HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Angeles City
SY 2021-2022

Name: Date: October 12, 2021  Grade/Score: ________

De Guzman, Jenella P. 
            Dungca, Jayvee 
            Mallari, Mark 
            Marimla, Mirvan Andrei 
            Pineda, Issiah 
            Ragaza, Ivy 
            Valiente, Marie 

Course and Section: ABM - Our Lady of Fatima Teacher: Mrs. Angelie Lyn B. Cordero
Subject: Practical Research 1

ACTIVITY: (Please check the appropriate box)

Concept Notes Laboratory report Formal Theme Journal

Skills/Drills/Exercise Drawing/Art/Plate Informal Theme Quiz

Others: Research Writing

ACTIVITY TITLE: Review of Related Literature

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 selects relevant literature;
 cites related literature using standard style;
 synthesizes information from relevant literature;
 writes coherent review of literature; and
 follows ethical standards in writing related literature.
REFERENCE:
Title:
Author/s:
Page nos:

TIMES NEW ROMAN

12

DOUBLE SPACE

Title of Study: Hope in the Youth: The Perspective of Grade 12 Accountancy, Business, and

Management Students of Holy Angel University regarding their Roles in the Upcoming Election 
 DOUBLE SPACE

RRL

INTRODUCTION: (Ragaza, Ivy & Pineda, Issiah Mitch T.)

Elections are at the heart of democracy (Öhrvall, 2018). Elections are defined by which citizens select

their representatives as a form of voicing out individuals’ preferences on who would shape and decide who

would govern the people. On the other hand, not all citizens use the election as an opportunity to influence

politics and those who vote are not a random sample of the electorate. Nowadays, elections are always

associated with fraud and violence. The act of choosing leaders, which is supposed to be a right and an

obligation of the citizens, is frequently misused or disrespected. Today, it is observed that elections are spread

with untrustworthy strategies such as vote-buying, elections’ outcomes are manipulated, and self-directed

interests are propagated (Murcia, Bolo, 2017). Regarding election strategies, a new trend has been discovered

within the global setting where politicians are utilizing pure marketing concepts in reaching out to their voters

(O’Shaughnessy, 2001).

The concept of election will be discussed in this chapter and serves as the main variable in

understanding the perception of the roles of Grade 12 ABM students enrolled at Holy Angel University. In this

literature review, the importance of youth political involvement, different perspectives on the election, factors in

choosing candidates, and good and bad behavior and practices for the election are discussed. These concepts

were presented according to themes regarding how youth perceive political elections.

This study aims to deeply understand what an election is and the perception of youth in elections, and to

determine the importance of their role in political engagement to achieve successful electoral voting.

BODY:

Meaning of Election and the Election Today. (Ragaza, Ivy Clarise D.)

Elections are described by Murcia & Bolo (2017) as the process by which citizens select their

representatives who will shape and decide on and administer the people. Nowadays, decisions are continuously
related to fraud and violence. The act of choosing leaders, which is gathered to be a right and an obligation of

the citizens, is frequently misused or disrespected. These days, it is seen that elections are spread with

untrustworthy strategies like vote-buying, which come about are controlled, and self-directed interfaces are

propagated.

Encourage Youth in voting and Learn about Citizen Rights. (Marimla, Mirvan Andrei P.)

Several states and municipalities have considered or enacted policies that allow youth under the age of

18 to pre-register to vote or vote in primary, municipal, or school board elections. Efforts to encourage early

activism may create engaged citizens and lifelong voters, draw young people into the voting process while

motivation is still high, and have a "trickle-down" effect (Argon, 2015). Moreover, youth answers to

compulsory voting show how youth learn about citizen rights and duties while having different ideas about what

it means to participate in a democracy. The most noteworthy variations of reasons offered by youth to favor and

oppose compulsory voting are represented by four themes: rights and obligations, corruption, inclusion of

minorities, and robust democracy (Pesek, 2014).

Election Activities and Strategies. (Marimla, Mirvan Andrei P.)

Previous studies have indicated that when young people are informed, they are more inclined to

participate in politics (Berson, Rodriguez, Walker, et al., 2014). In terms of election strategies, a new worldwide

trend has emerged in which politicians apply pure marketing principles to reach out to their voters

(O’Shaughnessy, 2001).

Youth Political Participation. (Pineda, Issiah Mitch T.)

