University of Mustansiriyah College of Engineering

Department of Computer Engineering Second Class/ First

Semester

Analogue Communication

Introduction to communication

Dr. Haider Tarish Haider

 Email: haiderth@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq
 2019-218

1
Lecture 1-1
Course plan:
1-Introduction to communication systems, Signal analysis (System impulse
response, band width, energy and power calculation.

2-Definition of modulation, types of modulation and reasons for modulation.

3-Amplitude Modulation (AM), definition, spectrum & power calculation.

4-Generation and detection of AM signals, tutorial.

5-Double side band DSB Generation and demodulation

6-Single side band SSB Generation and demodulation

7-Vestigial Side Band VSB Modulation generation and demodulation

8-Super Heterodyne AM Receiver and Introduction to angle modulation.

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Lecture 1-1
Course plane:
9-Frequency Modulation (FM), Narrow and wideband FM, definition, bandwidth,
spectrum and power.

10-Wideband FM, definition, bandwidth, spectrum and power.

11-Super Heterodyne FM Receiver, Stereo FM, Frequency Division Multiplexing

(FDM).

12-Noise: mathematical representation, classification, power and spectral density.

Thermal noise and additive white Gaussian noise.

13-Noise in Amplitude Modulation (Normal AM, DSB, SSB) communication

systems, tutorial.

14-Figure of Merit and Noise in analogue communication systems, tutorial.

15-Noise Comparison of FM and AM, tutorial. 3

Lecture 1-1
References:

1- Bruce Carlson etl “An Introduction to Signals and Noise in Electrical

Communication”, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002.
 
2- John G Proakis and Masoud Salehi “Communication Systems Engineering”,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2002.
 
3- Simon Haykin “Communication systems”, John Wiley and sons, Inc.,2001
 
4- Lloyd T. and Mitchel E. S., “Theory and problems of Electronic
Communication”, Schaum’s outline Series, McGRAW-Hill, 1998.
 
5- B. P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication system”, Oxford
University press, Inc., 1998.

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Lecture 1-1
 Introduction to Communication System
What is communication?
It's the process in which information is transfer from one
point in space and time called the source to another point
destination.
What is a communication system?
It's the group of mechanism that provides the information link
between source and destination.
What is the purpose of a communication system?
The purpose of a communication system is to transmit
information signals through a communication channel. Source: https://jooinn.com/communication-
system.html

Fundamentals of Communication system:

Frequencies
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz), equivalent to cycles per second: thus 1 Hz is 1 c/s. The
electromagnetic spectrum consists of frequencies from just above 0 Hz to ∞ Hz. The frequency
spectrum is broken up into different segments which indicate the usage for particular
frequency range as shown in table below.

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Lecture 1-1
Introduction to Communication System
Common Frequency ranges

The frequency band of 20 Hz to 21 kHz is the total band that the human ear can hear.

Types of Signal There are only two different types of signal that are processed, transmitted and
received by telecommunication equipment. These are analogue and digital. Each type has
individual characteristics.

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Lecture 1-1
 Introduction to Communication System
Analogue Signal
An analogue signal is defined as a continuous waveform having a positive peak and a
negative peak and having an infinite range of levels. An analogue signal has no discontinuous
points, i.e. it follows an unbroken curve for its full duration. Typical analogue waveforms are
e.g. voice, temperature, etc. as shown in Fig. below.
 

Digital Signal
Representation variable takes on a finite &
countable number of values in a given interval,
e.g. text, digitized images, etc. as shown in Fig.
below.
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Lecture 1-1
 Introduction to Communication System
TheAnalogue
frequency
Signalf of the analogue wave is determined by the
following
An formula:
analogue signal is defined as a continuous waveform having a positive peak and a
 Hz
negative peak and having an infinite range of levels. An analogue signal has no discontinuous
points, i.e. it follows an unbroken curve for its full duration. Typical analogue waveforms are
 where
e.g. voice,ttemperature,
= time inetc. as shown in Fig. below.
seconds
 
 The time t is the duration of one complete cycle, i.e. one wavelength.
The formula used to determine the wavelength in free space
(vacuum) is as follows:
  m

where c =Signal
Digital velocity of light in a vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
The wave forms
Representation shown
variable takes in
on figure
a finiteabove
& are shown in the time domain,
which means
countable number that the in
of values amplitude is plotted against time. A sine wave and
a given interval,
e.g. text, digitized images, etc. as shown in Fig.
a cosine wave consist of a single frequency. A complex wave is a wave
below.
that consists of a number of different frequencies.
8
 
Lecture 1-1
Introduction to Communication System
Measurement of Signal Level The gain or loss of a network can be expressed as a
ratio of output power over input power. If the output power is greater than the
input power then the network has a power ratio > 1, which means that the network
has a gain. If the output power is less than the input power then the network has a
power ratio < 1, which means that the network has a loss. If the power ratio equals
1 then the network has a unity gain.
Instead of measuring the power a signal dissipates in watts, it is easier to measure
the signal level. The unit of measurement is the bel, but this is a rather large unit
for practical purposes, so instead the decibel is used.
 
The Decibel
A decibel (dB) is one-tenth of a bel and can be defined as the loss or gain of a network in a
logarithmic form.
Power in (Pi ) N Power out (Pout)

The loss or gain N ratio of the network shown above is given as follows:

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Lecture 1-1
Introduction to Communication System
 N ratio =

The above equation yields a ratio as both the output power and the input power are
in watts. To enable a unit of measurement to be attached to this ratio, the following
formula is used:
 N = dB , A decibel is 1/10 of a bel (B)
The advantage of using the decibel as a unit of measurement is that the individual
gains of the individual networks can be added together instead of being multiplied
together.
 
Example: Determine a formula for the overall gain of the three cascaded networks shown
below as a ratio and in dB. Pout
Pin P1 P2
  𝑃 1 𝑃2 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 N N N
𝑁 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜= × ×
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃1 𝑃2
 This yields the following as a ratio:

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Lecture 1-1
Introduction to Communication System
 To convert this into dB the following results:

Example: Calculate the gain or loss of each of the following networks in dB:
1. Input power is 4 µW and output power is 16 µW.
2. I n p u t power is 4 mW and output power is 16 mW.
3. I n p u t power is 4 W and output power is 16 W.
 
Solution
1. N = = 10 logl0 = 6 dB
2. N = = 10 logl0 = 6 dB
3. N = = 10 logl0 = 6 dB

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Lecture 1-1
Introduction to Communication System
The dBm: This unit of measurement is used to measure the actual power at a point in a
system relative to 1 mW. This indicates whether the power at the point is greater than 1 mW
or less than 1 mW. The dBm is defined as the gain or loss of a network, where the reference
signal power is 1 mW, and the power ratio is expressed in a logarithmic form. This is shown
by
  =10 log 𝑃
𝑁 10 𝑑𝐵𝑚
1 𝑚𝑊
 
Example: Determine the signal level for each of the following signal powers in dBm:
1. 4 l µW
2. 16µW
3. 4 mW
4. 1 6 mW
1. N = = dBm
N = = - 23.98 dBm
 
2. N = = dBm
N = = - 17.96 d B m
 

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Introduction to Communication System
  N = = dBm
3.
N==6dBm

4. N = = dBm
N = = 12 d B m

As can be seen in the above example the level in dBm indicates the actual power in the
signal relative to 1 mW. Table below illustrates this relationship

Relationship between power and dBm

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Lecture 1-1
 Q&A
Thank You

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