College of Arts and Sciences Education

General Education - Mathematics

2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Arts and Sciences Education

BS Mathematics Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: BSM 323 – Mathematical Modeling

Name of Teacher: Prof. Angelito D. Gardose

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE.
THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE
OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

Table of Contents
Topic Page
Course Outline Policy 4
Course Information 7
Unit Learning Outcomes 7
Metalanguage 7
Essential Knowledge 8
Discrete Models 8
Linear Models 8
Multiple linear regression 16
The multivariate linear regression 22
Activity 1 23
Activity 2 24
Model Fitting 25
Fitting Model to data graphically 25
Analytical Methods of model fitting 26
Applying the least squares criterion 27
Activity 3 27
Optimization of Discrete Model 28
Solutions to a Discrete Model 29
Linear Programming I 29
Linear Programming II – Algebraic solutions 31
Linear Programming III – Simplex solutions 33
Ordinary Simplex Method 33
Duality 36
Activity 4 38
Unit Learning Outcomes 39
Continuous Models 39
Continuous Linear Models 39
Non-Linear Models 40
Activity 5 42
Textbook 44
References 44
Other Printed and Online Resources 44

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

Course Outline: BSM 323 – Mathematical Modelling

Course Coordinator: Angelito D. Gardose

Email: agardose@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: Thru e-mail and BB Chat
Mobile: 09102916321
Phone: None
Effectivity Date: Jan. 2022
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-Line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: BSM 312 (Differential Equations),
BSM 123 (Fundamentals of Computing), &
BSM 222 (Linear Algebra)
Credit: 3.0 units
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed for
Hours blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The expected
number of hours will be 54 including the face to face or
virtual sessions. The face to face sessions shall include the
summative assessment tasks (exams) since this course is
crucial in the licensure examination for teachers.
Assessment Task Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th and
Submission 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall be attached
with a cover page indicating the title of the assessment task
(if the task is performance), the name of the course
coordinator, date of submission and name of the student.
The document should be emailed to the course coordinator.
It is also expected that you already paid your tuition and
other fees before the submission of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time through the
features in the Blackboard Learning Management System,
the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by the course
coordinator.
Turnitin Submission (if To ensure honesty and authenticity all assessment tasks
necessary) are required to be submitted through Turnitin with a
maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This means

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

that if your paper goes beyond 30% the students will

either opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing
addressed to the course coordinator the reasons for the
similarity. In addition, if the paper has reached more than
30% similarity index, the student may be called for a
disciplinary action in accordance with the University’s
OPM on Intellectual and Academic Honesty. Please note
that academic dishonesty such as cheating and
commissioning other students or people to complete the
task for you have severe punishments (reprimand,
warning, and expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day or
part day that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment paper has a
valid reason, a letter of explanation should be submitted
and approved by the course coordinator. If necessary, you
will also be required to present/attach evidences.
Assignment You should request in writing addressed to the course
Resubmission coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an assessment
task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s failure
to comply with the similarity index and other reasonable
grounds such as academic literacy 3 standards or other
reasonable circumstances e.g. illness, accidents financial
constraints.
Re-marking of You should request in writing addressed to the program
Assessment Papers and coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score
Appeal given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly
explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The
program coordinator shall communicate with the students
on the approval and disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can elevate
your case to the program head or the dean with the
original letter of request. The final decision will come
from the dean of the college
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 40%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA): Final
exam – 30%

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate, use
Style the general practice of the APA 6th Edition.
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email account
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enrol the students to
have access to the materials and resources of the course.
All communication formats: chat, submission of
assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be through the portal
and other university recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person
through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise your
issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,
please contact the course coordinator or program head.
Contact Details of the Dr. Khristine Marie D. Concepcion
Dean Email: artsciences@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)305-0647 Local 118
Contact Details of the Ronnie O. Alejan
Program Head Email: BSMathematics@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)305-0647 Local 149
Students with Special Students with special needs shall communicate with the
Needs course coordinator about the nature of his or her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course
coordinator with the approval of the program coordinator
may provide alternative assessment tasks or extension of
the deadline of submission of assessment tasks. However,
the alternative assessment tasks should still be in the
service of achieving the desired course learning outcomes.
Online Tutorial You are required to enrol in a specific tutorial time for this
Registration course via the www.case.edu.ph portal. Please note that
there is a deadline for enrolment to the tutorial.
Instructional Help Desk Dr. Khristine Marie D. Concepcion
Contact Details Email: artsciences@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)305-0647 Local 118

Library Contact Details Brigida E. Bacani

Email: library@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09513766681
Well-being Welfare Zerdszen P. Raňises
Support Held Email: gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
Desk Contact Details Phone: 09504665431

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

Course Information: Please refer to the course syllabus in the Black Board
LMS

CC’s Voice Hello prospective Mathematicians!

