Grammar activity answers
1A modal verbs (1): will, would, should 2B participle clauses
a 2 will be 3 should therefore try 4 would seem
5 would rather 6 should be taking 7 will help
8 will be driven 9 will become 10 will be
11 will at the same time have 12 should therefore make
13 would much sooner be 14 will increase
b 2 It’ll be / That’ll be 3 I should think / I should imagine
4 would 5 Will you 6 ’ll 7 He won’t have
8 I should have 9 ’d much rather / ’d much sooner
10 I’d have thought / I’d imagine / I would think
1B noun phrases
a 2 generation gap 3 childhood memories 4 exam results,
job prospects 5 Customer loyalty and satisfaction
6 Single-use plastic is / Single-use plastic items, a major threat
to the planet (NOT planet threat) 7 The advertising of
unhealthy food (NOT unhealthy food advertising), cigarette
advertising 8 Time management, problem solving, computer
programming, critical thinking, data interpretation, self-direction
b 2 The study observed the behaviour of siblings towards one
another.
3 His childhood in rural France provided / was the inspiration for
the painting.
4 Becoming a parent changes your perspective on life.
5 The book’s publication caused a sensation. / The publication of
the book caused a sensation.
6 Drinking too much coffee / The drinking of too much coffee
can affect your concentration.
7 The discovery of the fossil revolutionized our thinking about
human evolution.
8 After the implementation of the 1944 Education Act in the UK,
there was a rapid expansion of secondary education in many
other countries across the world.
c 2 the development of his or her intelligence 3 first-born
children 4 receive more mental stimulation from 5 praise
6 Telling a child 7 may have a negative effect on them
8 has received a lot of praise
2A modal verbs (2): can / could / be able to,
may / might
a 2 can 3 can 4 could have been 5 can 6 are able to
7 can 8 cannot 9 may 10 may not 11 might have been
12 will be able to
b 1 B can ski, can’t snowboard, ’ve been able to ski, could walk.
A be able to ski, might / may go / could be going
2 A Can / Could you just give, not being able to go
B can / could start, be able to leave
3 B might / could have told, was able to cancel, couldn’t get /
wasn’t able to get, might / may be able to transfer
4 A can we pay B can, might be, can sometimes sell out, may /
might very well sell out
5 A can’t remember B can’t have been, might’ve been /
could’ve been
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a 2 talking 3 Having used 4 making 5 having studied
6 resulting 7 Woken / Having been woken
8 Having been found 9 Feeling 10 Having been shortlisted
11 Dazzled, crossing 12 Exhausted, watching
b 2 Not having my phone or knowing the area very well, I got
completely lost.
3 Given the chance, I’d jump at the opportunity of a weekend in
New York.
4 The accident blocked two lanes of the motorway, resulting in
a ten-mile tailback and delays of up to two hours.
5 Over 107 million passengers travelled through the airport
last year, making it the busiest airport in the world for the
twentieth year running.
6 Having missed the bus connection, we had a three hour wait
in the blistering sun.
7 Not having been outside in over a week, I was beginning to go
a little stir crazy.
8 Not (being) known for her singing, she took everyone by
surprise when she took to the stage.
9 Jones made a series of disastrous investments, (thus)
rendering him bankrupt.
10 Not knowing what to say, they just stood there in total silence
for a few moments.
11 Having been elected for a second term, he promised the
economy would be his number one priority.
12 Served with rice, the dish makes for a quick and easy meal that
can be prepared in less than 20 minutes.
3A determiners: articles and quantifiers
a 1 –, the, an, –, a, the 2 the, no, –, a, – 3 the, the, the, the, –
4 Many, many, the, the, A, a 5 The, the, a, the 6 the, Some, –
7 The, the, a, some, a, the, a, the, –, the, a, the, The, the, the, –,
the, the, –
b 1 A How often do you speak to your parents? B I generally call
them every other day or so. They never have much news, so
we just chat for a few minutes.
