REVIEW OF FOURIER Dr.

Ali Hussein Muqaibel

TRANSFORM ver 2.3

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 1

OUTLINES

➢Fourier transform definition for aperiodic signals

➢Fourier transform of important functions (Table)
➢Properties of Fourier transform
➢Transmission through linear systems
➢Ideal & practical filters

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL

2
 Notation:
𝐺 𝑓 =ℱ 𝑔 𝑡

INTRODUCTION 𝑔 𝑡 = ℱ −1 𝐺 𝑓
𝑔 𝑡 ↔𝐺 𝑓
(use 𝑓 instead of 𝜔)
Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Transform
∞
+∞
𝑔 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑓 𝑔 𝑡 = ෍ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0𝑡
𝑛=−∞
+∞
𝐺 𝑓 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1
𝐷𝑛 = න 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔0𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0
𝑇0

As 𝑇0 → ∞, 𝑓0 → 0
Conjugate Symmetry Property :
𝐺 𝑓 = 𝐺 −𝑓 & 𝜃𝑔 𝑓 = −𝜃𝑔 −𝑓 equivalent to saying 𝐺 𝑓 = 𝐺 ∗ −𝑓
Linearity of Fourier Transform:
𝑔1 (𝑡) ↔ 𝐺1 (𝑓) & 𝑔2 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺2 𝑓
𝑎1 𝑔1 𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝑔2 𝑡 ↔ 𝑎1 𝐺1 𝑓 + 𝑎2 𝐺2 𝑓
DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 3
EXAMPLE
Find the Fourier Transform of 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 .

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 4

 FOURIER TRANSFORM OF IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
❖FT of the Unit Impulse Function , 𝛿 𝑡  (t)  1
∞ ∞ ∞
𝜏
ℱ𝛿 𝑡 =න 𝛿 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =න 𝛿 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓0 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1 1 𝑡 <
2
−∞ −∞ −∞ 𝑡 1 𝜏
Π = 𝑡 =
𝜏 2 2
❖Unit Rectangular Function 0 𝑡 >
𝜏
𝜏 2
∞
𝑡 𝑡 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 2
ℱ Π =න Π 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜏 −∞ 𝜏 −
𝜏
𝜏 2
+2
1 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡
1
= 𝑒 ቤ = 𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑓𝜏 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑓𝜏
−𝑗2𝜋𝑓 −
𝜏 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
2
𝜏 𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑓𝜏 −𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑓𝜏
= = 𝜏𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋𝑓𝜏)/𝜋𝑓𝜏=𝜏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝜋𝑓𝜏)
𝜋𝑓𝜏 2𝑗
DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 5
MORE….
❖Interpolation function (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐)
❖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 0 = 1
❖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, ±3𝜋, … … .
❖Some books define as
sin 𝜋𝑥
❖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑥 =
𝜋𝑥

❖Unit Triangular Function

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 6

BANDWIDTH OF RECTANGULAR PULSE
Signal bandwidth: is the difference 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
between the highest (significant) frequency −3𝜋 − 2𝜋 − 𝜋

and the lowest (significant) frequency in

the signal spectrum.
𝑡
❖For Π most of the signal is in the first lobe
𝜏
2𝜋 1
❖Bandwidth ≅ 𝑟𝑎𝑑/sec ≡ 𝐻𝑧.
𝜏 𝜏
1 1
❖𝜏 ∝ 𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑊 ∝
𝐵𝑊 𝜏
DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 7
OTHER SIGNALS
1֞𝛿 𝑓
1
cos 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 ֞ 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓0 + 𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑓0 )
2
1
𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝑡 ֞
𝐽𝜋𝑓
Compare with 𝝎 𝐹 𝜔
𝜋 𝜋
Replace 𝜔 with 2𝜋𝑓
1 𝜔
Every delta will be scaled by −𝜔0 +𝜔0
2𝜋

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 8

 Better to remember:

TABLES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM 1,6-10,17-18

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 9

TABLE OF F.T. PROPERTIES

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 10

PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM
Note: if we are using
Time-Frequency duality (compare a photograph to its negative) omega the inverse Fourier
Transform (IFT) becomes:
+∞
න 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1 +∞
‫𝐺 ׬‬ 𝜔 𝑒 +𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ 2𝜋 −∞
𝑔(𝑡) 𝐺(𝑓)
+∞
න 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒 +𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑓
−∞

𝑔(𝑡) ↔ 𝐺(𝑓)
𝐺(𝑡) ↔ 𝑔(−𝑓)

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 11

 𝑔 𝑡 ↔𝐺 𝜔
𝑔 𝑡 ↔𝐺 𝑓
DUALITY PROPERTY 𝐺(𝑡) ↔ 𝑔(−𝑓)
𝐺(𝑡) ↔ 2𝜋𝑔(−𝜔)

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 12

 𝑔 𝑡 ↔𝐺 𝑓
1 𝑓
SCALING PROPERTY 𝑔(𝑎𝑡) ↔
𝑎
𝐺
𝑎
oProof: with change of variable 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡, for 𝑎 > 0
+∞ +∞ 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑥
1 − 1 𝑓
ℱ 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 =න 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐺
−∞ 𝑎 −∞ 𝑎 𝑎
1 𝑓
oSimilarly for 𝑎 < 0 , 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 ↔ 𝐺
−𝑎 𝑎

oSignificance of the scaling property:

Time compression of a signal results in its spectral
expansion & vice versa.
There is a reciprocal relation between the
duration and the bandwidth
DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 13
 𝑔 𝑡 ↔𝐺 𝑓
1 𝑓