Welcome to this course BSM 323: Mathematical Modeling.
The life of an Applied Mathematician is to create models that
respond to the needs of the society. I feel confident that you are
excited to obtain answers to the questions regarding the Math
modeling and I can already see the enthusiasm in your faces.
CO Before the actual teaching – learning performance, you have to
recall that our course outcome are;
(a) develop a mathematical model to solve problem of a given
physical system; and
(b) write a report about the predictions of the behavior of a
given physical system based on the analysis of its
mathematical model.

Let us begin!

Big Picture

Week 8-9: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

a. develop mathematical models involving continuous models such as linear

models, nonlinear models, and systems with the use of the knowledge and skills
you have learned from differential Equations, the Fundamentals of Computing,
and Linear Algebra;
b. assess and articulate what types of modeling techniques are appropriate for a
given physical system on linear models, nonlinear models, and systems; and
c. make predictions of the behavior of a given physical system based on the
analysis of its mathematical model. Write your results and submit the report
with the following contents: Introduction, Objective, Methods, Results, and
Discussion.

Topics:

4. Continuous Models
4.1 Linear Models
4.2 Non – Linear Models
4.3 Systems

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

5. Continuous Models
5.1 Continuous modelling is the mathematical practice of applying
a model to continuous data (data which has a potentially infinite number, and
divisibility, of attributes). They often use differential equations and are
converse to discrete modelling. Modelling is generally broken down into
several steps:
5.1.1 Making assumptions about the data: The ones who make the model decides
what is influencing the data and what can be safely ignored.
5.1.2 Making equations to fit the assumptions.
5.1.3 Solving the equations.
5.1.4 Verifying the results: Various statistical tests are applied to the data and
the model and compared.
5.1.5 If the model passes the verification progress, putting it into practice.
5.1.6 If the model fails the verification progress, altering it and subjecting it
again to verification; if it persists in fitting the data more poorly than a
competing model, it is abandoned.

5.2 Continuous Linear Models

5.2.1 The continuous linear model (CLM) is probably the most commonly used
model. It is applicable in many instances ranging from simple control
charts to response surface models. The CLM is a mathematical function
that relates explanatory variables (either discrete or continuous) to a
single continuous response variable. It is called linear because the
coefficients of the terms are expressed as a linear sum. The terms
themselves do not have to be linear.

5.2.2 The general form of the CLM is:

y = a0 +  i =1 ai f ( xi ) + 
p

5.2.3 This equation just says that if we have p explanatory variables then the
response is modelled by a constant term plus a sum of functions of those
explanatory variables, plus some random error term.

5.2.4 The coefficients for the parameters in the CLM are estimated by the
method of least squares. This is a method that gives estimates which
minimize the sum of the squared distances from the observations to the
fitted line or plane. See the chapter on Process Modelling for a more
complete discussion on estimating the coefficients for these models.

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

5.2.5 The tests for the CLM involve testing that the model as a whole is a good
representation of the process and whether any of the coefficients in the
model are zero or have no effect on the overall fit. Again, the details for
testing are given in the chapter on Process Modelling.

5.2.6 For estimation purposes, there are no additional assumptions necessary for
the CLM beyond those stated in the assumptions section. For testing
purposes, however, it is necessary to assume that the error term is
adequately modelled by a Gaussian distribution.

5.2.7 The CLM has many uses such as building predictive process models over
a range of process settings that exhibit linear behavior, control
charts, process capability, building models from the data produced by
designed experiments, and building response surface models for automated
process control applications.

5.2.8 Shewhart Control Chart - The simplest example of a very common usage
of the CLM is the underlying model used for Shewhart control charts. This
model assumes that the process parameter being measured is a constant
with additive Gaussian noise and is given by:

y = a0 + 
5.2.9 Diffusion Furnace - Suppose we want to model the average wafer sheet
resistance as a function of the location or zone in a furnace tube, the
temperature, and the anneal time. In this case, let there be 3 distinct zones
(front, center, back) and temperature and time are continuous explanatory
variables.

5.3 Non-Linear Models

5.3.1 In statistics, nonlinear regression is a form of regression analysis in which
observational data are modelled by a function which is a nonlinear
combination of the model parameters and depends on one or more
independent variables. The data are fitted by a method of successive
approximations.
5.3.2 In nonlinear regression, a statistical model of the form, y f ( x,  )
relates a vector of independent variables, x, and its associated
observed dependent variables, y. The function f is nonlinear in the
components of the vector of parameters β, but otherwise arbitrary.
5.3.3 For example, the Michaelis–Menten model for enzyme kinetics has two
parameters and one independent variable, related by f by,
x
f ( x,  ) = 1
2 + x
5.3.4 This function is nonlinear because it cannot be expressed as a linear
combination of the two. Systematic error may be present in the

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

independent variables but its treatment is outside the scope of regression

analysis. If the independent variables are not error-free, this is an errors-
in-variables model, also outside this scope.
5.3.5 Other examples of nonlinear functions include exponential
functions, logarithmic functions, trigonometric functions, power
functions, Gaussian function, and Lorenz curves. Some functions, such as
the exponential or logarithmic functions, can be transformed so that they
are linear. When so transformed, standard linear regression can be
performed but must be applied with caution.
5.3.6 In general, there is no closed-form expression for the best-fitting
parameters, as there is in linear regression. Usually
numerical optimization algorithms are applied to determine the best-fitting
parameters. Again in contrast to linear regression, there may be many local
minima of the function to be optimized and even the global minimum may
produce a biased estimate. In practice, estimated values of the parameters
are used, in conjunction with the optimization algorithm, to attempt to find
the global minimum of a sum of squares.

