Erd - 10-01

ENGINEERING REFERENCE DOCUMENT
ERD-10-01
OCT-93
PIPELINE AND FLOWLINE

INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT
CODE OF PRACTICE
This Engineering Reference Document (ERD) is intended for use by Petroleum

Development Oman LLC and its nominated Consultants and Contractors.
PIPELINE AND FLOWLINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT ERD-10-01
CODE OF PRACTICE October 1993
Page 1
USER GUIDELINES
Engineering Reference Documents (ERDS) contain information on PDO facilities and buildings that
are either used repeatedly, or that are retained for future reference.
The ERD system is intended to:
 Publish Guidelines or Codes of Practice.

 Set the Company Standards.
 Form a basis of technical Specifications for the Procurement of equipment or
technical services.
 Disseminate and record engineering information, experience and standard
procedures.
ERDs shall be prepared and revised in accordance with ERD-00-10 'Content and Presentation of
Facilities Reference Documents'.
The responsibility for the technical content of this ERD rests with the Functional Discipline Head
indicated at the end of this section.
This ERD is intended for use by PDO and its nominated Consultants and Contractors.
It is the responsibility of the user of this ERD to ensure he is using the latest revision by reference to
the latest edition of ERD-00-01 Index to Facilities Reference Document.
Any user of this ERD who encounters an inaccuracy or ambiguity is requested to notify the
Functional Discipline Head immediately using the User Feedback provided in the final page.
Custodian FDH/Dept. Head Line Director
ADS/33 ADS/3 AD
Do not use this copy of the ERD if the print-out date is before the latest issue date. The print-out date is on
the bottom of every page. You can find the latest issue date for this ERD on the wall-chart ERD-00-01. Check
the PDO-Intranet (DCS pages) for news about temporary amendments. Print-out date :
09/22/22
ERD-10-01 PIPELINE AND FLOWLINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT
October 1993 CODE OF PRACTICE
Page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 4
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF DOCUMENT, AUTHORITY AND REVISIONS...........................................4
1.2 SCOPE.................................................................................................................................. 4
1.3 DEFINITIONS,ABBREVIATIONS AND CROSS REFERENCES..........................................4
2 OBJECTIVES OF PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT...........................................6
3 ORGANISAITON AND RESPONSIBILITIES.................................................................7

3.1 ASSET HOLDERSHIP SCHEME.......................................................................................... 7
3.2 FUNCTIONAL DISCIPLINE HEAD AND SUPPORT FUNCTIONS.......................................7
3.3 STAFFING AND TRAINING.................................................................................................. 8
3.4 PIPELINE INTEGRITY MEETINGS.......................................................................................8
3.5 PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM............................................................................................... 8
4 STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES...............................................................................9
5 PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE MONITORING......................................................10

5.1 PLANNING........................................................................................................................... 10
5.1.1 Development Phase...................................................................................................... 10
5.1.2 Operations Phase......................................................................................................... 10
5.1.3 Removal Phase............................................................................................................. 10
5.2 PERFORMANCE MONITORING......................................................................................... 10
6 PIPELINE CLASSIFICATION.......................................................................................11
6.1 PIPELINE RISK................................................................................................................... 11
6.2 PIPELINE CLASSES........................................................................................................... 11
7 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS DEVELOPMENT PHASE..........................................12
7.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................ 12
7.2 DESIGN............................................................................................................................... 12
7.2.1 General......................................................................................................................... 12
7.2.2 Reviews........................................................................................................................ 12
7.2.3 EIA Requirements......................................................................................................... 12
7.2.4 Hydraulic Design........................................................................................................... 12
7.2.5 Material selection.......................................................................................................... 13
7.2.6 Crossings...................................................................................................................... 13
7.2.7 Burial/above ground installation....................................................................................13
7.2.8 Corrosion Control And Monitoring (metallic pipes)........................................................13
7.2.9 Provision For Pigging.................................................................................................... 14
7.3 CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................................ 14
8 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS OPERATIONS PHASE..............................................15
8.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................ 15
8.2 OPERATIONS..................................................................................................................... 15
8.3 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION...................................................................................15
8.3.1 Pipeline Accessories..................................................................................................... 15
8.3.2 Routine Pigging (metallic pipes)....................................................................................16
8.3.3 External Condition Monitoring.......................................................................................16
8.3.4 Internal Condition Monitoring (metallic pipe).................................................................17
8.3.5 Intelligent pigging and UT measurement (metallic pipe)...............................................17
8.3.6 Corrosion Control Strategy............................................................................................18
8.3.7 Loading Lines................................................................................................................ 18
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8.4 MODIFICATION................................................................................................................... 18
8.5 DEFECT ASSESSMENT, DERATING, REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT............................18
8.5.1 Defect assessment....................................................................................................... 18
8.5.2 Derating........................................................................................................................ 19
8.5.3 Repair........................................................................................................................... 19
8.5.4 Replacement................................................................................................................. 19
8.6 EMERGENCY...................................................................................................................... 19
9 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS REMOVAL PHASE....................................................21
10 DOCUMENTATION AND DATA................................................................................22

10.1 DEVELOPMENT PHASE..................................................................................................... 22
10.2 OPERATIONS PHASE........................................................................................................ 22
USER FEEDBACK PAGE...................................................................................................27
Figure 1.............................................................................................................................................. 24
APPENDIX 1 : CROSS REFERENCES............................................................................................. 21

APPENDIX 2 : MONTHLY REPORT REQUIREMENTS...................................................................22
APPENDIX 3 : PIPELINE INTEGRITY MEETINGS...........................................................................23
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF DOCUMENT, AUTHORITY AND REVISIONS