EXAMPLE 𝑔(𝑎𝑡) ↔
𝑎
𝐺
𝑎

Show that 𝑔 −𝑡 ↔ 𝐺 −𝑓
By letting 𝑎 = −1 in the time scaling property , the above pair becomes 𝑔 −𝑡 ↔ 𝐺 −𝑓
1
Use this result and the fact that 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ↔ , to find the Fourier transform of
𝑎+𝑗2𝜋𝑓
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) and 𝑒 −𝑎 𝑡 .
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) ↔
𝑎−𝑗2𝜋𝑓

Also 𝑒 −𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑢 −𝑡
Therefore
1 1 2𝑎
ℱ 𝑒 −𝑎 𝑡 = + = 2
𝑎+𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑎−𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑎 + 2𝜋𝑓 2

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 14

 𝑔 𝑡 ↔𝐺 𝑓
𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) ↔ 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡0
TIME-SHIFTING PROPERTY
+∞
Proof : ℱ 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑔 𝑡 − 𝑡0 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Change of variable 𝑡 − 𝑡0 = 𝑥
+∞
=‫׬‬−∞ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓(𝑥+𝑡0) 𝑑𝑥 =
+∞
= 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡0 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡0
This shows that delaying a signal by 𝑡0 seconds does not change the amplitude
spectrum. The phase spectrum is changed by a linear phase −2𝜋𝑓𝑡0 .

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 15

 𝑔 𝑡 ↔𝐺 𝑓
FREQUENCY-SHIFTING PROPERTY 𝑔(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺 𝑓 − 𝑓0

We can show that Modulation Property

1
𝑔 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡) ↔ 𝐺 𝑓 − 𝑓0 + 𝐺 𝑓 + 𝑓0
2

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM): is an

application of modulation, where many signals are
transmitted over the same channel but at different
frequencies

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 16

 𝑔1 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺1 𝑓
CONVOLUTION PROPERTY 𝑔2 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺2 𝑓
𝑔1 𝑡 ∗ 𝑔2 (𝑡) ↔ 𝐺1 𝑓 𝐺2 𝑓

▪Compare
+∞
𝑔1 𝑡 ∗ 𝑔2 𝑡 = න 𝑔1 𝜏 𝑔2 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞
▪We also have frequency-domain convolution
𝑔1 𝑡 𝑔2 (𝑡) ↔ 𝐺1 𝑓 ∗ 𝐺2 (𝑓)
▪Bandwidth of the product of two signals =Sum of
bandwidth!
▪Example: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 2 (𝑡), 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 3 (𝑡)

17
 TIME DOMAIN DIFFERENTIATION & TIME
INTEGRATION
Refer to the example in the book for successive
differentiation to find 𝐺(𝑓). 𝑔 𝑡 ↔𝐺 𝑓
Refer to the table (Fourier Transform Properties) 𝑑
𝑔 𝑡 ↔ 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐺 𝑓
𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝐺 𝑓 1
න 𝑔 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = + 𝐺 0 𝛿 𝑓
−∞ 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 2

𝑑𝑛 𝑛𝐺 𝑓
𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) ↔ 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡0 𝑔 𝑡 ↔ 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
𝑑𝑡 𝑛
See Example 3.13 − 2𝜋𝑓 2 𝐺(𝑓)
Lathi 4th Ed.
DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 18
SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LTI SYSTEMS
LTI: Linear Time Invariant System 𝑔(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
ℎ(𝑡) is the impulse response
𝐻 𝑓 is the frequency response ( Transfer Function) 𝐺(𝑓) 𝐻(𝑓) 𝑌(𝑓)

𝑦 𝑡 =𝑔 𝑡 ∗ℎ 𝑡
𝑌 𝑓 =𝐺 𝑓 𝐻 𝑓
 |𝑌 𝑓 | = |𝐺 𝑓 ||𝐻 𝑓 |
 𝜃𝑌 𝑓 = 𝜃𝐺 𝑓 +𝜃𝐻 𝑓

If the input is sinusoidal then the output is sinusoidal with the same frequency but
could have different amplitude and different phase
In general, form nonlinear systems, the output may be different than the input.

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 19

 𝑥(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)

DISTORTIONLESS TRANSMISSION
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑘𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑 )
Distortionless systems are loved by communications 𝑌 𝑓 = 𝑋 𝑓 𝐻(𝑓)
engineers.
The conditions for distortion less is fixed amplitude scale
change and constant delay. 𝑌 𝑓 = 𝑘𝑋 𝑓 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑑
This translates in frequency domain to
𝐻 𝑓 =𝑘
1. Constant amplitude response 𝐻 𝑓 𝜃ℎ 𝑓 = −2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑑
2. Linear phase 𝜃𝐻 (𝑓) 1 𝑑𝜃𝑛
𝑡𝑑 = −
Audio applications are sensitive to amplitude distortion. 2𝜋 𝑑𝑓
Video applications are sensitive to phase change (read text 𝐻 𝑓
p.94-95 Lathi 4th ed.) 𝑘
𝑓
Why linear phase requirements? (Physical Explanation) 0
𝜃ℎ (𝑓)

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 20

PHYSICAL EXPLANATION OF LINEAR PHASE

𝑡𝑑

Phase Distortion

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 21

IDEAL VERSUS PRACTICAL FILTERS
lowpass

𝑓 𝑓
𝐻 𝑓 =Π 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑑 ℎ 𝑡 = ℱ −1 Π 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑑 ℎ 𝑡 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0
2𝐵 2𝐵
ℎ 𝑡 = 2𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 2𝜋𝐵(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑 )

Highpass
Bandpass DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 22
EXAMPLE… PRACTICAL FILTER

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 23

CONTINUE… EXAMPLE SOLUTION

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 24