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ow thick should I pour my floor? Stresses in concrete slabs come from highly expansive or compressive soils.
one might be designing a building slab a site-specific evaluation by a profes- heave on exterior slabs as well as swell-
that is subjected to vehicle traffic such sional engineer. Special considerations ing and shrinking. Areas of fill should be
as skid steer loaders, forklifts, trucks or are required for problem soil such as avoided or limited as much as possible.
tractors or some combination of these.
In this case the ability to handle repeti-
tive loads and to transfer those loads
across joints is a critical design criterion.
Alternatively, a slab may not have vehicle
traffic but instead needs to be imperme-
able. Such is the case with the base of a
storage tank for liquid manure. In some
other slab uses (e.g., some farm shops or
garages) the slab will
wil l receive limited vehi-
cle traffic,
traff ic, or the repetitions are likely not
sufficient to control the slab thickness
design, but other things—in-floor heat,
surface finish including coatings, the slab
slope or levelness—significantly influ-
ence the design. Figure 1. Aggregate subbase prepared for reinforced slab on grade
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Compaction of fills should specify a max- cle traffic is a minimum of 5 inches and typical of silts and clays with high com-
imum lift thickness, along with require- is thicker for heavier equipment with pressibility
pressibility or a California bearing ratio
ments for moisture and density based repetitive use. A good tool for thickness of 2 or less, a 9.5-inch-thick slab is need-
on the fill material. Larger fills will add design with various non-uniform loads ed. For larger slabs with low subgrade
a surcharge load to the subsurface soils, is Concrete Floors on Ground , published modulus, it may be worth adding a well-
which may cause differential settlement. by Portland Cement Association (Farny, compacted granular subbase under the
Settlement risks should be evaluated by 2001). This PCA method covers single- or slab to increase the k design value.
a qualified engineer to control settlement dual-wheel loads and post loads where Load contact area
a rea is one of the key fac-
within acceptable limits based on the use the slab is considered an unreinforced tors in determining the adequacy of a
of the slab. Grading adequate to drain spread footing. PCA outlines a procedure proposed floor thickness. Heavier loads
surface water away from and around the for determining slab thickness to control with small contact areas may require
slab is important in most projects. Slabs flexural
flexur al stresses based on the modulus of a footing, which many times can be a
with coatings or coverings require vapor rupture ( MR
MR)) of plain concrete. thickened slab of 8-inch thickness or
barriers or retarders in order to limit the more, proportioned to distribute the
water vapor entering the building from EXAMPLE DESIGN load sufficiently to resist the stresses,
the soil below the slab. A vapor barrier The following is a vehicle load example and can require additional reinforce-
will keep the building drier and protect with single wheels based on the PCA ment. The size of tires or column base
the slab coating coverings from prema- method. First, a stress ratio is computed plates is an important factor because sizesiz e
ture deterioration. A sacrificial geotextile based on the number of repetitions in the influences the distribution of the loads.
will help protect the vapor barrier and case of wheel loads (or you can simply Larger concentrated loads may require
reduce subgrade friction and related stress use 0.45 for unlimited repetitions). The thicker slab designs, or a thickened slab
during slab shrinkage or movement due stress determines your factor of safety footing may be used to control flexural
to temperature change. (FS),
FS), which is simply the inverse of the stress or protect against shear failures.
stress ratio, such as 2.2 for unlimited Further distribution of concentrated
DETERMINATION OF repetitions. A joint factor ( JF ) is deter- loads may be warranted in some cases
SLAB THICKNESS mined based on the joint spacing in order such as large point loads.
No single design method covers every to ensure good aggregate interlock. With
type or use of slab, so the designer should joints at 20-foot spacing or greater
greater,, the SLAB REINFORCING
consider the use and design criteria in joint factor is typically taken as 1.6
1.6 unless AND JOINTS
order to select an appropriate method. dowels are used to transfer the load across Reinforcement for slabs varies accord-
This section outlines a typical method for the joint; in that case the joint factor is ing to the procedure used and the pur-
thickness design, often referred to as the taken as 1.0. The allowable slab working pose of the reinforcement. Shrinkage
Portland Cement Association method stress (WS
(WS)) is calculated
calcu lated by the formula and temperature stresses are the most
(Farny, 2001), that can be used for a vari- common tensile stresses that may need
ety of applications (but not all). The PCA WS = MR/(FS * JF).
JF) . reinforcement. For some slabs, frequent
method determines slab thickness based joints at less
less than 15 feet may
may not require
on the modulus of rupture of the con- For this example, reinforcement. NRCS Code 313 specifies
crete without counting on any flexural WS =
WS = 640/(2.2 * 1.6) = 182 psi the use of the subgrade drag theory and
strength improvement from temperature bases the area of steel on the subgrade
and shrinkage reinforcement. Several where MR
MR is taken as 640 psi for the friction factor, the distance between
additional slab-on-grade design methods flexurall strength of plain concrete. Then
flexura joints or free ends of the slab and the
are outlined in the American Concrete compute the allowable slab stress per weight of the slab. The goal is to hold the
t he
Institute Committee 360’s Guide to 1,000-pound axle load = 182/20 = 9.1 shrinkage cracks together tightly and
Design of Slabs-on-Ground (2010). psi for a 20 kip axle load. To determine allow the movement at the free ends of
Determining slab thickness starts the load contact area, you can divide the slabs. The subgrade drag formula
with the purpose of the slab, its use and the wheel load of 10,000 pounds by the from ACI Committee 360 (2010) and
its loads, in addition to applicable stan- inflation pressure, let’s say 100 psi, giv- several PCA publications is
dards. MidWest Plan Service (Koenig ing a contact area of 100 square inches.