The objective of this document is to define for PDO pipelines and flowlines,
 life cycle integrity management,

 minimum organisational, procedural and technical requirements,
 integrity policies and recommended practices
Sections 2 to 5 deal with the management process of integrity and lay down the minimum
requirements, while sections 6 to 10 deal with technical requirements.
Intended users are all persons involved in managing the pipeline and flowline assets from conceptual
design to abandonment.
This document is intended to be the umbrella document on pipeline and flowline integrity and makes
reference to standard documents where applicable. It supersedes previous pipeline integrity policies
and ERD 10-12, Pipeline/Flowline Repair Policy. Where the technical requirements are not yet
available in reference documents, then these are included in this Code of Practice. It incorporates
the lessons learnt over the last few years as highlighted in the SIPM reviews of January 1991 (ref. no
1) and May 1992 (ref. no 2).
Regular reviews and updates shall be carried out to capture improvements in policies and prescribed
practices. The maximum review interval shall be 3 years but interim reviews can be authorised by
the Pipeline Functional Discipline Head.
1.2 SCOPE
Figure 1 illustrates the scope boundaries of this document.
A pipeline extends from pig trap to pig trap and includes the pig traps and associated pipework and
valves. The delineation between the pipeline and the station is the specification break between the
pipeline design code ASME B 31.4/8 (ref. no 3 and 4) and the station design code ASME B 31.3 (ref.
no 5). If, for existing pipelines, the specification break is not clear, then the pipeline extends to the
first isolation valve within the plant boundaries.
A flowline extends between wellhead and manifold or vice versa. The delineation is the flange
downstream of the wellhead valves and the flange upstream of the manifold valve (ref. no 6).
1.3 DEFINITIONS,ABBREVIATIONS AND CROSS REFERENCES
Flowline pipeline between head and treatment or gathering facility transporting unprocessed
hydrocarbons and other reservoir fluids or a pipeline between gathering or treatment
facilities and wellhead transporting water or gas (injection lines).
Pipeline a pipe transporting liquid or gaseous fluids or a mixture of both between (but excluding)
gathering/production plants, pressure boosting stations, processing plants, storage and
export facilities.
BSW basic, sediment and water.
BVS block valve station
CP cathodic protection system
EIA environmental impact assessment
FBE fusion bonded epoxy
GRE glass fibre reinforced epoxy
MAOP maximum allowable operating pressure
PE polyethylene
PCOP pipeline integrity management code of practice
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FDH functional discipline head

PLEM pipeline and manifold
ROW right of way
WT wall thickness
Cross-references are shown in brackets and tabled in Appendix 1. This PCOP captures issues on
integrity management covered in various other documents so a detailed cross-reference would be
impractical. Documents are only referred to when they further expand on the subject and are
recommended reading in conjunction with this PCOP.
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2 OBJECTIVES OF PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT

The EP definition of technical integrity is (ref. no 7):
"Technical Integrity of a system exists when, under specified operating conditions, there is no
foreseeable risk of its failure endangering personnel, environment or asset value.”
The objectives of pipeline integrity management are:
 to maximise asset availability and its net present value,

 to minimise health, safety and environmental risk,
 to safeguard and be able to demonstrate technical integrity
throughout the asset life.
To achieve these objectives, the following approach shall be implemented:
 identification of critical factors and technical requirements,

 structured planning over the life cycle of the asset,
 single point responsibility and accountability,
 feedback loop and control mechanism for performance monitoring.
A no-leak policy shall be operated for class 1 lines. A program shall be in place for class 2 lines to
continuously improve the leak frequencies on a yearly basis.
This approach will result in a documented action plan per pipeline and per group of flowlines,
consisting of activities, budget and schedule. This plan will be unique per pipeline and per group of
flowlines and its extent will be directly related to the failure consequences that the pipeline or group
of flowlines may be exposed to.
The integrity objectives shall be in line with PDO HSE policy (ref. no 8) and Business Objectives (ref.
no 9).
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3 ORGANISAITON AND RESPONSIBILITIES
3.1 ASSET HOLDERSHIP SCHEME

An asset holder-ship scheme shall be in place based on the Operations Business Planning (ref. no
10), and be incorporated in the job descriptions of relevant personnel.
The asset holders and custodians in each phase can be assisted by specialist support functions
such as pipeline engineering, corrosion control and materials engineering, inspection services,
production chemistry and the co-ordination of emergency exercises.
The technical requirements are conveniently divided in the phase in which they usually occur
(section 7,8 and 9). Of course, these requirements can overlap the phases (e.g. when a line is
hydro-tested but not handed over for a long period).
Development Phase:
This phase covers conceptual engineering, front-end engineering, project execution and project
closeout and is covered by capex budgets.
The asset holder during conceptual stage shall be the conceptual engineer (up to completion of the
PDEP 3 document), while from design to handover this shall be the project engineer (from start of
PDEP 4 document onwards).
Operations phase:
This phase starts at the handover of the facilities to the operations asset holder, includes inspection,
maintenance and repair and ends when the content of the asset is removed, the asset is left in a
safe condition (abandoned) and the asset is written off. This phase is covered by opex budgets.
The asset holder and asset custodian responsibilities shall be in line with Standing Instruction no 9
(ref. no 11), summarised below:
"The role of the asset holder is one of single-point accountability for the management of a particular
Capital Asset over part or all of its life-cycle, in pursuance of Corporate objectives. He may delegate
some or part of the responsibility for the day-to day execution to an Asset Custodian."
"The Asset Custodian shall be responsible for the safeguarding the physical existence, condition and
technical integrity of the asset."
The asset holder shall keep an up to date asset register, identifying the asset holder and custodian
by reference indicator against each pipeline and group of flowlines (ref. no 12).
Removal Phase:
This phase covers the removal of the abandoned asset and disposal of materials and is covered by
opex budgets. The asset holder-ship shall be transferred to the project engineer in the development
units for removal and to supply department in the technical support unit for disposal of the materials.
3.2 FUNCTIONAL DISCIPLINE HEAD AND SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
The pipeline FDH shall be responsible for the pipeline technical integrity standards. His
responsibilities shall include:
 to seek feedback from asset holders and custodians in order to analyse the
performance, to recommend improvements and to update the standards,
 to liase with the technology support groups on the development and implementation
of new materials and technologies and related research,
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 to provide support on specific pipeline issues
Deviations of the minimum requirements in this PCOP may be possible in certain cases but need to
be justified individually in accordance with the Technical Authority System (ref. no 13).
3.3 STAFFING AND TRAINING
Competencies shall be established against positions involved in integrity management and resulting
training organised where there is perceived lack in skills. Contractor staff shall be vetted with regard
to competence and experience.
The staffing numbers should be derived from the yearly activity review, see section 5.
3.4 PIPELINE INTEGRITY MEETINGS
A 3-level structure shall be in place:
1. Pipeline Integrity Steering Committee with the objective and authority to endorse and update
policies and strategies.
2. Corporate Pipeline Integrity Meeting with the objective and authority to implement policies
and provide feedback to the Steering Committee. Cross unit activities are discussed and
experience shared.
3. Unit Pipeline Integrity Meeting with the objective to discuss day to day implementation issues.
More details are provided in Appendix 3.