Cairns and Allaste (2016) defined youth political participation as the contribution of young people to

decision-making in policy and activism and the motivation to enact social change. In America, the age range for

young voters is under 30 (18-29) (Kirby & Kawashima-Ginsberg, 2009). Chan and Clayton (2006) argued that

people under the age of 18 lack the ability and motivation to participate effectively in the electoral process. In

that case, the voting age should not be lower than 18 years old. It is indicated in a study that the young Indian

population participated enthusiastically in their recent election (Deka, 2019).

Youth engagement in electoral activities. (Pineda, Issiah Mitch T.)

Although youth civic engagement is recognized as a critical component for the preservation of

democratic norms, young people continue to have an insufficient level of political engagement. Young people

think about and participate in politics, which has caused important paradigm debates over the distinctions
between political "participation" and "engagement" (Pones, Henn, & Griffiths, 2018). The discussion on the

involvement and political participation of young voters is always being debated.

Role of youth and Importance of their participation. (Pineda, Issiah Mitch T.)

According to Circle (2016), voting among young adults is significant since they comprise the

electorate's future voters, and, they are part of the major subset of the electorate. Young people must participate

in the polls early on since voting is a habit-forming activity. The willingness of a potential voter and their ability

to vote or not greatly impact the election outcomes and the implication of public policymaking (Holder, 2013).

Behavior of Voters. (Ragaza, Ivy Clarise D.)

In this regard, prior studies have proposed that voters depend on critical and judicious thinking to reach

a decision (Falkowski & Cwalina, 2012; Peng & Hackley, 2009).

Practice and Process of Voting. (Ragaza, Ivy Clarise D.)

According to Navales (2017), voting has been a normal practice in almost all law-based social orders. It

includes the method of how a person chooses a representative whose essential part is to handle their

constituents. Its importance is that a person could independently work out their rights in society, whether from

open or private bunches, organizations, or institutions.

Reasons for not Participating. (De Guzman, Jenella P.)

Research about young voters' political participation indicated that youth voters have low voter turnout.

They have significantly less confidence in their political understanding, such as lack of information, knowledge,

and intention from candidates and changes in the political culture, than the greater population (Kaid, McKinney,

& Tedesco, 2007). The majority of the research focuses on voters as determinant elements that influence the

voting process and may represent election results in a specific place. Sualman, Hashim, Azizi, & Mohamed

(2017). Much of the study on an individual's decision to vote (starting with Downs, 1957) defines it in terms of

a cost-benefit analysis. According to Holder (2013), if an individual believes that the advantages of voting

outweigh the costs, they will vote; if they believe that the costs outweigh the benefits, they will abstain.

Problem about the Government or Authority that affects Democracy in Voting. (De Guzman, Jenella P.)

In the context of the Philippine election, the problem in the country is that the majority of voters are not

intelligent or educated enough about voting, and the candidates they select are not educated

about serving (Defensor-Santiago, 2012).
Conflict and Problems of Young Voters. (De Guzman, Jenella P.)

Researchers have discovered that one of the challenges that young voters face is a lack of mobilization

and enthusiasm in community activities. Inconsistency among teenagers is a problem that has caused a schism

between politicians and young people (Sloam, 2012). As a result, politicians have been unable to take youth

issues seriously, and young people have been unable to benefit from public policy (Sloam, 2012). Young people

are supposed to be unconcerned about politics or the advancement of society (Chryssochoou & Barrett, 2017).

They are sometimes discouraged from voting for the following reasons: first, they believe it is not important to

them academically because it is not graded; second, the voting time schedule is sometimes in conflict with their

class hours, making it possible for them to miss the voting deadline; third, the process takes too much time and

effort; and finally, they believe it is not important to them because it is not graded.

Factors that affect Voters Electoral Decisions. (De Guzman, Jenella P.)

According to Osrio (2015), more voters care about what unique set of characteristics and propositions

each election candidate has tomust bring to the table. Instead of someone who has no sufficient education,

young voters are dissuaded from voting for traditional politicians and choose TV actors and actresses (David &

Atun, 2015). Voters’ electoral decisions are affected by candidates because voters choose the candidate qualities

more than candidates’ personalities and physical traits (Anderson, 2007).

Voter Factors in Choosing Candidates. (De Guzman, Jenella P.)

Voters today have become cynical about politics (Murcia & Guerrero, 2016). The most important factor

for the voters in choosing the candidates are those who will help them, as preference was universally noted to be

modified by decision-making processes, such as choices (Sharot, De Martino, & Dolan, 2009),

even unconsciously (Coppin, Delplanque, Cayeux, Porcherot, & Sander, 2010). Some of the theories about the

effects of advertising on voter behavior have employed advertisements to explain particular electoral outcomes.