& Runestad, 1998, 2005) has used a Note that for certain smaller contact As = F * L * W/2 * f s, where
minimum slab thickness of 4.5 inch- areas, the effective contact area may As = cross-sectional area of steel in
es for various manure storage facili- need to be adjusted by the design charts square inches per lineal foot of slab width
ties, while the minimum required by based on the slab thickness. You also F = coefficient of subgrade friction
the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s need to know the center-to-center wheel (typically ranging from 0.9 for uniform
Natural Resources Conservation Service spacing, which we will call 80 inches sand to 2 for soil)
in Conservation Practice Standard Code in this example. Using the PCA design L = slab length (or width) between
313 (NRCS, 2003)
for applications is aliquid-tightness
where 5-inch thicknessis chart starting with the slab stress to the free ends in feet. A free end is any joint
contact area, the wheel spacing for our free to move in a horizontal plane such
required, such as in floor slabs of waste example problem requires a slab thick- as with a smooth dowel. The 2 in the
storage facilities. The minimum thick- ness of about 9 inches for a subgrade denominator of the equation relates to
ness for most slabs for lightweight vehi- modulus (k(k) of 100 pci. For k = 50 pci two free ends of a slab, such as a con-
SLAB CURING
Curing slabs properly is just as important
Figure 2. Joint spacing for various slab thicknesses and areas of steel as curing other concrete members, but in
many ways it is more important because
struction or control joint where the slab so as to allow horizontal movement at the slabs are generally thinner members. Use
reinforcement is interrupted. joint but provide shear transfer across the of curing compound or coverings such as
W = weight of slab in pounds per joint. Shear transfer may not be needed
needed in polyethylene sheeting, burlap or sprin-
square foot some cases, such as with a tank that will klers is critical, especially for the first sev-
f s = allowable working stress of rein- never see wheel loads. Some projects can eral days. As concrete cures, the energy
forcement in pounds per square inch use a keyway at construction joints. Use released is tremendous, and much of this
(psi), typically 0.67 or 0.75 times the of keyways is typical with unreinforced energy results in the evaporation of water
yield strength
strengt h of the steel. slabs with construction or control joints from the concrete surface, water that is
spaced at less than 15 feet so that the key- needed for proper hydration and hence
Figure 2 shows the required area of way continues to provide effective shear curing of the concrete. The rate of concrete
steel for various slab thicknesses and var- transfer across the joint. For control-joint curing varies greatly
g reatly with the temperature.
ious values of L. The chart is based on the spacing of less than 15 feet, aggregate Concrete continues to cure for several
assumption
assumptio n that f
that f s = 45,000 psi and F = 2. interlock may suffice for shear transfer, months and even longer if it has to cure
Reinforcement for slabs is typically but it really depends upon the magnitude during cold weather. It’s interesting to note
placed in the middle-to-upper third
thi rd of the of the load and the expected slab con- that when this moisture is released into a
slab thickness. Flat sheets of welded wire traction. When a joint moves more than poorly ventilated space, it has the potential
reinforcement are typical for 4-inch and 0.035 inches, aggregate interlock effec- to create condensation problems for cus-
5-inch-thick slabs where 1.5-inch cover is tiveness decreases. tomers and contractors alike. Remember
recommended from the top of the slab to If joints are not desired or are not that condensation is a symptom of a larger
the WWR. For 6-inch and thicker slabs, allowed by the project owner, use of a larg- problem that will need to be addressed.
deformed bars are more typical, with a
placement cover of 2 inches to the top of
the slab. Support the slab steel on chairs
or concrete blocks as needed to ensure
proper position with the slab.
Getting free ends on large slabs
requires joints. These can be control
(i.e., contraction) joints or construction
joints. Control joints can be sawn if thist his
is done within a few hours after the con-
crete sets up, which is the same day the
concrete is placed. Saw depths should
be at least 0.25 times the slab thickness.
Other control joints may be made with a
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SLAB INSULATION
Many theories exist regarding the proper use of insulation in
and around a slab on grade. We do not cover that topic in this
article, but we do note two points:
• Thermal bridging around the perimeter of a slab is a real
phenomenon that the design professional needs to attend to.
• In-floor radiant heating system installers have different
theories regarding the amounts and types of insulation that
should be used for the best performance of their system.
CONCLUSIONS
The design of a slab on grade—seemingly a simple feature in a
building—takes considerable thought and careful attention if
the slab is to perform well during the life of the structure.
The designer and project owner must work together to
•