3.5 PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM
The Permit To Work system (O.P.P no OPD.07.001) shall apply to activities on new and existing
lines.
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4 STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES

This PCOP is the policy document for pipeline and flowline integrity management and forms part of
the overall "PDO Facilities Related Standards and Procedures".
The pipeline FDH shall put a structure of standards and procedures in place and issue an update
every year. The structure shall:
 consider the full life cycle of pipelines and flowlines,

 indicate the hierarchy of the documents,
 maximise the use of Group standards,
 minimise specific PDO requirements,
 pursue the authorisation process whereby variations are justified both for technical
and business reasons
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5 PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE MONITORING
5.1 PLANNING
Activities shall be planned in line with the corporate planning cycle.
5.1.1 Development Phase
The pipeline development phase which includes new and replacement pipelines shall be executed in
line with the Engineering Work Manual and the Group Guide (ref. no 14 and 15) and Project
Definition and Execution Plans shall be prepared.
Flowline installation shall be executed to meet the requirement of the drilling sequence as revised
monthly.
5.1.2 Operations Phase
The operations phase shall be executed in line with the Integrated Operations Plan (ref. no 16).
An annual activity plan shall be drawn up per pipeline and per group of flowlines by the asset
custodian in liaison with support groups. These plans shall be approved by the asset holder and shall
include all activities to maintain the long-term integrity for the next year with as a minimum:
 review of the operating envelopee,

 review of maintenance and inspection results,
 review of performance against targets,
 review of integrity and expected trends,
 review of repairs and modifications,
 review of emergencies and emergency exercises held,
 proposed activities, action parties, frequencies and budget,
 target asset availability,
 target for performance indicators
The plans shall be implemented upon approval and progress reported on a monthly basis to the
asset holder, with minimum reporting requirements shown in appendix 2.
5.1.3 Removal Phase
Activities shall be executed in line with the project management guidelines in the EWM (ref. no 14)
5.2 PERFORMANCE MONITORING
In line with the objectives of pipeline integrity management, the following performance indicators
during the operations phase should be used as a minimum and reported in the yearly review against
agreed targets:
 leak frequencies for each area

 number of deviations from planned activity
 operating expenditure versus asset replacement value
An independent review shall be initiated by the pipeline FDH and held every 2 years to assess that
technical integrity of pipelines is being maintained and that integrity management is in place. The
review should preferably be led by an outside party.
The asset holder shall arrange for an internal audit every 2 years.
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6 PIPELINE CLASSIFICATION
6.1 PIPELINE RISK

Risk is defined as the product of failure probability multiplied with failure consequence.
Failure causes in PDO are mainly due to internal corrosion, external corrosion and impact. Failure
consequences can be categorised in terms of health and safety of personnel, environment, loss of
asset and loss of revenue.
Risk of each pipeline can be expressed in monetary terms. Integrity actions will reduce the risks by
either reducing the failure probability or the failure consequences. Therefore a direct economic
analysis of costs versus benefits should be possible.
Integrity action plans (and priority allocation) should ideally be based on a quantitative risk ranking.
Whilst pipeline failure consequences are reasonably known in PDO, pipeline failure probabilities are
not and hence a proper risk ranking is at present not feasible. The policy implementation proposed in
this PCOP is therefore based on a classification of pipelines and flowlines in terms of failure
consequences only and does not take the failure probability into account. This approach is
considered applicable in PDO until:
 more experience is gained with these policies,

 at least one feedback loop on the action plans is performed,
 pipelines and groups of flowlines are ranked on the basis of risk
6.2 PIPELINE CLASSES
All pipelines and group of flowlines shall be categorised into 2 classes:
Class 1 (High Consequence of Failure)
Health and Safety:

 lines in populated areas transporting hydrocarbons
 gaslines in all locations operating at pressures of ANSI 900lbs and above
Environment:
 lines in environmentally sensitive areas transporting liquid hydrocarbons
Asset value:
 lines with an estimated replacement value exceeding US$ 1 million
Loss of Revenue:
 lines transporting more then 1500 m3/day net oil,
 government gas lines,
 fuel gas, water injection and gas lift lines having an impact on more then 1500
m3/day of net oil production
Class 2 (Low Consequence of Failure)
 All lines not in class 1. "(e.g. most flowlines, gaslift lines and waterlines)"
Populated areas are those in location class 2, 3 and 4 (ref. no 4).

