture 1

Instructor: M Hasan Danish Khan

Text and Reference Books 2

 A. Leon-Garcia, “Communication Networks”, McGraw-

Hill. (Latest Edition)

 William Stallings, “Data and Computer

Communication”, Prentice Hall. (Latest Edition)

 Behrouz A. Forouzan, “TCP/IP Protocol Suite”,

McGraw-Hill. (Latest Edition)
COURSE OUTLINE 3
 Data Communication and Protocol Architecture
 Data Transmission Fundamentals
 Data Link Control Protocols
 Transmission Systems
 Local Area Network (LAN) Architecture
 Medium Access Control Protocols
 Packet Switching Network
 TCP/IP Networking Protocol Suite
 Emerging Trends in Data Communication
Course Objectives 4

This is an introductory course in Data Communication and Computer

Networks. The course is designed with the following objectives
 Provide solid foundation in the field of data communication and computer
networks
 Give practical experience on networks and networking devices
 Introduce the cutting edge technologies
Course Outcomes 5

After completion of this course students should be able to:

 Understand and differentiate between various Network Architecture
approaches.

 Understand Communication Techniques and their application in Emerging

Networks.

 Design and develop a Communication Network using appropriate

Standards.
Pre-Requisite Concepts 6

 Analog and Digital Signal

 Modulation – Demodulation
 Multiplexing – Demultiplexing
 Sampling and Quantization
 Bandwidth, Spectrum and Fourier Analysis
 Channel, Transmission Noise
Analog and Digital Signal
7
 A signal is any kind of physical quantity that conveys information
 An analog signal is a kind of signal that is continuously variable (The
Signal Intensity varies in a smooth fashion)
 A digital signal is a physical signal that is a representation of a sequence
of discrete values (The Signal Intensity maintains a constant level for some
period and the abruptly changes to another constant level).
Analog to Digital Conversion 8

Analog Signal
• The Most Common technique for Analog to Digital Conversation
is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

• PCM is an analog signal is sampled to derive a data stream that is

used to modulate a digital carrier signal. Sampling

• PCM follows the three step process

1. Sampling of analog signal Quantization

2. Quantization of sampled signal
3. Encoding of Quantized Signal

Encoding

Digital Signal
Sampling
9
 Sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a 
discrete signal.
 Analog signals are sampled at a specific interval (i.e. Ts)
 Inverse of Sampling Interval is Sampling rate or sampling
Frequency. (i.e. fs= 1/Ts)
 There are three sampling methods:
1. Ideal sampling
2. Natural sampling
3. Flat-Top sampling
Sampling
10
1. Ideal sampling
 Also Known as Impulse sampling.
 Practically not possible as the impulse width cannot be zero and generation
of impulse train cannot be easily implemented.
2. Natural sampling
 High speed switch is turned on for a short period when sampling occurs.
3. Flat-Top sampling
 Most commonly used
 Also known as sampling and Hold
Sampling
11
 Sampling Rate:
 What are the restrictions for sampling rate?
 Nyquist Theorem: The Sampling rate must be at least 2 times the highest
frequency contained in the signal.
 The Signal should be band limited.
Quantization 12
 Quantization is the procedure of constraining something
from a continuous set of values (such as the real numbers)
to a relatively small discrete set (such as the integers).
 Quantization 13
 Step for Quantization Process:
1. We assume that the signal has instantaneous amplitude b/w Vmin and Vmax.
2. We divide the range into L zones, with each height of Delta.

3. We assign quantized values of 0 to L-1 to the mid point of each zone.

4. We approximate the sample amplitude to quantized values.
Quantization and Encoding 14

Actual amplitude/

Middle of each zone

Difference of normalized and

quantized value

Code assigned to sample

Final Product

Quantization error < /2

Modulation
15
 Modulation is the process of conveying a message signal, for example a
digital bit stream, inside another signal that can be physically transmitted.
  Types of modulation:
1. Amplitude Modulation
2. Frequency Modulation
3. Phase Modulation

Amplitude of a carrier is varied to represent the

data being added to the signal.

frequency of the carrier waveform is varied to

reflect the frequency of the data.

Phase of the carrier waveform is varied to

reflect the frequency of the data.
 Fourier transform 16
 The Fourier transform decomposes a function of time (a signal) into the
frequencies that make it up.
 a function derived from a given function and representing it by a series of
sinusoidal functions
 frequency domain representation of the original signal
 Fourier Analysis 17
Fourier presented the revolutionary concept
 Any signal in time domain can also be represented in frequency domain
x(t) <=> X(f)
 Any signal can be decomposed into different sinusoidal signals
x(t) = ∫X(t) e(j2πf)dt
Bandwidth
18
 Bandwidth of a medium:
• The maximum capacity of the medium (e.g.: water pipe or data
communication cable) is it's bandwidth
• Every medium has a limited bandwidth.
• The limit on the bandwidth of the medium is due to its nature (physical
characteristics).
 Bandwidth of a signal:
• Difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies is called the
bandwidth of a signal
• A signal can be carried by a medium only if the bandwidth of the signal is
less than that of medium. That is why telephone/voice signal can be
transmitted over twisted wire pair but TV/video signals require co-axial
cable or an optical fiber
Twisted-Pair Cable 19