2 A Teresa seems to spend all her time posting stuff online.
B You’re not kidding. She posts her every move – what she’s
having for breakfast, what she’s wearing, what’s going on at
work. I’m surprised she has the time to do any work at all!
3 A My phone’s got no signal. Has yours? I need to make a
couple of calls. B No, mine neither. It’s always the same here.
There’s never any signal.
4 A I read in some magazine the other day that a growing
number of older people are taking up running and going
to the gym. B Yeah, I do see a lot more older people out
running that I used to, that’s for sure.
c 1 many 2 any, any, any 3 no 4 a number of 5 all
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 3B word order
a 2 Never before had I seen 3 Not until it was dark did they
leave the house 4 Such was its popularity that 5 Only when
he asked Katherine about it did he realize 6 Not only are
television cameras barred from court 7 Little did I know that
this was 8 Only by playing the violin could he
b 2 Out through the door he ran, with an agitated and angry mob
following behind.
3 Long gone are the summer days that lasted forever and went
on never seeming to end.
4 Perched on the edge of the bench with her head in her hands,
was Jenny’s neighbour.
5 What she dreaded more than anything else was the
uncertainty of never knowing what had happened.
6 Next to the bed, (there) was a pile of unwashed clothes and an
empty bag.
7 It was Alex who came up with the idea first, not Oliver.
8 Happy though she was to help him, she did think he could at
least give it a go himself first.
9 Wanting to end the speculation, it was Susan who first
brought up the question.
10 At the end of the corridor was a room behind a funny little
door. My uncle told us that under no circumstances should
anyone ever go inside.
4A cause and effect
a 2 This is perhaps why 3 This means that 4 Because of
5 which gives 6 therefore 7 which is why
b 2 Thanks / Owing / Due 3 account 4 cause, reason
5 result, means 6 light, because
7 thanks / owing / due, because, caused
4B aspect: perfect and continuous tenses
2 has / have taught 3 am sharing / share / am going to share /
will share 4 believe 5 will help / helps 6 retired
7 had worked / had been working 8 ask 9 have always
focused 10 is 11 believe 12 has worked / works
13 are forever changing 14 will never change 15 ’ve searched
16 ’ve probably heard 17 have you been getting 18 won’t
have heard / haven’t heard 19 (will) probably tell 20 dream
21 constantly feel 22 ‘re not quite achieving 23 have picked /
have been picking 24 have existed 25 work
5A prepositions and sentence patterns
a 1 to, with, of 2 to, in, of, at, of 3 of, of, of, in 4 with, in, for
b 2 I saved my work frequently, for fear of losing it.
3 The minister said that he had every intention of standing for
re-election next year.
4 The house she lives in is 200 years old.
5 I never had / took any interest in politics until a few years ago.
6 What’s the point in / of having a piano if you don’t play it?
c 2 to, for 3 to, about / by 4 for, of 5 of, about 6 in, in
7 in, on 8 in, for 9 to, for
5B advanced structures for comparing and
contrasting
a 2 vastly cheaper, considerably more expensive
3 by far the biggest, anywhere near as big, the next biggest,
marginally bigger, slightly bigger, a much greater area, the
second largest, half that of
4 nothing like as fancy as, far and away the best, every bit as
good as
5 no more difficult, ten times more difficult, the longer, the easier
b 2 Football is played around the world by about 250 million people.
By contrast, only about 5 million people regularly play rugby.
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3 Some countries have more food than their populations need
while many others have severe food shortages.
4 There are about 6.5 million land species compared with
approximately 2.2 million species which / that live in the seas
and oceans.
5 As in the UK, cars also drive on the left in Malta, Cyprus and
Ireland. / As in the UK, cars in Malta, Cyprus and Ireland also
drive on the left. / As in the UK, in Malta, Cyprus and Ireland
cars also drive on the left.
6 The hurricane season in the Atlantic is from June to November.
Similarly, the typhoon season in the Pacific runs from May to
October.
7 Whereas 54% of Canadians have attended higher education,
the figure is around 42% in the UK. / 54% of Canadians have
attended higher education, whereas the figure is around 42%
in the UK.