Environmentally sensitive areas are populated areas or cultivated areas or areas with shallow ground
water.
The 1500 m3/day represents just over 1 % of the current PDO production and is an arbitrary figure.
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7 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS DEVELOPMENT PHASE
7.1 GENERAL
Pipelines and flowlines shall be designed, material procured, constructed and pre-commissioned in
accordance with DEP 31.40.00.10 (ref. no 18) and PDO specifications (ref. no 32 and 33), with
amendments and additions as detailed below. For flowlines, ERD-10-13 Flowlines Manual shall also
apply. Practical design guidelines available in Production Handbook Volume 8 (ref. no 19).
Technical requirements are only discussed when deviating from above references or, in the past,
having proved to be problem areas causing loss of integrity.
7.2 DESIGN
7.2.1 General
The design shall cover the economic life of the reservoir, taking into consideration the operating
conditions over its entire design life, i.e. the maximum planned throughput, the characteristics of the
fluids transported, the pressure and temperature requirements, the location and the environmental
conditions.
The design life shall be clearly established, and can be less than the economic life of the reservoir if
a replacement strategy is chosen as the most economical solution. The design shall take due
account of the operations, inspection and maintenance requirements and establish the related
philosophies.
7.2.2 Reviews
For new class 1 lines and standard design practices for class 2 lines (such as ERD 10-13, Flowline
Design Manual), reviews shall be performed and documented to ensure that technical integrity is
guaranteed from a design point of view and as a minimum cover:
 a review of conceptual engineering concentrating on the hydraulic design, materials

choice, corrosion control strategy, inspection philosophy and pigging facilities;
 a HAZOP study during the front-end design stage, usually as part of the facilities
HAZOP;
 a review of the detailed design by senior discipline and operations members.
The future asset holder and custodian shall be involved in policy decisions where deviating from this
PCOP.
7.2.3 EIA Requirements
EIA shall be carried out on lines which are routed through environmentally sensitive areas or which
form part of a project, which is subjected to an EIA.
Environmental Impact Statements shall be prepared for all new and replacement pipelines in line
with the Engineering Work Manual (ref. no 14).
7.2.4 Hydraulic Design
Design velocities shall be in the following range:
Minimum Velocity Maximum Velocity

Liquid * 1.5 m/s 4 m/s
Dry gas not applicable 20 m/s
Wet gas 3 m/s 20 m/s
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* Minimum velocity only applies to liquid lines with BS&W up to 20%, but excludes dry crude lines at 0%
BS&W. In case the minimum velocity can not be achieved economically (e.g. high pumping station costs), then
a corrosion control strategy shall be developed based on water drop-out in the line.
7.2.5 Material selection

The selection of the pipeline or flowline material is a fundamental issue to be decided and
documented during the conceptual design stage. This selection shall be based on minimum cost
covering initial capex, maintenance, inspection, repair and replacement cost over the economic life of
the field. Also the selection shall be supported by a maintenance, inspection, pigging and operations
philosophy.
For metallic materials, ERD-08-02 (ref. no 20) shall be applied in dealing with sour service
conditions. In general it is good practice to select sour service line pipe and fittings in view of the
minimal extra initial investment and the possibilities of hydrocarbon and water reservoirs going sour
during the field lifetime.
Application guidelines for material selection for internal corrosion mitigation are:
water wet gas crude

steel +PE-liner yes no no (1)
steel +FBE-coating yes (2) no (1) no (1)
GRE-material (3) yes yes yes
Steel with corrosion yes yes yes
allowance (4)
Steel with corrosion yes yes yes
Inhibition
Exotic steels yes yes yes
(1) Current applications are pilot tests only and are part of the -development program of these
materials; new applications can be considered in consultation with the pipeline FDH and the
corrosion and materials FDH.
(2) Internal FBE-coating shall not be considered as an absolute barrier against internal corrosion
and an appropriate inspection policy is to be developed.
(3) Limited to a maximum pressure of 4500 kPa, but higher pressure can be considered in
consultation with the corrosion and materials functional discipline head.
(4) Corrosion allowances in excess of 3 mm shall only be considered after a detailed analysis by
corrosion specialists.
Advice shall be obtained from the corrosion and materials FDH in the selection process.
7.2.6 Crossings
Road crossing analysis shall be performed taking into account all perceived traffic loads (including
rigs, tanks and tanks on transports where applicable). Allowable loads per road crossing shall be fully
documented and form part of the handover documentation.
7.2.7 Burial/above ground installation
All class 1 lines shall be buried to reduce the failure probability of third party impact, unless justified
on an individual basis for surface installation.
All surface lines shall be installed clear of the ground with proper allowance for thermal expansion. In
areas where lines can be covered under blown sand, the goal post supports shall be of the elevated
type. Design of the supports shall be so as to prevent corrosion at the support point.
7.2.8 Corrosion Control And Monitoring (metallic pipes)
General requirements are described in reference 18. Corrosion control and monitoring practice for
wet gas lines is described in reference 21.
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For buried lines, a pit shall be installed providing facilities for corrosion coupons, sampling facilities
and sufficient room to ultrasonic scan a 1 meter section of pipe. The location and number of pits
shall be determined in co-operation with the corrosion and production chemistry support functions.
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7.2.9 Provision For Pigging

(a) Intelligent pigging - All class 1 lines (i.e. all buried lines) shall have provisions for intelligent
pigging, unless constructed from corrosion resistant materials.
(b) Routine cleaning pigging - All class 1 lines shall have provisions for periodic pigging, which
can consist of a pig-trap or pig valves.
Even when not apparent from a corrosion control or intelligent pigging point of view, in general it is
good practice to provide pigging facilities or make the provisions for future installation thereby
creating the possibility for cleaning the line, batch inhibition, product separation (during
commissioning and decommissioning), plugging operations, etc.
7.3 CONSTRUCTION
All lines shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove any construction debris and/or loose scale. For
metallic pipes, the hydro-test water shall preferably be left in the line, with suitable inhibition and be
displaced by hydrocarbons during commissioning. If this is not possible, then the line shall be dried
to a dew point meeting the product specification for gas lines or dried to a dew point 10C below the
expected ambient temperature to prevent corrosion in the period between emptying the line and
introducing hydrocarbons.
Pipeline markers and barriers shall be installed (ref. no 3 and 4).
For class 1 lines designed for intelligent pigging, a baseline survey shall be performed immediately
after installation as part of the development phase and capex budget. The inspection results shall be
part of the handover documentation.
For piping associated with the pipeline and designed to ASME B31.4/8, the key points designated for
future inspection shall be UT scanned as a baseline survey and the results shall form part of the
handover documentation.
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8 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS OPERATIONS PHASE
8.1 GENERAL
Pipelines and flowlines shall be operated in accordance with the Pipeline Operations Manual (ref. no
22), with amendments and additions as detailed below. Practical guidelines are available in the PDO
Operations Standards, Surface Equipment (ref. no 23).
Technical requirements are only discussed when deviating from the above or, in the past, having
proved to be problem areas causing loss of integrity.
8.2 OPERATIONS
As part of the handover documentation, the project engineer shall provide the asset holder with the
asset-operating envelopee, which shall cover as a minimum:
 pressure and temperature,

