Oppression?

shs.mapua.edu.ph
shs.mapua.edu.ph
Oppression, and the struggle against it, are
common themes in Philippine Literature…
shs.mapua.edu.ph
shs.mapua.edu.ph
shs.mapua.edu.ph
What is the Dramatic
Situation and the
Persona?

shs.mapua.edu.ph
Dramatic Situation
Combination of setting,
characters, and action in a
poem which is supposed to
engage the reader

shs.mapua.edu.ph
Persona
The speaker, or teller, of the
poem, rarely the poet himself
or herself

shs.mapua.edu.ph
THIRD WORLD GEOGRAPHY Cirilo F. Bautista
A country without miracles
Sits heavy on the map,
Thinking of banana trees rotting
in the sunlight.
The man who watches over it
Has commandeered all hopes,
Placed them in a sack,
And tied its loose end.
He goes around carrying it
on his back.
When asked what is inside,
He says, “Just a handful of feathers,
Just a handful of feathers.”
That’s how light the burden
Of government is in peacetime –
Any tyrant can turn it into a metaphor.
You kneel on the parched earth
And pray for rice.
Only the wind Hears your useless words.
The country without miracles
Tries to get up from the page,
But the bold ink and sharp colors
Hold it down.

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 “A country without miracles
Sits heavy on the map,
Thinking of banana trees rotting
in the sunlight.”

shs.mapua.edu.ph
“The man who watches over it
Has commandeered all hopes,
Placed them in a sack,
And tied its loose end.
He goes around carrying it
on his back.”

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 When asked what is inside,
He says, “Just a handful of feathers,
Just a handful of feathers.”

shs.mapua.edu.ph
“You kneel on the parched earth and pray
for rice.”

shs.mapua.edu.ph
• Won numerous award – Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for essay and poetry,
and fiction
• Philippine Free Press Awards for fiction, Manila Critic’s Circle National Book
Award, The Gawad Balagtas, and many more.
• Literary advocate, Professor Emeritus of Literature at the College of Liberal
Arts – DLSU.

shs.mapua.edu.ph
Back then, many writers and
intellectuals were arrested during
Martial Law, recognizing the
importance these people have in
shaping a country's thinking.

shs.mapua.edu.ph
Canon and Representative Writers
Canonical – belonging to a collection
of works considered valuable to
Philippine Society. The collection of
work is called a canon.

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 Deciding on canonical value is not dictated by the government alone.
The rise of many works of protest – whether obvert, in the form of
plays and poems recited during rallies or more subtle hints given in the
films and works of art.

shs.mapua.edu.ph
PHILIPPINE CANONICAL
AUTHORS AND
NATIONAL ARTISTS IN
LITARATURE
shs.mapua.edu.ph
What is a National Artist?
• Filipino citizen(s) who have
been given the rank and title
of “National Artist”. In
recognition of their
“significant contributions to
the development of Philippine
Arts and Letter”.

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 EDITH L. TIEMPO
• Tiempo is a poet, fictionist, teacher, and literary critic.
Her works are notable due to a remarkable fusion of
style and substance, craftsmanship, and insight. Her
poems have intricate verbal transfigurations of
significant experiences (cf. "The Little Marmoset" and
"Bonsai.")
Tiempo's published works: Poetry collections
Novel • The Tracks of Babylon and Other Poems
• A Blade of Fern (1978) (1966)
• The Native Coast (1979) • The Charmer's Box and Other Poems(1993)
• The Alien Corn (1992) The short story collection
• Abide, Joshua, and Other Stories (1964)

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 BIENVENIDO L. LUMBERA
• He is known as a poet, librettist, and scholar. He
introduced Bagay poetry— a landmark aesthetic tendency
that has helped change the vernacular poetic tradition—
to Tagalog literature.

Lumbera’s Works:
• Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (poems in
Filipino and English), 1993
• Balaybay, Mga Tulang Lunot at
Manibalang, 2002
• Sa Sariling Bayan
• Apat na Dulang May Musika, 2004
• Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita
• Pakikiramay, 2004

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 NICK JOAQUIN
• Nick Joaquin (Nicomedes Joaquin) was a novelist, poet,
playwright, essayist, and biographer. His works usually
highlights the diverse heritage of Filipinos.
• Joaquin was awarded a scholarship by the Dominican
monastery in Hong Kong after "La Naval de Manila" (1943)
was published.