8 According to a recent study, men and women differ in that
while 33% of women (said they) would consider cosmetic
surgery, only 10% of men (said they) would consider it.
6A position of adverbs
a 2 I normally check my emails every hour or so. And my social
media, too.
3 I have just come back from a job interview. I think it went
pretty well.
4 I grew up in London in the 1980s. I’ve always lived there.
5 I’ll definitely go to the conference, but I’ll probably only stay
for a few hours. / but I’ll probably stay only for a few hours.
6 I haven’t managed to read the report in detail yet. I’ll try to
take a look later this afternoon, though.
7 Thanks for a really great meal and a great evening. I especially
loved the delicious dessert. / I loved the delicious dessert
especially. And we must have you round to our place soon.
8 The exam was really quite difficult. / The exam really was
quite difficult. And question 6 was simply impossible. I think
it’s easily the hardest exam I’ve ever done.
9 All the students did really well in their mock exams last week.
10 I’m not getting on so well with the people who moved into
the next-door apartment last month.
b 2 The machine does not isolate man from the great problems of
nature, but plunges him more deeply into them.
3 People only use technology to mean digital technology.
Technology is actually everything we make.
4 It is only when they go wrong that machines remind you how
powerful they are.
5 Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human
history. Unfortunately, it might also be the last, unless we
learn how to avoid the risks.
6 It may not always be profitable to be online, but it is certainly
going to be unprofitable not to be online.
c 2 Just Alex and I went for a drink. 3 I don’t really understand.
4 I don’t particularly want to see a horror film, …
5 Only Dmitry works Tuesday to Thursday. 6 Anneke spoke
only to him.
activation
Possible answers:
2 Alex and I just went for a drink. We decided not to bother eating.
3 I really don’t understand. And I don’t think I ever will!
4 I particularly don’t want to see a horror film. So, you guys go
and I’ll meet you afterwards.
5 Dmitry only works Tuesday to Thursday. Lucky him, being able
to work part-time.
6 Only Anneke spoke to him. He left before anyone else had the
chance to speak to him.
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 6B singular and plural agreement
a 1 is, has, has, have 2 were, was / were, were
3 is, has been, was 4 has, are, score, is / are, have
5 was, broadcast / broadcasts, is, is, is / are, is
6 was / were, was / were
b 1 keep, use, sleep 2 is, is, is 3 is, affects, is 4 are, live,
inhabit, lives 5 is / are, have, have 6 are, has, contains,
provide, make, make 7 are, are, is, is, is
7A complex passive forms
a 2 to be punished 3 is generally accepted 4 is thought
5 is believed 6 is also intended 7 has, however, been argued
8 is hoped 9 be reformed 10 has largely been shown
11 were thought 12 to have been rehabilitated
13 having been released / being released
14 having been removed / being removed 15 be protected
16 is incapacitated 17 has also long been justified
18 is seen 19 is based 20 be punished
b 1 Journalist Mike Smith said that people around him seemed
to have been / to be being indiscriminately arrested by
the police. He added that having been separated from
his cameraman in the crowd, he narrowly avoided being
detained only after showing an officer his press credentials.
2 The difference between a crime and a misdemeanor is that a
misdemeanor is considered to be of low seriousness while
a crime is deemed (to be) of high seriousness. Examples of
misdemeanors may include disorderly conduct, trespass and
mild vandalism.
3 I got stopped by the police last night. One of my back lights
wasn’t working. Luckily, they didn’t fine me, but I really need to
get it replaced straight away.
4 Mr. Holmes agreed to be questioned again as long as his
lawyer was allowed to be present, claiming that she should
have been allowed to be present when he was first
questioned the day before.
5 The longest prison sentence handed down by a court is
thought to be that received by Chamoy Thipyaso of Thailand,
who in 1989 was given a jail term of 141,078 years. Thipyaso
had been involved in fraud and her victims included the
Thai royal family. However, Thipyaso was lucky in one respect
because in 1989, it was decreed by Thai law that regardless
of the sentence (which was) given, the maximum time
anyone could actually be imprisoned for fraud was 20 years. In
actuality, Thipyaso had her sentence reduced and she was
released after serving just eight years.