 design life,
 fluid composition, BS&W,
 flow and velocity,
 inhibition requirements,
 trip settings,
 dew point for gas lines,
 sour/non-sour design
The asset holder shall operate the line within the specified operating envelope or delegate this
operation to an asset operator. For class 1 lines, the product transported shall be checked on a
regular basis and any deviation from the design intent reported to the asset custodian for verification
of the impact on the asset integrity. The deviations shall be included in the asset custodian monthly
report.
All leaks shall be reported in the Corrosion Management System (ref. no 24).
8.3 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
8.3.1 Pipeline Accessories

 Pig Traps - end closure seal and bleed lock shall be inspected before every pigging
operation both at launcher and receiver.
Internal and external condition of the barrel, end closure, and associated valves shall be
visually inspected twice a year and maintained as indicated by the inspection results.
Valves shall be operated twice per year.
 Piping designed to ASME B31.4/8 (e.g. associated with the pig trap or pipework
within the BVS fence) shall be inspected at points where corrosion or erosion could occur,
on a yearly basis by visual means and UT measurements. After 2 years, the inspection
frequency can be optimised via the yearly pipeline integrity plan. Buried piping shall be
inspected when corrosive conditions are confirmed in above ground piping or when
deteriorating coating is suspected. Buried piping shall be excavated at selected locations to
check the integrity of the external coating at least every 10 years.
 Isolating joints - the electrical isolating capacities shall be checked yearly.
 Chemical injection facilities and sampling points shall be inspected yearly.
 Instrumentation - control and protective equipment shall be inspected yearly and
checked that the setting concurs with the operating envelopee of the pipeline.
 Relief valves shall be tested every 2 years increasing to 5 years depending on
performance (ref. no 25).
 ESD valves - the testing frequency shall be 3 times per year which can be done on
an opportunity basis (ref. no 26)
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 BVS - the testing frequency shall be 2 times per year and can be done on an
opportunity basis. The condition of the site, warning signs and fence and the availability of
keys shall also be checked.
 CP - transformer output shall be checked on a monthly basis. Potential recording at
test points shall be checked every 3 months. On/off potentials shall be taken every year.
8.3.2 Routine Pigging (metallic pipes)
Routine pigging shall be done for class 1 lines as a first line of defence in corrosion mitigation to
prevent corrosion product build-up, debris collecting in the line or liquid hold-up in case of two-phase
flow pipelines. The frequency is dependent on the corrosive conditions in the line and shall through
experience be determined for each individual line. Until experience is gained, the minimum
frequencies for class 1 lines are as follows:
 oil lines: weekly

 wet gas lines: weekly
 dry gas lines: every 3 months
 dry gas with internal coating: every 6 months
 PE-lined water injection lines (1): when fouling is suspected
 internally coated FBE-lines (1): when corrosion products are suspected to be
present.
(1) Until sufficient experience is gained, the lining/coating manufacturers’ recommendation in pig
selection shall be followed.
Sudden increases in pigging debris return shall be investigated to determine the cause and an
increased pigging frequency shall be adopted until a remedial action has proved effective.
In certain cases, additional protection may be obtained through the use of a corrosion inhibitor. If
applied as a batch treatment, this is best done in combination with the pigging operation.
8.3.3 External Condition Monitoring
Routine monitoring shall include:
 checking for leaks,

 third party activities, especially excavations and unauthorised vehicle crossings,
 the condition of the right of way strip and wind row,
 cover and position of the pipe at wadi and road crossings,
 soil subsidence at falaj crossings,
 condition of pipeline markers and barriers
Lines in environmentally sensitive areas shall be patrolled by car every week.
Other pipelines and flowlines shall be patrolled by car every month, which can be covered by routine
travel of e.g. operators as long as a formal reporting procedure is in place. Detailed ROW survey
shall be performed on an annual basis for all lines in location class 2 or higher (ref. no 4) and cover
changes in land use and re-evaluation of population densities and habitation distances. Special
points such as wadi crossings shall be inspected more frequently e.g. following heavy rain.
Pipeline external coating shall be checked by means of close interval potential survey every 3 years.
In case coating damage is suspected after this survey, a DCVG survey can be carried out to more
accurately predict a repair scope of work.
Above ground lines shall be checked yearly where external corrosion is suspected. Lines shall be
put back on supports and made free of blown sand.
For above ground lines which do not have an intelligent survey done, a selected number of road
crossings shall be excavated every 10 years as a minimum to check the external coating condition.
09/22/22
Page 18
8.3.4 Internal Condition Monitoring (metallic pipe)

Routine internal pipeline monitoring operations shall be performed on class 1 lines to gather data for
trend analysis as an early warning for loss of integrity. The frequency is dependent on the risk of the
pipeline and can vary when operating experience with the line is built up. Minimum recommended
activities are:
 Product analysis every 3 months.

