TEENAGE PREGNANCY DURING COVID-19: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

Members:

ARAQUIL, REAH T.

ARNAEZ, MARLYN HEART J.

DE JUAN, KYZZIA CASSANDRA B.

DEMASUAY, JOHN LEE S.

MANZANARES, NATHALIE FAITH R.

ULAT, KARYLE JOY

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Teenage pregnancy is not just a problem in our country, but all over the world.

Pregnancy in a female under the age of 20 is referred to as a teen pregnancy. It usually

refers to teenagers aged 15 to 19. However, it can include girls as young as ten. It can

happen with sexual intercourse after the onset of ovulation, which can happen before

the first menstrual period. Adolescent pregnancies are a global issue that affects high-,

middle-, and low-income countries all over the world. It is more likely to occur in

marginalized communities, which are frequently marked by poverty, a lack of education,

and a lack of job opportunities.

Teenage pregnancy poses significant risks to both the teen and the child; it also

leads to early parenthood, which means the child will miss out on an education. As a

result, teenage pregnancy has become an important public policy issue as it has been

defined as a social problem tither than an individual concern.

Every year, an estimated 21 million girls between the ages of 15 and 19 become

pregnant in developing countries, with roughly 12 million giving birth. At least 777,000

births occur in developing nations to adolescent girls under the age of 15 and the

pandemic has seen a rise in the number of unwanted teenage pregnancies. According

to the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) and the United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA), the Philippines will have 214,000 unplanned babies this

year. The country's birth rate will rise to nearly 1.9 million this year as a result of COVID-

19 lockdowns. According to the Commission on Population and Development

(POPCOM), the lockdown has prevented hundreds of thousands of teenage women

from accessing family planning supplies, which is one of the negative effects of

community quarantine on the welfare of every family, exacerbating the ongoing health

crisis.

Proper sex education and abstinence promotion are two of the most effective

ways to reduce teenage pregnancy among the young generation. According to the

study’s lead author, Pamela Kohler, “it is not harmful to teach teens about birth control

in addition to abstinence.” It is important to educate youths or teenagers about sex or

health education to further stop these increasing rates of pregnancy: a social and

economic problem. During pregnancy, the teen mother’s education is put on hold, and

some youths even decide to drop out of high school and look for work to boost their

income. An adolescent mother who does not receive adequate financial assistance

from her parents or friends will face serious financial difficulties.

These teenage mothers do not just experience difficulties in growing the child,

but in financial, social, and psychological aspects. Also, these causes the teen mothers

to drop out of school to make a living and sustain a living for their child. This study aims

to know the effect of teenage pregnancy on the academic performance of teen moms,

on the financial aspects, and how does this affect the life of teen mothers.

A. Statement of The Problem

Generally, this study aims to assess the awareness about the negative effects of

pregnancy to fellow our teenagers, it sees to answer the following:

1. How teenage pregnancy does affect the academic performance of the student?

2. What are the effects of teenage pregnancy on the financial means of the student?
3. How does teenage pregnancy affect teen mothers?

B. Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

a. Life of Teenage a. Financial Status and
Mothers during Psychological
pandemic. Status
b. Effects of having a b. GPA
baby in their
academic
performance

D. Significance Of The Study

This study entitled “TEENAGE PREGNANCY DURING COVID-19: A

PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY” aims to spread awareness in our fellow teenagers.

Moreover, this study aims to recognize teenage pregnancy among teenagers and be

able to find out the effects of teenage pregnancy towards academic progression, health,

and capabilities of teenagers being a parent. This study is outmost importance for it  will

provide necessary information that will pave the way of deeper and more specific

studies and researches about teenage pregnancy. This study will serve as a print of

reference that will help establish a more comprehensive knowledge about the said topic.
To the Parents,

This study will also benefit parents by allowing them to recognize their important

role in teaching, safeguarding, and diverting their kids from engaging in early sex,

especially if they are not married. They must also be mindful of the types of peers that

their teenagers have. This research will also alert parents to the fact that contraceptive

instruction will begin at home.