So, political advertising has some effect based on the studies done by scholars and how some campaigns have

caused more impact than others.

Effect of Preferential voting. (De Guzman, Jenella P.)

More civil campaigning is the outcome of preferential voting rules (Donovan, Tolbert, & Gracey, 2016)

and greater campaign mobilization efforts (Bowler, Donovan, & Brockington, 2003; Smith, 2016). 

Information-Seeking Process of Young voters in Political Process. (De Guzman, Jenella P.)
 During an election campaign, political advertising has become one of the most influential sources of

political information. Political advertisements serve a variety of purposes, such as persuasion, influence, attack,

information, and manipulation of voters' information seeking. Meanwhile, the role of young voters in the

political process is an important study that experts must address (Sualman, Hashim, Azizi, & Mohamed, 2017).

Analyzing Young voters Decision Making. (De Guzman, Jenella P.)

Researchers have discovered how a person votes are influenced by factors other than the candidates and

issues in the election. Partie identification is the most crucial long-term factor (Westerwick, 2012).

How Young voters Make their Rational Decision. (De Guzman, Jenella P.)

According to Kaid (2007), Leppaniemi, Karjaluota, Lehto, Goman (2010), Noordin, Sawal, Zakaria

(2010), and Weiss (2012), the participation of young voters in elections has become a major concern among

experts. Most of the studies associated with this topic focus on how young voters make rational decisions that

affect their information searching, political awareness, involvement, engagement, efficacy, and decisions.

Different perception. (Pineda, Issiah Mitch T.)

Millennials (born 1981–1996), and Generation Z (born 1997–2012) and younger voters have more

pessimistic political outlooks (Dermody & Hanmer‐Lloyd, 2004; Lawless & Fox, 2015) as well as a greater

dependence on campaign outreach (Dalton, 2015) while campaigns are less likely to contact (Nickerson, 2006;

Rosenstone & Hansen, 2003). Meanwhile, by age and generation, there are obvious differences in political

perspective and reliance on mobilization efforts. According to Murcia and Bolo (2017), millennials or young

people under the age of 35 tend to prefer candidates based on popularity and those from whom they can benefit

the most.

Preferential voting systems. (Pineda, Issiah Mitch T.)

The preferential voting system requires the winner of the election to receive the majority of votes while

not requiring follow-up questions. Instead, in the voting booth, voters rank candidates for a single office in

order of preference. If no candidate receives most electoral votes, the least popular candidate is eliminated, and

all votes were given for that candidate go to the voter's second choice (cf. Grofman & Feld, 2004).

Social Responsibility. (Marimla Mirvan Andrei P.)

Social responsibility is crucial in improving societal cohesiveness, structuring lives within it, and

promoting interdependence and coherence among individuals. Social responsibility also expresses how
intimately an individual is linked to a community, as well as his or her state of mind and sense of belonging to

family, society, and the nation. Social responsibility is critical in preparing and allowing young people to take

on duties; it prepares and allows them to execute their tasks in the best possible way in society. (Kharashi,

2004).

Youth Social Responsibility and Importance. (Marimla, Mirvan Andrei P.)

A socially responsible person is one who cares about discussing and comprehending society's social and

political problems, cooperating with other members of society, respecting their viewpoints, making all efforts

for them, maintaining the community's reputation, and respecting social obligations. Raising a man to accept

responsibility for what he says and does is a vital element of structuring life in human society, since when

individuals accept responsibility for their actions, life becomes stable and peace reigns. Since, Youth are an

essential element of society, and they play a vital and conspicuous role in advancing society and activating its

growth process. Social responsibility may be described as the extent to which young people understand and

practice their social duty toward themselves, their family, friends, society, and nation, as well as bear the

repercussions of such a role (Rakan, & Ayman, 2020).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the above-stated literature suggests what the role of youth will be regarding presidential
voting. Its further states how different kinds of behaviors, effects, influences, and responsibilities affect one's
decision, as with the concept of election discussed in this chapter. Hence, this study wants to clarify the
perception of young voters as they experience first-time voting.

RRS

INTRODUCTION

Mallari, Mark Y.

This chapter contains the related studies after a thorough and comprehensive analysis by researchers.

The studies in this chapter deal with generalization, results, conclusions, and numerous developments connected

to the study's development. In addition, the information in this chapter will familiarize readers with significant

and pertinent elements to the current study.