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the essential process in solving or optimizing

models, write your results and submit the report with the following contents:
Introduction, Objective, Methods, Results, and Discussion.

Introduction
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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

____________________________________________________________________
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Objective
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Methods
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Results
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Discussion
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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

____________________________________________________________________
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TEXTBOOK : Giordano, F. (2014). A first course in mathematical modeling
(5th ed.). Brooks/Cole.

REFERENCES :
Esfandiari, R. & Lu, B. (2018). Modeling and analysis of dynamic
systems. CRC Press.
Moghadas, S. & Jaberi-Douraki, M. (2018). Mathematical modeling: A
graduate textbook. John Wiley & Sons.
Bruhl, R. (2018). Understanding statistical analysis and modeling. Sage.
Weiss, C. (2018). An introduction to discrete-valued time series. John
Wiley & Sons.
Zill, D.G. (2018). A first course in differential equations with modeling
applications (11th ed.). Cengage Leaning.

OTHER PRINTED AND ONLINE RESOURCES :

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

1. Dym, C. L. (2004). Principles of mathematical modeling. Retrieved from

2. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
3. Humi, M. (2017). Introduction to mathematical modeling. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
4. Hall, J., & Lingefjärd, T. (2016). Mathematical modeling : Applications with
geogebra. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
5. Ingalls, B. P. (2013). Mathematical modeling in systems biology : An
introduction. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
6. Barton, J. T. (2016). Models for life : An introduction to discrete
7. mathematical modeling with microsoft office excel. Retrieved from
8. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
9. Springer Science & Business Media. Journal of Global Optimization,
Jan 1997 (Vol. 10, no. 1) – present.
Global Journal Series. Global Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 2009
(Vol. 8, no. 2) – present.
Cambridge University Press. European Journal of Applied Mathematics, Feb
2001 (Vol. 12, no. 1) - present.
Springer Science & Business Media. Applied Mathematics and Optimization,
2002 (Vol. 45, no. 1) - present.

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

ONLINE CODE OF CONDUCT

1) All teachers/Course Facilitators and students are expected to abide by an honor

code of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-
management and self-regulation.
2) Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning facilitators
in holding OBD and DED conduct. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with
properly under existing guidelines, specifically on social media conduct (OPM
21.15) and personnel discipline (OPM 21.11).
3) All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in attending
OBD or DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under
existing guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline) in the Student
Handbook.
4) Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University’s
Core Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity;
academic excellence by giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all
lectures and activities, as well as fidelity in doing and submitting performance tasks
and assignments; personal discipline in complying with all deadlines; and
observance of data privacy.
5) Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly. The
University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and penalize
plagiarism.
6) All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be
properly acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be
professionally and personally responsible for all the materials uploaded in the
online classes or published in SIM/SDL manuals.
7) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall devote time to handle OBD or DED courses and
shall honestly exercise due assessment of student performance.
8) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall never engage in quarrels with students online.
While contentions intellectual discussions are allowed, the teachers/Course
Facilitators shall take the higher ground in facilitating and moderating these
discussions. Foul, lewd, vulgar and discriminatory languages are absolutely
prohibited.
9) Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do assignments,
unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students shall not resort to
dishonesty to improve the result of their assessments (e.g. examinations,
assignments).
10) Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account.
Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to
others to further academic fraudulence online.
11) By handling OBD or DED courses, teachers/Course Facilitators agree and abide
by all the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements
and protocols in handling online courses.
12) By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the provisions
of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in
handling online courses.

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 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

MONITORING OF OBD AND DED

1) The Deans, Asst. Deans, Discipline Chairs and Program Heads shall be
responsible in monitoring the conduct of their respective OBD classes through
the Blackboard LMS. The LMS monitoring protocols shall be followed, i.e.
monitoring of the conduct of Teacher Activities (Views and Posts) with
generated utilization graphs and data. Individual faculty PDF utilization reports
shall be generated and consolidated by program and by college.

2) The Academic Affairs and Academic Planning & Services shall monitor the
conduct of LMS sessions. The Academic Vice Presidents and the Deans shall
collaborate to conduct virtual CETA by randomly joining LMS classes to check
and review online the status and interaction of the faculty and the students.

3) For DED, the Deans and Program Heads shall come up with monitoring
instruments, taking into consideration how the programs go about the conduct
of DED classes. Consolidated reports shall be submitted to Academic Affairs
for endorsement to the Chief Operating Officer.

Course prepared by:

GUILLERMO B. BONGHANOY

Course reviewed by:

RONNIE O. ALEJAN
Program Head

Approved by:

KHRISTINE MARIE D. CONCEPCION, Ph.D.

Dean

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