College of Arts and Sciences Education

General Education - Mathematics

2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Arts and Sciences Education

BS Mathematics Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: BSM 323 – Mathematical Modeling

Name of Teacher: Angelito D. Gardose, PhD.

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE.
THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE
OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.

Page 1 of 7
 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

Table of Contents
Topic Page
Course Outline Policy 4
Course Information 7
Unit Learning Outcomes 7
Metalanguage 7
Essential Knowledge 8
Discrete Models 8
Linear Models 8
Multiple linear regression 16
The multivariate linear regression 22
Activity 1 23
Activity 2 24
Model Fitting 25
Fitting Model to data graphically 25
Analytical Methods of model fitting 26
Applying the least squares criterion 27
Activity 3 27
Optimization of Discrete Model 28
Solutions to a Discrete Model 29
Linear Programming I 29
Linear Programming II – Algebraic solutions 31
Linear Programming III – Simplex solutions 33
Ordinary Simplex Method 33
Duality 36
Activity 4 38
Unit Learning Outcomes 39
Continuous Models 39
Continuous Linear Models 39
Non-Linear Models 40
Activity 5 42
Textbook 44
References 44
Other Printed and Online Resources 44

Page 2 of 7
 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

Week 4-5: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

1. develop mathematical models involving model fitting with the use of the
knowledge and skills you have learned from Differential Equations, the
Fundamentals of Computing, and Linear Algebra.
2. Specifically, you are expected to apply appropriate mathematical tools to solve
the problem, analyze and validate the model, and rework the model, if
necessary. These include fitting model to data graphically, analytical methods
of model fitting, applying the least-squares criterion, and choosing a best model.

Topics:

4. Model Fitting
4.1 Fitting model to data graphically
4.2 Analytical methods of model fitting
4.3 Applying the least-squares criterion
4.4 Choosing a best model

3 Model Fitting

3.1 Fitting a model to data means choosing the statistical model that predicts values
as close as possible to the ones observed in your population.

3.2 While doing a statistical analysis, it’s very important to make sure about the
goodness of fit of the model used.

3.3 There are different methods that we can use to do so, the simplest one is R2 which
measures how much of the total variability in the data that is accounted for by the
model, however as it is global measure of fit. Therefore, the main tool used is the
Residual Analysis, which gives a more immediate and clear illustration of the
relationship between the model and the data used.

3.4 Fitting Model to data graphically

3.4.1 In regression analysis, curve fitting is the process of specifying the model that
provides the best fit to the specific curves in your dataset. Curved relationships
between variables are not as straightforward to fit and interpret as linear
relationships.
3.4.2 For linear relationships, as you increase the independent variable by one unit,
the mean of the dependent variable always changes by a specific amount. This
relationship holds true regardless of where you are in the observation space.
Page 3 of 7
 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

3.4.3 Unfortunately, the real world isn’t always nice and neat like this. Sometimes
your data have curved relationships between variables. In a curved
relationship, the change in the dependent variable associated with a one unit
shift in the independent variable varies based on the location in the observation
space. In other words, the effect of the independent variable is not a constant
value.

3.5 Analytical Methods of model fitting

3.5.1 Computational models use numerical methods to examine mathematical

equations or systems of equations too complex for analytical solution.
3.5.2 A process of combined data simulation and model fitting used for evaluating
the robustness, uniqueness, and sensitivity of parameters obtained from an
inverse model of interest.