 Corrosion coupons and probes shall be retrieved with such a frequency to provide
at least one result per 3 months. This frequency can be optimised once experience is
gained with the pipeline and no changes in operating conditions occur.
 Pig debris shall be analysed when sudden increases in debris returns are observed.
8.3.5 Intelligent pigging and UT measurement (metallic pipe)
This activity is part of internal condition monitoring but in view of its importance and cost impact, it is
discussed under its own heading. The philosophy is to inspect every pipeline or group of flowlines
on a regular basis to able to demonstrate its integrity with a high degree of confidence.
In general, intelligent pigging is performed to check the general condition of the line. UT is
performed at selected locations to check for corrosion growth and therefor confirm the effectiveness
of corrosion mitigation measures, or UT is done in lieu of intelligent pigging for non-piggable lines.
* Check for general corrosion
For class 1 lines, low-resolution intelligent tools should be used in general. Where other type of
tools are chosen, a cost justification shall be provided compared with a low-resolution tool. The
frequency of intelligent inspection and UT measurement depends on the pipeline risk and until
sufficient experience is built up to judge otherwise, the following frequencies shall be followed;
Class 1 piggable lines:

 intelligent inspection every 3 years except for dry gas lines at 6 year interval
Class 1 non-piggable lines:

 UT checks at 1 location per 2 km with a minimum of 2 per pipeline every 3 years
with the exception for dry gas lines at 6 years interval.
Class 2 pipelines and class 2 group of flowlines:

 UT check at 1 location per 4 km with a minimum of 2 per pipeline or group of
flowlines every 3 years with the exception of dry gas lines at 6 years interval.
In case of UT measurements, the locations shall be selected where internal corrosion is most likely
to occur. The UT measurements can be manual and a section of minimum 1 meter shall be
examined. When defects are detected, an automated UT scan shall be performed to provide a
detailed defect contour map. The initial measurement shall be for the full circumference of the pipe.
In case of defects present, the follow-on inspections shall be automated and performed every 6
months. If no defects are found, then checks at additional locations can be performed during the
next inspection cycle.
* Check for effectiveness of corrosion mitigation
If for class 1 lines internal corrosion is found, then permanent UT pits at a number of selected
locations (minimum 2) shall be built to monitor the corrosion growth every 6 months, unless this can
not be justified within the remaining economic life of the line.
UT measurements can also be taken in existing corrosion monitoring pits to substantiate corrosion
coupon readings. This method shall be used in all locations where coupon results indicate corrosion
in excess of the corrosion design criteria.
09/22/22
Page 19
*Remarks
Pressure testing shall be carried out as per design codes requirements (ref. no 3 and 4) for new,
replacement, partial replacement lines or when the service is changed. However, pressure testing
as a condition monitoring technique shall only be considered in conjunction with other techniques
and measures, since pressure testing does not allow to establish corrosion presence or trends. It
could be used as a supplement to UT checks on non-piggable lines.
8.3.6 Corrosion Control Strategy
Inspection and maintenance data shall be kept in EPMARS and the Corrosion Management System
database. The results shall be reviewed periodically, but at least annually with the objective of
verifying the effectiveness of the corrosion control strategy and compare this with the planned
strategy. The review shall be co-ordinated by the asset custodian with input from the various
support groups such as pipeline engineering, corrosion, material and production chemistry
specialists.
8.3.7 Loading Lines
Inspection requirements for the loading lines running from the terminal to the SBM are:
 automated ultrasonic scan at PLEM: every 5 years

 remote operated vehicle survey: every 3 years
 diver inspections at critical locations and PLEM including CP potential readings:
every 8 months
 onshore and offshore ESD and isolation valve testing: 3 times per year
 CP transformer check: every month.
The inspections should reveal:
 any damage to the pipeline or external coating and appurtenances

 any change in position
 extent of subsidence and silting
 presence of debris and condition of seabed in vicinity
 extent of marine growth
 effectiveness of CP
 effectiveness of isolation and ESD valves
 condition of anodes
8.4 MODIFICATION
Any modification to an existing pipeline or deviation/change in its operating parameters outside the
design intent shall be evaluated before implementation to ensure the full impact of the modification is
considered. All modifications shall be approved by the asset holder via a documented Field Change
Proposal. Similar handover procedures and documentation shall apply as for new projects.
8.5 DEFECT ASSESSMENT, DERATING, REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT (METALLIC PIPE)
This section only deals with defects in the body of line pipe which have smooth contours and cause
low stress concentration, e.g. due to corrosion or erosion (ref. no 27). Other defects shall be treated
as per ASME B31.4/8 (ref. no 3 and 4).
8.5.1 Defect assessment
Defects shall be assessed in line with the pipeline design codes (ref. no 3,4,27 and 28). In case of
defects detected by low resolution intelligent pigs, enhanced gradings of a representative number of
defects shall be carried out to obtain detailed dimensions and the geography of the defects.
To further gain statistical confidence in the overall defect assessment, a number of defects shall be
located and excavated. Automated UT-scans can then be carried out to calibrate enhanced
gradings.
09/22/22
Page 20
Prior to physical repair of a pipeline, defects need to be assessed accurately to determine the
optimal repair method. External defects shall be assessed visually and where possible with gauge
measurements. Internal defects shall be assessed by UT measurements. Potential deterioration and
possibility for future monitoring shall be considered.
8.5.2 Derating
The pipeline-operating envelopee shall be adjusted in line with the defect assessment. If the derated
operating envelope satisfies the forecasted operating requirements during the remaining design life
of the asset, this derated envelope shall be put in place and repairs are not required. Related
protection instrumentation such as high-pressure alarms, relief valve settings and pump trip settings
shall be adjusted in line with the derated operating envelope.
8.5.3 Repair
(a) Non leaking defects:
 defects with WT reduction of less than 10% do not need repair;

 defects with WT reduction more than 80% shall be cut-out as soon as possible and
replaced with a new section;
 defects with WT reduction of more than 10% and less than 80%: the remaining strength
shall be determined.
If the defect causes the MAOP of the line to be below the requirements, than the defects shall be
repaired by the installation of a sleeve. On external defects, epoxy grouted sleeves can be installed.
On internal defects, epoxy grouted sleeves can be installed provided that it can be demonstrated
that the growth of internal corrosion has been mitigated. This sleeve can be used to reinstate the
pipe to its original strength. If it can not be demonstrated that the corrosion is mitigated, then an
economic analysis of sleeving versus partial or full replacement should be performed.
(b) Leaking defects:
 Leaks can be temporarily repaired with proprietary clamps;

 for class 1 lines, a permanent repair consisting of a replacement section shall be made
within 3 months, unless replacement of the line has been initiated;
 for class 2 lines proprietary clamps can be used as a permanent repair except in following
cases when the clamp shall be replaced with a permanent repair within 3 months:
 line is buried, or,