To the Students,

This study will benefit student to educate them about the reasons of adolescent 

pregnancy and the potential implications of pregnancy on their education. In some

manner, this paper will motivate students to put their study over their romantic ties with

lovers.

To the Local Government,

This study will enable them to evaluate the effectiveness of their program about

prevention of teenage pregnancy and encourage their communities especially the

teenagers participate in the program.

To the Health Care Providers,

This study would provide them information of the importance of knowing the major

factors behind early pregnancy and the possible effects on educational development of 

teenagers. It's one way that administrators will intensify sex education on their school,

improve the knowledge of their faculties or teachers through seminars so that they can

deal well with students to avoid pregnancy at early age. 

To the Researchers,

This study would also would also be a great help to future researchers and to all  people

who are interested to know more about teenage pregnancy on their causes and the

possible effects on their educational development.

E. Scope and Delimitation

This study is focused on awareness towards the effects of teenage pregnancy.

This study aims to provide information and give awareness about teenage pregnancy to

the youths. According to surveys, the rate of teenage pregnancy is high and continues

to rise. Important issues such as sex education should be taught at an earlier grade

level, and small discussion group teaching strategies will be discussed in terms of

program and policy consequences. Parenting practices should be taught in

sex education programs, and funding for preventive and academically based

intervention programs should be enhanced. Public health interventions aim to identify

teenagers who are vulnerable and support those who are pregnant with evidence-based

interventions such as teenage antenatal clinics and access to initiatives that provide

support for early parenthood.

F. Definition of Terms

Adolescence- the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person

develops from a child into an adult.

Adolescent- in the process of developing from a child into an adult which will seem a

little crucial for the child’s future.

Awareness- the quality or state of being aware: knowledge and understanding that

something is happening or exists.

Prevention- the action of stopping something from happening or arising.

Sex Education- also known as sexual education, sexuality education or sex ed, is the

instruction of issues relating to human sexuality, including emotional relations and

responsibilities, human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual reproduction, age of

consent, reproductive health, reproductive rights, sexual health, safe sex, and birth

control.

Teenager- a person aged between 13 and 19 years.

Teenage Pregnancy- is when a woman under 20 gets pregnant. It usually refers to

teens between the ages of 15-19. But it can include girls as young as 10. It’s also called

teen pregnancy or adolescent pregnancy.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains a review of related literature and studies. To shed light on

the effects of teenage pregnancy in general as well as discover its psychological

implications, several articles and studies that are relevant and significant to this

research paper were reviewed.

The adolescent stage starts at the age of 10-19 years. And this stage is a

transitional phase that necessitates special attention and ongoing support. Physical,

emotional, mental, and social changes are putting their lives in danger. As an outcome,

the majority of adolescents are exposed to unwanted pregnancy, casual sexual

practices, rape, early childbirth, high-risk abortion, HIV/AIDS, and other sexually

transmitted diseases (UNICEF, 2008 & 2011).

The pandemic was felt by all people around the world. And two of the social

problems were teenage pregnancy and early marriage (Musa, 2021). During the

pandemic, the number of cases increased dramatically once the restrictions were

eased, although the lockdown reduced the rate of adolescent pregnancy by 13%

(Buenaventura, 2022).

Teenage pregnancy is not only a problem in other countries, but it is a global

challenge and a problem faced by people all around the world. According to the World

Health Organization (WHO), "Each year, 12 million girls aged between 15 and 19 give
birth in developing regions." Based on a survey, the Philippines has one of the highest

pregnancy rates among the ASEAN states, with more than 500 adolescents giving birth

and getting pregnant each year.

Additionally, the Philippines came in second among Southeast Asian countries in

terms of adolescent fertility rates (AFR), or births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19

(Jimenez, 2011-2014). On the other hand, POPCOM Caraga Director Alexander A.

Makinano stated that research findings affirm the need for social support in four areas:

family support systems, financial and economic support, education, health, and

nutrition, including mental health. "Teen pregnancy is on the rise, necessitating society's

coordinated initiatives and interventions." "All social institutions are concerned about it,"

Makinano said.