BODY italicized the titles of the research

Mallari, Mark Y.
 Canare (2013) conducted a study entitled Will Access to Information on Political Dynasties Alter Voting

Behavior? Evidence From a Philippine Youth Voting Experiment. The study's goal is to assess the impact of

young voters' access to information on political dynasties (i.e., the socioeconomic correlates of this

phenomenon) in the Philippines, in relation to their voting choices for top local government positions and the

Senate. A political dynasty is the consolidation, perpetuation, or concentration of public office and political

power by individuals who are related to each other. The analysis in this study leads to three main conclusions.

First, there is evidence that the lecture and cartoon had an effect on the number of votes cast for dynasties.

Second, the lecture has a greater impact on participants' voting preferences in terms of selecting dynastic

candidates than the cartoon. The cartoon presentation lasted only five minutes, while the lecture lasted thirty

minutes. Third, when it comes to overall vote adjustment patterns, senate positions have the most influence,

while local government positions have much less. Longer exposure to these treatments may be required for their

full effects to manifest, or participants may require time to digest and absorb the information. Furthermore, it is

possible that the overall impact will differ depending on where the students come from. Finally, the

characteristics inherent in the design of the cartoon or the delivery of the lecture may influence its overall

effectiveness as a means of conveying information.

Mallari, Mark Y.

However, Winchester, Binney, and Hall (2014) conducted a study in Journal of Nonprofit & Public

Sector Marketing entitled Young Adults and Politics: Investigating Factors Influencing Voter Decision Making.

The findings indicate that certain key elements, such as perceived knowledge and passive information seeking,

play a role in voter decision making, as do external influences such as the media and, to a lesser extent, family.

Many young adults do not conduct extensive information searches, they rely on internal resources or

information obtained through passive searches. This passive information could come from family, friends, or

the media. Previous voting behavior appeared to be an important factor in young adult voters' perceived

knowledge of political parties, as well as their voting stability. This may impede decision-making and

consideration of alternative options, influencing the candidate's preference. Only a few people stated that they

voted based solely on whom their family voted for, and even fewer mentioned the influence of their friends. As

a result, while these may be a starting point for young adults to learn about politics, their influence on their

decision-making is not as strong as previously thought. Previous research suggested that social media platforms

such as Facebook and Twitter could be useful for reaching this age group. Overall, the use of social media as a

form of mass communication was quite low, which is consistent with previous research on the Internet as a

source of political knowledge. Young adults are encouraged to be passive and, as a result, have less time for
politics. This suggests that politicians may need to focus on a variety of communication channels, including

social media, while also maintaining a focus on more traditional sources of political communication to young

adults, such as television and newspapers.

Mallari, Mark Y.

Sualma, Hashim, Azizi, and Mohamed (2017), on the other hand, published a study in International

Journal of Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences entitled Political Advertising and Young Voters Information

Needs. Contesting political parties and candidates will develop a strategic campaign to influence and persuade

their voters and supporters during political campaigns. Political participation by young voters is crucial in any

democratic country. This demographic is open to receiving various types of information. At the same time,

voters actively seek information in order to become fully informed about specific issues. Economic issues,

according to the findings, had an impact on the political situation of young voters. Some economic issues have

an impact on their opinion of the government and their political situation was also influenced by their parents.

Also, political advertising is an important source of information during election campaigns. They do disclose

information to their friends and family. Even though political advertising is not the primary source of

information for this target group, it does influence them to seek political information from the competing

parties. Some political advertisements produced by political parties do support them in comprehending certain

political issues. In this study, some of them make a rational argument that they are not allowed to participate in

politics because they are students.

Dungca, Jayvee

Navales (2017) conducted a study entitled "Voting System Integrated with Smartcard Technology for

Student Coordinating Council" in Cainra Catholic College, implies that because most students nowadays are

familiar with basic computer interfaces and controls, the analyst will create a client interface that is user-

friendly, efficient, accurate, and secure so that the client will not struggle with respect to voting time. It is

showed in the said study that the suggested proposed system is user-friendly, with clear procedures, easy voting

access, and the ability to vote based solely on identification. The proposed system is accurate wherein it reduces

voting time and speeds up the voting process. In addition, it ensures that votes are accurately counted.

Moreover, the proposed system employs data encryption cryptography to protect private data in the database,

such as passwords and smartcard unique identification numbers, from accidental sight. The researchers devised

a "LAN Based Electronic Voting System Integrated with Smartcard Technology for Student Planning Council

in Cainta Catholic College," which will make voting and participating in the said student planning council

considerably easier for students.