6 A prisoner who escaped from Bullingdon prison at the
weekend is believed to be hiding somewhere in London.
Jimmy Green, who was serving a six-year sentence for robbery,
is thought to have stolen a car and travelled to London with
at least one other person. The public has been asked not to
approach the man, who is considered to be dangerous.
7B special uses of tenses
1 A Sorry to bother you, but I was wondering if you had any idea
yet when the meeting might be? B Still not sure, I’m afraid.
But Charles says it won’t be until next week at the earliest.
2 A I gather there’s a leaving do for Olga next week. Is that right?
B Yeah. In fact, we were / are rather hoping you wouldn’t mind
making a short speech, as you’ve worked with her the longest.
3 A This phone of mine is getting very slow these days. And the
battery only lasts five minutes. I think it’s time I got a new one.
B Well, Amy was saying / says they’ve got some good deals
on at the moment at that phone shop in the Queen’s Centre.
4 A So, in a nutshell, that’s how the global economy works. Clear
now? B Sorry. But look, explain it to me again, as if I was /
were a ten-year-old. I might get it then.
5 A Is it OK if I bring a few colleagues along to the party? Anna
said she thought it would be OK, but I thought it would be
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better to check with you first. B To be honest, I’d rather you
didn’t / don’t, if you don’t mind. The apartment isn’t very big.
And it’s only going to be a small gathering. (‘I’d rather you don’t’
is generally more direct.)
6 A Can anyone tell me how the film starts? B Well, in the
opening scene of the film, we see Blanche arriving at the
train station in New Orleans. She is well-dressed in a tailored
suit and a hat and seems intensely nervous, insecure, and
confused. A sailor notices her agitation and offers to help her.
7 A Suzy just texted - she says they are going to be about half
an hour late. B Tell her we will wait for them.
8 A I think Jack would rather we went to that new Italian place
tonight. But to be honest, I’d rather we didn’t have Italian
food again. B How about we go to that new Indian
restaurant instead?
9 A I hear Dasha and Tyler are getting married. B I know!
Hugh told me. I think he said it’s / was sometime next spring.
10 A Come on. Hurry up. It really is time we were on our way.
B You’re quite right, we’ll be late for the meeting if we don’t
leave now.
8A expressing conditionality
a 2 is not, contains 3 want, eat 4 're having, don't have to
5 cannot think, has not dined 6 cooks, should you go
7 're going, bring 8 was going to starve, might as well starve
b 1 Provided, will, as long as 2 Had, ’d have made, make
3 Assuming, do hit, as long as, should 4 wouldn’t have
arranged, didn’t like 5 ’ve never been, should, even if, can,
do go 6 didn’t have, did have, turned up, didn’t really matter,
were, hadn’t been for, ’d have probably missed 7 If you could
just, wouldn’t mind
8B adjective order
a 2 museums are second to none, art galleries and exhibitions
galore 3 a lovely old building, early experimental
works 4 vast range of global cuisines, traditional hearty British
pub food 5 person responsible 6 present students 7 a few
tickets left, only ones available / only available ones 8 regular
black coffee
b 1 A It looks like an unusual and interesting collection of artists. /
It looks like an interesting and unusual collection of artists.
B I think they’ve still got some tickets available for the opening
reception if you fancy it. / I think they’ve still got some tickets
for the opening reception available if you fancy it.
2 B In a cool, little beach hut right next to the sea.
3 B It’s that old brown leather jacket on the chair over there. /
It’s that old brown leather jacket over there on the chair.
4 B It’s fine, but poor Andrew is alone and having to do
everything by himself.
5 B I don’t mind, but something nice and tasty! A How about
I make my special risotto if there’s some rice left?
6 B Yeah, it’s just sheer madness to charge that much.
A Yeah, I agree and the band really aren’t anything special.
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