 the H2S content of the fluid transported is 500 ppm (v/v) or more or
 the operating pressure exceeds 9000kPa or
 leak is situated on-plot and the line transport gas or live crude
8.5.4 Replacement
Lines shall be replaced when the pipeline integrity objectives can no longer be achieved. The
replacement decision shall be made by the asset holder in consultation with the support group from
pipeline engineering, corrosion and materials engineering.
Some conditions for pipeline and flowline replacements are:
 The line can no longer be operated to the desired operating envelope, e.g. required
increase in capacity can not be catered for or MAOP has to be derated.
 Projected operating expenditure is no longer economical, which shall include all
anticipated repair costs, clean-up costs of spills and loss of income. For flowlines, this
typically would be when the sustained repair costs are expected to exceed 8% per annum
of the flowline replacement cost or when the leak rate is expected to exceed more than 2
leaks/km/year (ref. no 29).
8.6 EMERGENCY
09/22/22
Page 21
A detailed emergency manual (ref. no 30) shall be available, owned by the asset holder.
Areas where oil spills can enter into the water table or have an impact on inhabited areas shall be
clearly identified and measures specified to limit environmental damage.
A detailed repair manual (ref. no 31) shall be available, owned by the pipeline FDH, covering repair
methods, procedures and materials.
A stock of emergency materials shall be kept, owned and maintained by the asset custodian.
Materials shall be inspected on a yearly basis and a maintenance program be in place.
The emergency plans shall be tested in each Development and Production unit with following
frequencies:
DPU-A DPU-A DPU-A DPU-B

Government High Point-SBM
Gas
Responsible AOG AOT AOR BOR

Party
Level II yearly yearly yearly (oil or gas) Yearly (oil or gas)
DPU-A DPU-B
Responsible Party AOM/AGM BOM
Level III every 2 years* Every 2 years*
* Exercises should alternate between the business units and the asset holders such that there is at
least 1 Level III in PDO per year.
09/22/22
Page 22
9 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS REMOVAL PHASE

The operations phase asset holder shall decide when to take a pipeline or flowline out of service. He
shall then leave the asset in a safe condition and arrange to write the asset off. If a future need for
the asset in-situ or the materials is foreseen, then precautions shall be taken to prevent its
deterioration. If no future use is foreseen, then the asset shall be removed from the site within 5
years of its end of service. The removal can be executed under asset holdership of the development
units. Once the cut pipe joints have been transported to MAF and stored, asset holdership is
transferred to the supply department for disposal of the materials.
09/22/22
Page 23
10 DOCUMENTATION AND DATA

The asset holder in each phase shall be responsible for preparation, updating, retention and
distribution of documents and data.
10.1 DEVELOPMENT PHASE
The documentation requirements shall be in line with EWM (ref. no 14) and cover Project Definition
and Execution Plans from the conceptual through to the execution phase.
The handover documentation shall be in line with DEP 31.40.00.10 (ref. no 18).
Documentation shall be handed over to the asset holder and custodian of the operations phase.
10.2 OPERATIONS PHASE
Documentation requirements shall be in line with the Pipeline Operations Manual (ref. no 22).
Maintenance data shall be kept in EPMARS.

Inspection results and basic design information shall be kept in the Corrosion Management System.
09/22/22
Page 24
APPENDIX 1 : CROSS REFERENCES
1. Pipeline Integrity Review PDO, January 1991.

2. Pipeline Integrity Management Review PDO, May 1992.
3. ASME B31.4-1989 Edition, Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid
Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohol.
4. ASME B31.8-1989 Edition, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
5. ASME B 31.3- 1990 Edition, Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping,
6. ERD 10-13 Flowline Manual.
7. Pipeline Integrity Review Guideline EP 92-2135, November 1992.
8. Health, Safety and Environmental Protection Policy, 20 April 1992.
9. PDO Production Program Book, section Objectives, yearly edition.
10. Operations Business Planning EP 93-1000.
11. Standing Instruction no 9, November 1992, to be updated.
12. Implementation Issue no 23, March 1991, to be updated.
13. Technical Authority System, Q4 1993.
14. Engineering Work Manual 05/91.
15. Not applicable.
16. PDO Integrated Operations Plan, yearly edition.
17. EP 55 000, Safety Manual, Part 39, Safe Handling of Chemicals, Jan 1991.
18. Draft DEP 31.40.00.10-Gen. Pipeline Engineering.
19. Production Handbook Volume 8.
20. ERD-08-02 Material Selection Sour Service.
21. Corrosion Control And Monitoring Practice For Wet Gas Pipelines TTH/5/178/92 of
14/12/1992.
22. Pipeline Operations Manual, EP 93-0060, January 1993.
23. Pipeline Operations Standards, to be issued.
24. Corrosion Management System (Common System No 16) Feasibility Report, May 1993.
25. ERD-07-01 Guidelines on Inspection of Static Equipment.
26. ERD-08-02 Isolation of Process Equipment for Maintenance.
27. ASME B31G-1991, Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines.
28. Double Derating Methodology, to be issued.
29. Economic evaluation of flowline replacement, to be issued.
30. PDO Emergency Procedures, Part I, Part II and Part III Volume 4.
31. PDO Emergency Pipeline Repair Manual, June 1991.
32. PDO Pipeline Design Specification, PDS 00 to 04, August 1993.
33. PDO Pipeline Construction Specifications, PCS 01 to 03, August 1993.
09/22/22
Page 25
APPENDIX 2 : MONTHLY REPORT REQUIREMENTS
1. HIGHLIGHTS
2. MAINTENANCE
 routine pigging
 non-routine pigging
 BVS
 launchers/receivers
 chemical injection
 transformers
3. INSPECTION
 CP
 corrosion coupons
 internal surveys
 external surveys
 ROW
4. REPAIR
5. MODIFICATION
6. INSPECTION RESULTS
09/22/22
Page 26
APPENDIX 3 : PIPELINE INTEGRITY MEETINGS