Joaquin’s Works:
• La Naval de Manila • May Day Eve
• It Was Later Than We Thought • Guardia de Honor
• The Summer Solstice
shs.mapua.edu.ph
 FRANCISCO ARCELLANA
• Francisco Arcellana was a writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist,
and teacher. He was one of the progenitors of modern Filipino
short stories written in English. He founded the development of
the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form. During the 1930s,
his most productive period, he wrote his most important stories,
including "Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal."

Arcellana’s Works:
Short stories Poems
• The Man Who Would Be Poe • The Other Woman
• Death in a Factory • To Touch You and I Touched Her
• A Clown Remembers
• The Mats
shs.mapua.edu.ph
 N.V.M. GONZALEZ
• Nestor Vicente Madali was a fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher. In his
works, he articulated the Filipino spirit in rural and urban landscapes. In
1940, he won the First Commonwealth Literary Contest, the Republic Cultural
Heritage Award in 1960, and the Gawad C.C.P. Para sa Sining in 1990. He
became U.P.'s International Writer In Residence and a member of the Board
of Advisers of the U.P. Creative Writing Center.

Gonzalez’ Works:
• The Winds of April • The Bamboo Dancers
• Seven Hills Away • Look Stranger
• Children of the Ash-Covered Loam and Other• On this Island NowMindoro and Beyond:
Stories Twenty -One Stories
• Work on the Mountain

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
• He was a poet, playwright, and novelist. Amado is among the Filipino
writers who practiced committed art. In his view, the writer's function
is to serve as the conscience of society and to affirm the greatness of
the human spirit in the face of inequity and oppression. His novel "Mga
Ibong Mandaragit," was written while he was in jail.

Hernandez’ Works:
• Bayang Malaya • Langaw sa Isang Basong Gatas at Iba Pang
• Isang Dipang Langit Kuwento ni Amado V. Hernandez
• Luha ng Buwaya • Magkabilang Mukha ng Isang Bagol at Iba
• Amado V. Hernandez: Tudla at Tudling: Pang Akda ni Amado V. Hernandez
Katipunan ng mga Nalathalang Tula 1921-
1970
shs.mapua.edu.ph
 JOSE GARCIA VILLA
• He is one of the finest contemporary poets despite race or language. He introduced
the reversed consonance rime scheme and the comma poem. His poem, "Have Come,
Am Here," which appeared in New York in 1942 received critical recognition. Soon
enough, they heaped his honors and fellowships: Guggenheim, Bollingen, and the
American Academy of Arts and Letters Awards.
• Reversed consonance occurs when the last sounded consonants of the
last syllable are reversed. The examples are near-run and light-tell.
• Comma poem: It refers to the poetic use of the comma— when a comma
is placed to separate almost all the words in a poem.

• He used the pen name DOVEGLION (Dove, Eagle, Lion) as the

attributes of these animals were what he attributed to himself.

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 JOSE GARCIA VILLA
Villa’s Works:
• Footnote to Youth
• Many Voices
• Poems by Doveglion
• Poems in Praise of Love: The Best Love Poems of Jose Garcia Villa
• Selected Stories
• The Portable Villa
• The Essential Villa
• Mir-i-nisa
• Storymasters 3: Selected Stories from Footnote to Youth
• 55 Poems: Selected and Translated into Tagalog by Hilario S. Francia

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 LOPE K. SANTOS
• He was known for his 1906 socialist novel, "Banaag at Sikat," and his
contributions to developing Filipino grammar and Tagalog
orthography. In 1903, Santos started publishing portions of his first
novel, "Banaag at Sikat," in his weekly labor magazine "Muling
Pagsilang" (The Rebirth).

Santos’ Contribution:
• Santos became an expert in dupluhan, a form of poetical debate during that time.
• He founded Sampaguita, a weekly lifestyle magazine.

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 ROLANDO S. TINIO
• Rolando S. Tinio was a playwright, poet, teacher, critic, and translator.
He was chiefly known as a stage director who produced original
insights into the scripts, making productions remarkable for their visual
impact and intellectual dynamism. He took on Teatro Pilipino.

Tinio’s Works: Sarswelas

Poetry • Ang Mestisa
• Sitsit sa Kuliglig, Dunung – Dunungan, Kristal na • Ako
Uniberso • Ang Kiri
• A Trick of Mirrors • Ana Maria
Film scripts Komedya
• Now and Forever • Orosman at Zafira
• Gamitin Mo Ako Musical
• Bayad Puri • Larawan

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 F. SIONIL JOSE
• His works in the late 60s can be described as epic when taken
collectively. Its volume made him at the forefront of Philippine writing
in English. His works had become a promotion of Filipino aspirations for
national sovereignty and social justice.