3.6 Applying the least squares criterion

3.6.1 A mathematical procedure for finding the best-fitting curve to a given set of
points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the offsets ("the residuals") of
the points from the curve
3.6.2 The sum of the squares of the offsets is used instead of the offset absolute
values because this allows the residuals to be treated as a continuous
differentiable quantity. However, because squares of the offsets are used,
outlying points can have a disproportionate effect on the fit, a property which
may or may not be desirable depending on the problem at hand.
3.6.3 In practice, the vertical offsets from a line (polynomial, surface, hyperplane,
etc.) are almost always minimized instead of the perpendicular offsets. This
provides a fitting function for the independent variable that estimates for
a given (most often what an experimenter wants), allows uncertainties of
the data points along the - and -axes to be incorporated simply, and also
provides a much simpler analytic form for the fitting parameters than would
be obtained using a fit based on perpendicular offsets. In addition, the fitting
technique can be easily generalized from a best-fit line to a best-
fit polynomial when sums of vertical distances are used. In any case, for a
reasonable number of noisy data points, the difference between vertical and
perpendicular fits is quite small.
3.6.4 The linear least squares fitting technique is the simplest and most commonly
applied form of linear regression and provides a solution to the problem of
finding the best fitting straight line through a set of points.

Page 4 of 7
 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the essential terms in the study of Mathematical
Modeling, can you definitely explain the following situations in not less than 70
words.

1.) Computational models use numerical methods to examine mathematical

equations or systems of equations too complex for analytical solution.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2.) A process of combined data simulation and model fitting used for evaluating
the robustness, uniqueness, and sensitivity of parameters obtained from an
inverse model of interest.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 7
 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

ONLINE CODE OF CONDUCT

1) All teachers/Course Facilitators and students are expected to abide by an honor

code of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-
management and self-regulation.
2) Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning facilitators
in holding OBD and DED conduct. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with
properly under existing guidelines, specifically on social media conduct (OPM
21.15) and personnel discipline (OPM 21.11).
3) All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in attending
OBD or DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under
existing guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline) in the Student
Handbook.
4) Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University’s
Core Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity;
academic excellence by giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all
lectures and activities, as well as fidelity in doing and submitting performance tasks
and assignments; personal discipline in complying with all deadlines; and
observance of data privacy.
5) Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly. The
University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and penalize
plagiarism.
6) All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be
properly acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be
professionally and personally responsible for all the materials uploaded in the
online classes or published in SIM/SDL manuals.
7) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall devote time to handle OBD or DED courses and
shall honestly exercise due assessment of student performance.
8) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall never engage in quarrels with students online.
While contentions intellectual discussions are allowed, the teachers/Course
Facilitators shall take the higher ground in facilitating and moderating these
discussions. Foul, lewd, vulgar and discriminatory languages are absolutely
prohibited.
9) Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do assignments,
unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students shall not resort to
dishonesty to improve the result of their assessments (e.g. examinations,
assignments).
10) Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account.
Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to
others to further academic fraudulence online.
11) By handling OBD or DED courses, teachers/Course Facilitators agree and abide
by all the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements
and protocols in handling online courses.
12) By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the provisions
of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in
handling online courses.

Page 6 of 7
 College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134

MONITORING OF OBD AND DED

1) The Deans, Asst. Deans, Discipline Chairs and Program Heads shall be
responsible in monitoring the conduct of their respective OBD classes through
the Blackboard LMS. The LMS monitoring protocols shall be followed, i.e.
monitoring of the conduct of Teacher Activities (Views and Posts) with
generated utilization graphs and data. Individual faculty PDF utilization reports
shall be generated and consolidated by program and by college.

2) The Academic Affairs and Academic Planning & Services shall monitor the
conduct of LMS sessions. The Academic Vice Presidents and the Deans shall
collaborate to conduct virtual CETA by randomly joining LMS classes to check
and review online the status and interaction of the faculty and the students.

3) For DED, the Deans and Program Heads shall come up with monitoring
instruments, taking into consideration how the programs go about the conduct
of DED classes. Consolidated reports shall be submitted to Academic Affairs
for endorsement to the Chief Operating Officer.

Course prepared by:

GUILLERMO B. BONGHANOY

Course reviewed by:

RONNIE O. ALEJAN
Program Head

Approved by:

KHRISTINE MARIE D. CONCEPCION, Ph.D.

Dean

Page 7 of 7