DEC3023 : Computer

Networking Fundamentals
Chapter 3.0 : Data Transmission &
Networking Media

Noted prepared by:

Pn. Wan Fazlini Idayu binti Wan
Fakari

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3.1 Basics of Data
Transmission

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 Data transmission
• Data transmission is the physical transfer of data over a point-to-
point or point-to-multipoint communication channel.

• Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fibres, wireless

communication channels, and storage media.

• The data is represented as an electro-magnetic signal, such as an

electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave or infra-red signal.

• While analog communications is the transfer of continuously

varying information signal, digital communications is the transfer of
discrete messages.

• The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation is

carried out by modem equipment.
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3.1.1

Basic Data Transmission Concepts

a) Analog and digital signaling
b) Data modulation
c) Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex
transmission
d) Multiplexing
e) Point-to point transmission
f) Broadcast transmission
g) Throughput
h) Bandwidth
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Analog Signaling
 Electronic signal that varies directly with time changes
for an infinite range of time. (Isyarat elektronik yang berubah secara terus
dengan perubahan masa untuk satu julat masa tak terhingga)

 Your speech, a siren, and live music are all examples of

analog waves. (percakapan, siren, dan muzik merupakan contoh gelombang analog)
 using of continuous signals to represent
information/data. (menggunakan isyarat selanjar untuk mewakili maklumat/data)
 An analog signal is characterized by four fundamental
properties: amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and
phase. (Sebuah isyarat analog dicirikan oleh empat sifat: amplitud, frekuensi, panjang
gelombang, dan fasa)

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Analog Signaling…Cont…
 amplitude is a measure of its strength at any given
point in time. (amplitud adalah ukuran kekuatan pada setiap titik masa yang
tertentu)
 frequency is a number of wave cycles in one second
(f=1/t). t=The times of wave’s amplitude cycles from
its starting point, through its highest amplitude and
its lowest amplitude. (merupakan jumlah kitaran gelombang di dalam satu
saat. t=masa bagi gelombang melengkapkan 1 kitaran dari titik awal, melalui amplitud
tertinggi dan terendah)
 Wavelength is a distance between corresponding
points on a wave’s cycle
 phase refers to the change or movement of the
signal in the form of angle. (Kadar perubahan atau pergerakan bagi
isyarat dlm btk sudut)

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Analog Signaling…Cont…

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 wavelength
amplitude frequency

phase
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Digital Signaling
 Digital signals are composed of pulses of precise,
positive voltages and zero voltages. (isyarat digital terdiri dari
pulsa yang tepat, voltan positif dan sifar)

 A pulse of positive voltage represents a 1. A pulse of

zero voltage represents a 0. (Sebuah pulsa voltan positif mewakili 1 dan
pulsa voltan sifar mewakili 0)

 Every pulse in the digital signal is called a binary digit,

or bit. (Setiap pulsa pada isyarat digital disebut sebagai angka binari, atau bit)
 A bit can have only one of two possible values: 1 or
0. Eight bits together form a byte. (bit hanya boleh mempunyai satu
daripada dua nilai yang mungkin: 1 atau 0. Lapan bit membentuk satu bait)

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Digital Signaling…Cont
 using of discrete signals to represent
information/data. (menggunakan isyarat diskret untuk mewakili
maklumat/data)

 Number, letters or icons are all examples of digital

signal. (Nombor, huruf atau ikon merupakan contoh isyarat digital)
 Advantage:
– more reliable than analog transmission
– noise affects digital transmission less severely

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Digital Signaling…Cont…

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Differences between analog & Digital

• Analog signals are continuous where digital signals are

discrete

• TV, some telephones, and tape recorders all use analog signals
while the digital signal is numbers, letters or icons

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 Criteria for Analog and Digital Signal
Analog Signal:
1. Analog signal are continuous.
2. Analog signal is continuously
variable.
3. The primary disadvantage of an
analog signal is noise.
4. Sound waves are a continuous
wave and as such are analog in the
real world.
5. Analog signal required lesser
bandwidth capacity than digital
capacity.
Digital Signal:
1. Digital signal is discrete.
2. Digital signal are based on 0's and
1's.
3. Noise is much easier to filter out
of a digital signal.
4. Most computers used such as the
PC work using digital signals.
5. Digital signal required greater
bandwidth capacity than analog
signals.
Analog & digital13
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Data Modulation
 The data signals issued by your computer must be
converted into analog form before they get to the
media transmission.
 They must be converted back into digital form when
they arrive at the ISP’s access server.
 A modem (modulator/demodulator) accomplishes
this translation.
 Modulates digital signals into analog signals at the
transmitting end, then demodulates analog signals
into digital signals at the receiving end.