Jose’s Works:
• The Pretenders • Po-on
• Tree • Don Vicente
• My Brother, My Executioner • Dusk
• Mass • The Samsons

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 CARLOS P. ROMULO
• He was a newspaper editor, army general, university president,
ambassador, foreign minister, president of the United Nations General
Assembly, and a national artist. His use of words made him become
"the Voice of Freedom," which broadcasted news of the war effort to
Filipinos and Americans.

Romulo’s Works:
• The United (novel) • I Saw the Fall of the Philippines
• I Walked with Heroes (autobiography) • Mother America
• War-time memoirs • I See the Philippines Rise

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 VIRGILIO ALMARIO
• Virgilio Almario, whose pen name was Rio Alma, is an artist, poet,
editor, translator, teacher, and cultural manager. He was the
chairman of the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (K.W.F.)— the
government agency mandated to promote and standardize the
Filipino language.

Almario’s Works:
Poetry Criticisms and Anthologies
• Makinasyon • Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina
• Peregrinasyon • Balagtasismo versus Modernismo
• Doktrinang Anakpawis • Walong Dekada ng Makabagong Tula Pilipino
• Mga Retrato at Rekwerdo • Mutyang Dilim
• Muli • Barlaan at Josaphat

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 ALEJANDRO R. ROCES
• He was an essayist and considered the best comic short
story writer. Roces focused on the disregarded aspects of
the Filipino cultural heritage.

shs.mapua.edu.ph
 FRANCISCO LAZARO
• He is also known as Ka Saro. He is recognized for his masterful use of
Tagalog. Most of the time, his chosen subject matter and storylines
focus on the farmers' lives and the challenges they faced in a landlord-
tenant relationship

Lazaro’s Works:
Novels • Ang Pamana ng Pulubi (1935)
• Binhi at Bunga (1925) • Bago Lumubog ang Araw (1936)
• Cesar (1926) • Singsing na Pangkasal (1939)
• Ama (1929) • Ilaw sa Hilaga (1947)
• Bayang Nagpatiwakal (1931) • Sugat ng Alaala (1951)
• Sa Paanan ng Krus (1934) • Maganda pa ang Daigdig (1956)
• Daluyong (1961).
shs.mapua.edu.ph
 CIRILO BAUTISTA
• As a poet, writer, essayist, critic, and educator, he has published
books of poetry, fiction, and literary criticism, in which he has won
awards in the Philippine Centennial Literary Prize and Palanca Hall of
Fame. His trilogy retells Philippine history, earning Bautista the 1970
and 1975 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature; the
1998 National Centennial Commission first prize in Epic; the 1998
Book Development Association of the Philippines Gintong Aklat
Award; and the 1999 Manila Critics Circle National Book Award.
Bautista’s Works:
• The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus • Summer Suns
o The Archipelago • Words and Battlefields
o Telex moon • Galaw ng Asoge
o Sunlight on Broken Stones

shs.mapua.edu.ph
References
Britannica. (n.d.). Nick Joaquin. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nick-Joaquin
Carlos P. Romulo Foundation. (2021). Carlos P. Romulo: Biography. https://www.carlospromulo.org/bio/
Choudhary, V. (2021). Virgilio Almario biography. https://arealnews.com/virgilio-almario-biography/
Cruz, N. (2019). Remembering Lazaro Francisco. Philippine Daily Inquirier.
https://opinion.inquirer.net/119742/remembering-lazaro-francisco
Lapid, Y. (2019). National artists of the Philippines. https://idoc.pub/documents/national-artists-of-the-
philippines-2nv85y7j70lk
Medina, M. (2014). Did you know: Alejandro R. Roces. Philippine Daily Inquirier.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/619338/did-you-know-alejandro-r-roces
National Commission for Culture and the Arts. (n.d.). Order of national artists: Amado V. Hernandez.
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-
philippines/amado-v-hernandez/

shs.mapua.edu.ph
References
National Commission for Culture and the Arts. (n.d.). Order of national artists: F. Sionil Jose.
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/f-
sionil-jose/
National Commission for Culture and the Arts. (n.d.). Order of national artists: Francisco Arcellana.
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-
philippines/francisco-arcellana/
National Commission for Culture and the Arts. (n.d.). Order of national artists: Jose Garcia Villa.
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/jose-
garcia-villa/
National Commission for Culture and the Arts. (n.d.). Order of national artists: Rolando S. Tinio.
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-
philippines/rolando-s-tinio/
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. (n.d.). Jose Garcia Villa. https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-
and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/amado-v-hernandez/

shs.mapua.edu.ph
End of Presentation

shs.mapua.edu.ph