 A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated

wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires
twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and
electromagnetic induction
Co-axial Cable 20

 A type of wire that consists of a center wire surrounded by

insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire. The
shield minimizes electrical and radio frequency interference.
Optical Fiber 21
 A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to
transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of
glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting
messages modulated onto light waves.
 Angle of Incidence I < Critical Angle (refraction).
 Angle of Incidence I = Critical Angle (reflection)
 Angle of Incidence I < Critical Angle (Total internal
Reflection)
 Data Communication 22

 Communication: Exchange of information

 Data Communication: Exchange of data between two computers or data
devices
 “Data Communication deals with the transmission of signals in a reliable
and efficient manner”
 Correct Delivery (Reliable source and destination)
 Accurate Delivery (Without loss, In sequence, No Duplication)
 Timely Delivery
 Networking 23

 “Networking deals with the technology and architecture of

the communication networks use to interconnect
communicating devices”

Topologies
Switching
Routing
Networking Protocols
LAN/ MAN/ WAN
 24

Communication Model
Communication Model 25

 Source: Generates data to be transmitted. Example: Telephones, PCs

 Transmitter: Encodes the information in such a way as to produce signals.
Example: Modem
 Transmission Systems: Connects source and destination. Example: Single
transmission line, Complex Network (IP, PSTN)
 Receiver: Accepts the signals from transmission system. Example:
Modem
 Destination: Takes the incoming data from the receiver
Key Tasks In A Data 26

Communication System
 Transmission System Utilization:
• Efficient use of transmission facilities
• Multiplexing: Sharing transmission facilities among
communicating devices
• Congestion Control: To avoid excessive demand
 Interface:
• Between communicating device and the transmission system
 Signal Propagation:
• Signal must be capable of being propagated through the
transmission system
• Signal must be interpretable as a data at the receiver
Key Tasks In A Data 27

Communication System
 Synchronization:
• When a signal begins to arrive and when it ends
• Duration of each signal
 Exchange Management:
• Co-operation between two parties
• Example: A telephone call between called and the calling
party•
 Error Detection And Correction:
• Identification of error codes.
• Rectify the errors
Key Tasks In A Data 28

Communication System
 Flow Control:
• To ensure source does not overwhelm the destination
 Addressing And Routing:
• When devices sharing the transmission facility
• Identity of source and destination
• Only intended recipient receives the data
• Most efficient route
 Recovery:
• Resume the interrupted activity OR at least restore the state
Key Tasks In A Data 29

Communication System
 Message Formatting:
• Form of the data to be exchanged between two parties
 Security:
• Only intended receiver receives the data
• Data is not altered or tapped
• Data comes only from the purported sender
 Network Management:
• Configure the system, monitor its status, react to failures
and overloads, plan future growth
 Data Communication 30

Networking
 Point-to-Point connection between communicating devices is impractical in
bigger systems because:
• Expensive:
•Devices are far apart
•There are number of communicating devices
•Inefficient transmission system utilization
• Unmanageable: Providing a dedicated link(wire) between each pair of
devices
Solution
Attach each device to communication network
Wide Area Networks 31

 Characteristics:
• Cover large geographical area
• Consists of number of interconnected switching nodes
Implement Technologies:
 Circuit Switching
• Dedicated communication path is established through the
nodes of the network
• Example: Telephone network
• Supports user data rate of 64kbps
Circuit Switching 32
 Packet Switching 33
• Transmission capacity is not necessarily dedicated
• Data are sent out in a sequence of small chunks called packets
• Every packet from a source is routed to the destination independent of the
other packets
 Frame Relay
• Uses variable length packets called frames
• Characterized by high data rates and low error rates
• Eliminate counterproductive overhead involved in packet switching for
error control
Packet Switching
34
 35
 ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode):
• Result of development in circuit switching and packet switching
• An evolution from frame relay, also called cell relay
• Little overhead for error control
• Uses fixed length packets called cells that reduces processing overhead
• Designed to work in the range of 10’s and 100’s Mbps and Gbps
• ATM allows multiple virtual channels, with data rates that are dynamically
defined at the time the virtual channel is created.
Local Area Networks 36

 Characteristics:
• Scope of LAN is small ---building or cluster of buildings
• LAN is owned by the same organization that owns the
attached devices
• Data rates of LAN are much higher –Gbps
Configurations:
 Switched LANs
• Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
• Token Bus (IEEE 802.4)
 37

• Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)

• Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u)
• Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z)
 Wireless LANs
 IEEE 802.11 WiFi (variants a,b,g)

 Topologies:
• Mesh, Star, Tree, Ring, Bus, Hybrid
38
 39

Thanks
fourier transformation 40

 when we can’t see things in bare eyes(time domain) we use

Fourier goggles to extract information.

 The fourier transform is in compression especially image

compression such as jpg.
 The fourier transform exploits this exact observation. It takes
the picture into a frequency domain.