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Data Modulation
 Is a technology used to modify analog signals to
make them suitable for carrying data over a
communication media. (teknologi yang digunakan untuk menukar isyarat
analog bagi membolehkannya membawa data melalui media komunikasi)

 In modulation, a simple wave, called a carrier wave,

is combined with another analog signal to produce a
unique signal that gets transmitted from one node to
another. (Dalam modulasi, gelombang yang disebut gelombang pembawa,
digabungkan dengan isyarat analog lain untuk menghasilkan isyarat yang unik yang akan
dihantar dari satu node ke yang lain)

 The carrier wave has preset properties (including

frequency, amplitude, and phase)

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Data Modulation…Cont…
 Its purpose is to help convey information; in other
words, it is only a messenger.
 Another signal, known as the information wave
(data wave), is added to the carrier wave.
 When the information wave is added, it modifies one
property of the carrier wave (for example, the
frequency, amplitude, or phase).

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Data Modulation…Cont…
 The result is a new, blended signal that contains
properties of both the carrier wave and added data.
 When the signal reaches its destination, the receiver
separates the data from the carrier wave.

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Data Modulation…Cont…

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Data Modulation…Analog…

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Data Modulation…Digital…

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Transmission Direction Mode

 Simplex
 signals may travel in only one direction
 sometimes called one-way, or unidirectional,
communication.
 Exp: Radio

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Transmission Direction Mode…Cont…

 Half-Duplex
 signals may travel in both directions over a
medium but in only one direction at a time.
 Exp: walkie-talkie

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Transmission Direction Mode…Cont…

 Full-Duplex
 signals are free to travel in both directions over a
medium simultaneously
 also be called bidirectional transmission or,
sometimes, simply duplex.
 Exp: telephone

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Multiplexing
 A form of transmission that allows multiple signals to
travel simultaneously over one medium. (Satu bentuk
penghantarn yang membolehkan beberapa isyarat dihantar serentak melalui satu medium)

 Used to increase the amount of data that can be

transmitted in a given time span. (digunakan untuk meningkatkan
jumlah data yang boleh dihantar dalam jangka waktu tertentu)

 A device that can combine many signals on a channel

called multiplexer (mux). (Sebuah peranti yang boleh menggabungkan
beberapa isyarat pada saluran disebut multiplexer (Mux))

 Demultiplexer (demux) separates the combined

signals and regenerates them in their original form.
(Demultiplexer (demux) memisahkan gabungan isyarat dan mengembalikannya kepada
bentuk asal)

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Multiplexing…Cont…

Computer Computer
M D
E
Computer U M Computer
U
X X
Computer Computer

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Multiplexing…Cont…

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Multiplexing…Cont…

MULTIPLEXING

Frequency-Division Time-Division Wavelength-Division

Multiplexing Multiplexing Multiplexing
(FDM) (TDM) (WDM)

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Multiplexing…Cont…

 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

 FDM is an analog technique.
 The signal was modulated by n separate modulator's
into n different carrier frequencies.

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Multiplexing…Cont…

Computer Computer
M Channel 1 D
E
Computer U Channel 2 M Computer
U
X Channel 3 X
Computer Computer

Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

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Multiplexing…Cont…
 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 TDM is a digital technique.
 Can be used when loading/capacity of data rates for
media transmission is greater.

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Multiplexing…Cont…

Computer Computer
M D
E
Computer U 3 2 1 M Computer
U
X X
Computer Computer

Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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Multiplexing…Cont…
 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
 Is equivalent with FDM

 Is a technology used with fiber-optic cable.

 WDM enables one fiber-optic connection to carry multiple

light signals simultaneously.

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Multiplexing…Cont…

Cahaya berbilang

Cahaya tunggal

Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)

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Relationships Between Nodes
 Point-to-point
– When a data transmission involves only one transmitter
and one receiver

 Broadcast
– Transmission involves one transmitter and multiple
receivers (undefined receivers).

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Relationships Between Nodes

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Relationships Between Nodes
 Throughput
– the measure of how much data is transmitted during a given period
of time
– the average rate of successful message delivery over a
communication channel.
– This data may be delivered over a physical or logical link, or pass
through a certain network node.
– The throughput is usually measured in bits per second (bit/s or bps),
and sometimes in data packets per second or data packets per time
slot.

 Bandwidth
– measure of the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that
a medium can transmit.
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