A source from POPCOM agreed and stated that COVID-19 lockdowns are

expected to result in 214, 000 unintended births this year. This will bring the country's

total births to around 1.9 million this year. Hundreds of thousands of adolescent women

have been unable to obtain family planning materials as a result of the lockdown

(POPCOM, 2020). 

An article by Willie (2021) revealed that three of the country's monthly averages

have seen a 40% spike in teenage pregnancy three months after lockdown due to

COVID-19 (Global Citizen). Meanwhile, the Krachi West Area Programme in Ghana had

a nearly ninefold increase in teenage pregnancy during COVID-19 (World Vision). Also,

Edwards (2020) stated that when comparing January to March and April to June 2020
patterns in the Nwoye district, the number of adolescent pregnancies is said to have

increased.

In comparison, the Health Principal Secretary predicted a 35% increase in

pregnancies among young girls aged 10 to 19 in the first half of 2020, compared to the

previous year, in July 2020 (Davies, 2020). Meanwhile, in Zimbabwe, Xinhua (2021)

saw an upsurge in adolescent pregnancies and child marriages. Millions of unplanned

pregnancies are caused by lockdown. Due to girls not attending school during the Ebola

crisis, adolescent pregnancies increased by 65 percent in Sierra Leone.

In this surge increase of cases, an article said that it is such a difficult time to give

birth during a pandemic as the Philippines came in last out of 53 countries in a

Bloomberg study for response and resilience. Furthermore, Garcia (2022) stated in her

article that some rural health areas responded more quickly to the pandemic, limiting

access to sexual and reproductive health care. So, some women were forced to give

birth at home.

The Commission on Population and Development (POPCOM) agreed and stated

that the lockdown also meant hundreds of thousands of teenage women have been

unable to access family planning supplies and this is one of the adverse impacts of

community quarantine to the welfare of every family which further aggravates the

situation of the ongoing health crisis. This is not only the problems teen mother are

facing.

Teenage mothers often have burdens in terms of financial aspect because of

having no job, low education, fewer job opportunities, and health risks. POPCOM also
classified the causes of such cases such as school closures, dysfunctional family, and

lack of access to sexual and reproductive health education. A claim by Natividad (2013)

agreed, “these teen mothers are mostly poor, live in rural areas, and have a low level of

education.

Due to limited knowledge or access on sexual and reproductive health a study

stated that, the COVID-19 pandemic thus indirectly exposes adolescent girls to

multiplied risks of unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections including HIV

and Human Papilloma Virus (Murewanhema, 2020).

Meanwhile, research from Department of Science and Technology - National

Research Council of the Philippines (DOST-NRCP) added that, “school closures is one

of the factors for the cause of teenage pregnancy.” In result of these happenings,

teenage pregnancy became a social and economic challenge all over the world.

A study by Mortara (2020) revealed that, “child marriage and teenage

pregnancies are expected to rise over the world as a result of school closures and rising

poverty rates brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic.” A total of 608,000 additional girls

are projected to be at danger of early pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa alone, with

542,000 more expected to be involved in child marriage.

Teen pregnancy and childbearing have large social and economic costs that can

have short- and long-term negative implications for teen parents, their children, and

their community. Recent research has discovered that pregnancy and childbirth have a

significant impact on teen parents' educational outcomes. Children born to teen mothers

also face a variety of challenges (Hoffman & Maynard, 2008). 

 Early pregnancies have substantial health consequences for adolescent mothers

and their newborns. Babies born to mothers under the age of 20 are more likely to have

low birth weight, premature deliveries, and even mortality. This occurs because the

adolescent was unaware of how to care for the child in her womb.

A research study stated that, “girls under the age of 18 who become pregnant

are more likely to face violence in their marriage or cohabitation” (WHO, 2022). A study

by Paranjothy (2007), stated that “pregnancy and childbirth during the teenage years

are associated with increased risk of poorer health and well-being for both the mother

and the baby, possibly reflecting the socio-economic factors that precede early

pregnancy and childbirth.”