1. Pipeline Integrity Steering Committee:
Frequency : 4 months
Chairman : Operations Manager DPU-B BOM
Secretary : Corporate Integrity Focal Point ADS/33
Members : Operations Manger DPU-A AOM
Gas Manager AGM
Pipeline Functional Discipline Head ADS/3
Head of Corrosion Engineering TTH/5
Head of Production Chemistry BPC
Head of Engineering Development Support ADS
Engineering Area Team Leader BEN
Authority : Endorse pipeline integrity strategies and policies

Objectives : Update strategies and policies
Monitor pipeline integrity audit follow-up
Steer research and development
2. Corporate Pipeline Integrity Meeting
Frequency : 2 months
Chairman : Regional Superintendent DPU-A AOR
(rotating) Regional Superintendent DPU-B BOR
Head Corrosion Engineering TTH/5
Members : Corporate Pipeline Integrity Focal Point ADS/33
Asset Holder Representatives AON,BON
Production Chemistry BPC
Asset Holder Government Gas AOG
Asset Holder Terminal AOT
Asset Custodian DPU-A AOR/5
Asset Custodian DPU-B BOR/14
Pipeline Operations Support DPU-B BOS/24
Pipeline Operations Support DPU-A ADS/331
Head of Pipelines DPU-A ADS/3
Pipeline Engineering DPU-B BEN/3
Authority : Implement agreed strategies and policies in long term plans (1 year)
Objectives : Provide feedback on strategies and policies to Steering Committee
Co-ordinate cross unit activities
Action Pipeline integrity audit follow-up items
Propose research projects
Exchange experience between units
Be a forum for integrity issues.
3. Unit Pipeline Integrity Meeting
Frequency : Monthly
Members : Asset Custodian BOR/14 AOR/5
Pipeline Operations Support BOS/24 ADS/331
Engineering Support BEN/3 ADS/331
Authority : Steer and execute short term plan

(3 months)
Objectives : Review inspection results and deviations from planned activities
Feedback to Corporate Pipeline Integrity Meeting
09/22/22
Page 27
Figure 1
Water/Gas Treatment
and Pump/Compressor
Station
Water/Gas Injection lines
Oil/Gas/Water
Wells
Flowlines
Gathering Station Pig Trap Facilities

(Initial Treatment)
Gathering Line
Treatment / Process (Main Transmission

Facilities Pipeline)
Remote Vent Line
Pipeline (Spurline)
Pressure Reduction
Station
(Branch/Offtake)
Pipe
Pump/Compressor Station
(with by-pass)
Liquid/Gas Storage
Facilities (with by-pass) Key
Facility plot
Facility not
included in pipeline
Block Valve Station scope
Main/Trans mission
Pipeline
Loading Line
Pipeline end Manifold (PLEM) (Spur/branch/

Single Point Mooring SPM offtake) Pipeline
Flowline/Injection
Metering Facilities line
Slug Catcher
(Only for 2 phase Gas Liquid Pipelines)
09/22/22
Page 28
USER FEEDBACK PAGE
From
To Head Pipelines Engineer (ADS/3)
cc Head Document Control (TTH/1)

Petroleum Development Oman LLC
P.O. Box 81, Muscat
Postal Code 113,
Sultanate of Oman
Any User who identifies an inaccuracy, error or ambiguity is requested to notify the FDH so that
appropriate action can be taken. The User is requested to return this page fully completed, indicating
precisely the amendment(s) recommended.
USER DATE REMARKS
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ENGINEERING REFERENCE DOCUMENT

PIPELINE AND FLOWLINE

This Engineering Reference Document (ERD) is intended for use by Petroleum

The ERD system is intended to:

 Publish Guidelines or Codes of Practice.

Custodian FDH/Dept. Head Line Director

3 ORGANISAITON AND RESPONSIBILITIES.................................................................7

5 PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE MONITORING......................................................10

10 DOCUMENTATION AND DATA................................................................................22

APPENDIX 1 : CROSS REFERENCES............................................................................................. 21

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF DOCUMENT, AUTHORITY AND REVISIONS

 life cycle integrity management,

FDH functional discipline head

2 OBJECTIVES OF PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT

The objectives of pipeline integrity management are:

 to maximise asset availability and its net present value,

To achieve these objectives, the following approach shall be implemented:

 identification of critical factors and technical requirements,

3 ORGANISAITON AND RESPONSIBILITIES

3.1 ASSET HOLDERSHIP SCHEME

 to provide support on specific pipeline issues

More details are provided in Appendix 3.

4 STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES

 consider the full life cycle of pipelines and flowlines,

5 PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE MONITORING

 review of the operating envelopee,

 leak frequencies for each area

6.1 PIPELINE RISK

 more experience is gained with these policies,

Class 1 (High Consequence of Failure)

Health and Safety:

Class 2 (Low Consequence of Failure)

Populated areas are those in location class 2, 3 and 4 (ref. no 4).

7 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS DEVELOPMENT PHASE

 a review of conceptual engineering concentrating on the hydraulic design, materials

Minimum Velocity Maximum Velocity

7.2.5 Material selection

water wet gas crude

7.2.9 Provision For Pigging

Pipeline markers and barriers shall be installed (ref. no 3 and 4).

8 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS OPERATIONS PHASE

 pressure and temperature,

8.3.1 Pipeline Accessories

 oil lines: weekly

 checking for leaks,

Lines in environmentally sensitive areas shall be patrolled by car every week.

8.3.4 Internal Condition Monitoring (metallic pipe)

 Product analysis every 3 months.

* Check for general corrosion

Class 1 piggable lines:

Class 1 non-piggable lines:

Class 2 pipelines and class 2 group of flowlines:

* Check for effectiveness of corrosion mitigation

 automated ultrasonic scan at PLEM: every 5 years

The inspections should reveal:

 any damage to the pipeline or external coating and appurtenances

 defects with WT reduction of less than 10% do not need repair;

(b) Leaking defects:

 Leaks can be temporarily repaired with proprietary clamps;

 line is buried, or,

Some conditions for pipeline and flowline replacements are:

DPU-A DPU-A DPU-A DPU-B

Responsible AOG AOT AOR BOR