Dungca, Jayvee

In contrast, Murcia and Bolo, (2017) conducted a study entitled, Millennial Voters' Preference for the

2016 Philippine Presidential Elections: A Simulation Using Conjoint Analysis in Digos City. The study aims to

determine the millennials’ preference for a 2016 Philippine President and will determine the most preferable

presidential candidate by deriving the individual and aggregate models. The said study conducted a survey

among 900 college students from four higher education institutions in Digos City. The survey questionnaires

used in the said study was developed first using a series of key informant interviews (KII) to obtain four (4)

most preferable attributes from the list of attributes derived from the review of literature, namely: educational

attainment, political experience, personality, and platform of governance. The findings of this study showed that

the presidential candidate's political experience is the primary attribute preference of the millennials.

Educational attainment ranked second among the important attributes, followed by the personality of the

presidential candidates and then priority or platform. It was found that profession and occupation is the least

factor the millennials in the consideration in voting for the 2016 Philippine President.

Dungca, Jayvee

However, in a study conducted by Pones, Henn, and Griffiths (2018) entitled, "Towards a

Conceptualization of Young People's Political Engagement: A Qualitative Focus Group Study," it was

discovered that, while young people were skeptical of traditional electoral politics, they were able to distinguish

between traditional political forms of engagement and new alternative forms. Young people in this study have

defined what political involvement is and what it is not, as well as how they compare this to their idea of

political engagement. Participants were asked to write down three to five actions, behaviors, or concepts that

they believe demonstrate political engagement, and then share their comments with the rest of the focus group

in their own words. Participants' suggestions for illustrative examples resulted in the creation of two unique

categories: political engagement and political involvement. When asked if there is a difference between political

participation and political engagement, participants came to the following conclusions: I people who participate

in politics are usually considered politically engaged, but there are exceptions (such as voting without being

politically engaged); and (ii) higher levels of enthusiasm and engagement lead to more participation. Others

viewed political participation as a more traditional, electorally oriented action as opposed to more passive and

symbolic types of engagement (e.g., listening to the news). Our research contributed to a larger definition of

young people's political engagement by revealing how young people themselves understood political

engagement (in diverse national contexts, such as the United Kingdom and Portugal). There were no obvious
distinctions between the young persons in terms of their political engagement perceptions, from the United

Kingdom and Portugal.

Dungca, Jayvee

Whereas in the study conducted by Kirmania, Lakshmi, Hasan, and Bhawdwaj's entitled, "Dynamics of

Voter Satisfaction: Empirical Investigation of Young Indian Voters," published in 2019, revealed that the higher

voters' economic and global thought (EGC), the less satisfied they are with the current political system. The

study's findings also suggest that increased voter awareness will lead to increased participation in the political

system. The said study also showed that the more concerned voters are about their country's economic position

and global reputation, the more difficult it will be for politicians to satisfy them with their policies. The present

government must focus on finding solutions to the country's economic challenges and establishing a solid

international reputation. This will lead to a favourable perception of the incumbent administration among

voters, resulting in increased voter satisfaction. The study makes two significant contributions in this area. First,

the study established a scale for assessing the elements that influence voters' active participation in the political

process. Second, the study created and tested a model that looked at the relationships between the variables on

the 23-item scale. This model will tremendously assist academicians and researchers in gaining a better

understanding of the factors that influence voter satisfaction and willingness to participate in the political

process. Politicians will be better able to devise appropriate strategies with a better grasp of people.

CONCLUSION Valiente, Kathrina

Elections are a decision-making process in which the general public selects an individual or group to

hold a public office. Furthermore, voting in the United States began in the 17th century, and only white men

could vote at the time, but in the twentieth century, women and black people were granted the right to vote.

Furthermore, many countries, including the Philippines, adopted this democratic process. This study reflects the

views of Holy Angel University Grade 12 students on the upcoming presidential election next year.

In conclusion, according to the studies mentioned above, one of the elements students examine when

choosing a candidate is what their family or extended family members decide. In addition, one of the most

important criteria in choosing their president bet is experience. When it comes to choosing the next President,

economic issues are obviously an important factor to consider. As a consequence, the gathered studies clarified

how Grade 12 students see the next election. However, there may be gaps in this research because the study was
not completed perfectly due to the difficulties that students studying online. The researchers believe that if they

conducted the study themselves, it would be more effective.

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