According to reports, a bill entitled The Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy Act

has been introduced involve the Senate to assist adolescents in becoming more

knowledgeable and gaining access to reproductive health care (UCANEWS, 2019).

Despite the Philippines' progress in terms of reproductive law, there is still a growing

rate of adolescent pregnancy, with many resorting to "abortion" (Hussain, 2013)

Adolescent moms and their newborns suffer serious health repercussions as a

result of early pregnancies. Low birth weight, preterm deliveries, and even death are

more likely in babies born to moms under the age of 20. This happens because the

adolescent was not aware how to take care the baby in her womb.

With these bearing effects in mind, one must see the importance of studying the

life of teenage parents to locate the problem and its’ roots. According to Rizal, “one

must bring problems closer to home”. What is lacking in the literature is an analysis of
female youth who had ever been pregnant decoupled from the concept of it being

unintended.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  

A. RESEARCH DESIGN

          The research study, entitled “Teenage Pregnancy During COVID-19: A

Phenomenological Study,” has undergone interviews and investigation regarding the

objective of the study. The researcher investigated the lived experiences of teenage

mother as a student using a phenomenological research design that explains how a

teenage mom experiences this kind of phenomenon and how they feel about it. The

study aimed to gain insight into phenomenon of parenting and parents’ experiences at

an early age. In this study, it recognizes that there is no single objective reality; instead,

everyone experiences things differently.

B. LOCALE OF THE STUDY

           The researchers conducted their research at Brgy. Lambontong, Surallah, South

Cotabato as the locale of their study for it is the scope and delimitation of their study.

Brgy. Lambontong is composed of 15 purok and 2 sitios namely, Sitio New Antique,

Sitio Burlaza, Katipunan I, II, III, IV, Purok Filipiniana, Masagana, Malinawon, Mawa,

Mausawagon, Calinog, Rizal, Everlasting, Pag-asa, and Maligaya.

Figure 2. Locale of the Study

C. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

          The researchers used online interviews and Google form survey guide as their

research instrument to get some information about the personal experiences of

respondents. This is to know how they handle this kind of situation in their teenage life.

This questionnaire is a list of questions or items used to gather data from the

perspective of the respondents about their attitudes, experiences, and opinions.

Moreover, it puts less pressure on the respondents in accumulating information.

D. RESEARCH RESPONDENTS AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

          The respondents of this research study are the selected teenage mothers in the

community, for they are the target subjects/respondents for this study. Most of the

respondents are from senior high school departments. The researchers used Multistage

sampling in selecting their respondents. Multistage sampling or Multistage Cluster

Sampling is a sample from a population using smaller and smaller groups at each

stage. Barangay Lambontong is composed of 15 puroks and 2 sitios. Among the

respondents, the researchers personally selected the target subjects. 

E. DATA ANALYSIS

           The researchers were able to use qualitative methods to assess the data.

Qualitative content analysis is a powerful method for analyzing large amounts of

qualitative data collected through interviews. Therefore, the researchers were able to

use the analysis through the presence of interviews within the qualitative data. Data

were collected through individual, semi-structured, and in-depth interview with the

respondents.

F. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

          The process of measuring and collecting data is known as data collection.

Measuring and collecting information on variables of interest, in an established

systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test

hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. Data gathering enables the researcher to take

decisions related to the information that will assist in carrying forward the research work.

It provides researchers with rich and deep insights. All these methods are on the part of

the researcher, and all produce a large amount of raw data.

            In order to get the desired information from the respondents, the researchers

conducted an online interview with the respondents. The researchers secured that the

respondents were willing to cooperate with the researchers to conduct this interview

with the said subjects. To support the validity of the data, more studies about teenage

pregnancy during COVID-19 was all gathered and modified by the researchers.

             The researchers provide research instruments such as questionnaires to collect

data from the respondents. The results were analyzed into a summary, conclusions,

and recommendations for their study.

The tables below show the exact and sequential manner of the data gathering and

procedure.

The researchers decided to conduct the study in their municipality, Municipality of

Surallah.

Among the 17 baranggays of Surallah, the researchers chose the Brgy. Lambontong
 as the locale of the respondents.

The researchers used the simple sampling method to select the target respondents

for this study

                                                                                                                              

Interviewing and giving of research instruments such as questionnaires to the

respective respondents.

Gathering of data and analyzing into a summary, conclusion, and recommendations

of the study.

Figure 3. Data Gathering Procedure

 
References:

Teen pregnancies in ph surge under coronavirus lockdowns: Commission on Population

and Development-Caraga. Commission on Population and DevelopmentCaraga. (n.d.).

Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://caraga.popcom.gov.ph/teen-pregnancies-in-ph-

surge-under-coronavirus-lockdowns/ 

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2014, August 28). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://psa.gov.ph/content/one-ten-young-filipino-women-age-15-19-already-mother-or-

pregnant-first-child-final-results

The adverse effects of teen pregnancy. The Adverse Effects of Teen Pregnancy |

Youth.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://youth.gov/youth-topics/pregnancy-prevention/adverse-effects-teen-pregnancy

Written by Jenny Leigh A. Daquioag. (n.d.). What causes early pregnancy in the

Philippines during the pandemic? NRCP. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://nrcp.dost.gov.ph/latest-news/6 3-what-causes-early-pregnancy-in-the-

Philippines-during-the-pandemic

#dayofthegirlchild: Preventing the surge in teenage pregnancies due to covid-19. The

Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://www.povertyactionlab.org/blog/10-9-20/dayofthegirlchild-preventing-surge-

teenage-pregnancies-due-covid-19
Shibboleth authentication request. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://search-

informit-org.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/doi/abs/10.3316/ielapa.724830823683329

Google scholar. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://scholar.google.com/advanced_scholar_search?5  

Google scholar. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://scholar.google.com/

Google scholar. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://scholar.google.com/ 

Google scholar. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://scholar.google.com/

Post-lockdown, teen pregnancy in the Philippines is on the rise. cnn. (n.d.). Retrieved

May 5, 2022, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/Health/2022/3/24/teen-

pregnancy-philippines-emergency-contraception.html

Teenage pregnancy. Plan International. (2022, April 13). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://plan-international.org/srhr/teenage-pregnancy/

Eliminating teenage pregnancy in the Philippines. Philippine Social Science Council.

(2022, February 7). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://pssc.org.ph/eliminating-

teenage-pregnancy-in-the-philippines/  

Google. (n.d.). Teenage pregnancy. Google Books. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://books.google.com.ph/books?

hl=en&lr=&id=qzOguz7GqNoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&ots=I0cmhI2

wlJ&sig=_PNIp63dmoLRCB1SAAGyxmzdBRY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&am

p;q&f=false 

Scholar.google.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=E+Ruggiero&title=High-

resolution+analysis+of+the+human+T-
cell+receptor+repertoire&publication_year=2015&journal=Nat+Commun&amp

;volume=6 

Google. (n.d.). Google. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.google.ca/webhp?

espv=2  

Google. (n.d.). Google. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.google.ca/webhp?

espv=2  

Teenage Pregnancy - Bombay Hospital Journal. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://www.bhj.org.in/journal/2008_5002_april/download/page-236-239.pdf

Musa, S. S., Odey, G. O., Musa, M. K., Alhaj, S. M., Sunday, B. A., Muhammad, S. M.,

& Prisno, D. E. L.-. (2021, June

Early marriage and teenage pregnancy: The unspoken consequences of covid-19

pandemic in Nigeria. Public Health in Practice. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266653522100077X

ISSN: 2573-9506 International Journal of Women’s Health Care. (n.d.). Retrieved May

5, 2022, from

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Willie/publication/354469739_International

_Journal_of_Women's_Health_Care_Teenage_Pregnancy_During_a_Pandemic/links/

6139fe2335e5e82234160460/International-Journal-of-Womens-Health-Care-Teenage-

Pregnancy-During-a-Pandemic.pdf 

Filipino teenage pregnancy a 'national social emergency' - UCA news. ucanews.com.

(n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.ucanews.com/news/filipino-teenage-

pregnancy-a-national-social-emergency/85949 
Paranjothy, S., Broughton, H., Adappa, R., & Fone, D. (2009, March 1). Teenage

pregnancy: Who suffers? Archives of Disease in Childhood. Retrieved May 5, 2022,

from https://adc.bmj.com/content/94/3/239 

Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, April 10). Sex education. Wikipedia. Retrieved May 5,

2022, from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_education  

Teen pregnancies in ph surge under coronavirus lockdowns: Commission on Population

and Development-Caraga. Commission on Population and DevelopmentCaraga. (n.d.).

Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://caraga.popcom.gov.ph/teen-pregnancies-in-ph-

surge-under-coronavirus-lockdowns/  

Welle, D. (2020, October 14). World in progress: Rising teenage pregnancies during

COVID-19 pandemic. World in Progress: Rising teenage pregnancies. Retrieved May 5,

2022, from https://amp-dw-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/amp.dw.com/en/world-in-

progress-rising-teenage-pregnancies-during-covid-19-pandemic/av-55275316?

amp_gsa=1&_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D

%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16513910560169&referrer=https

%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com 

Wall-Wieler, E., Roos, L. L., & Nickel, N. C. (2016, May 25). Teenage pregnancy:

The impact of maternal adolescent childbearing and older sister's teenage pregnancy

on a younger sister - BMC pregnancy and childbirth. BioMed Central. Retrieved May 5,

2022, from https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-

016-0911-2#:~:text=Teenage%20births%20result%20in%20health,breastfeeding

%20%5B1%2C%202%5D.
Bright, M. (2012, February 17). Study finds that comprehensive sex education reduces

teen pregnancy. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://www.aclu.org/blog/reproductive-freedom/study-finds-comprehensive-sex-

education-reduces-teen-pregnancy  

Strategies and approaches for prevention: HHS Office of Population Affairs. OPA Office

of Population Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://opa.hhs.gov/adolescent-health/reproductive-health-and-teen-pregnancy/

strategies-and-approaches-prevention  

Teen pregnancy prevention programs. County Health Rankings & Roadmaps.

(n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/take-action-

to-improve-health/what-works-for-health/strategies/teen-pregnancy-prevention-

programs 

Teen pregnancy prevention programs. County Health Rankings & Roadmaps.

(n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/take-action-

to-improve-health/what-works-for-health/strategies/teen-pregnancy-prevention-

programs

Zulaika, G., Bulbarelli, M., Nyothach, E., Eijk, A. van, Mason, L., Fwaya, E., Obor, D.,

Kwaro, D., Wang, D., Mehta, S. D., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2022, January 1).

Impact of covid-19 lockdowns on adolescent pregnancy and school dropout among

secondary schoolgirls in Kenya. BMJ Global Health. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/1/e007666
Research.lorma.edu:8443. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://research.lorma.edu:8443/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/110/BASIC

%20EDUCATION%20RESEARCH%20JOURNAL%202018-2019.pdf?sequence=1

An analysis of the Philippine national demographic and. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022,

from https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4664103/1/healthcare-09-01720.pdf 

Google scholar. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://scholar.google.com/  

Teenage pregnancy. Australian Journal of General Practice. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5,

2022, from https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/june/teenage-pregnancy 

Google scholar. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://scholar.google.com/  

Kotlar, B., Gerson, E., Petrillo, S., Langer, A., & Tiemeier, H. (2021, January 18).

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and Perinatal Health: A scoping

review - reproductive health. BioMed Central. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-021-

01070-6

Mortazavi, F., & Ghardashi, F. (2021, March 8). The lived experiences of pregnant

women during COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive phenomenological study - BMC

pregnancy and childbirth. BioMed Central. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from

https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03691-

y