72 Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

From which:
3
A⫽ 8
h, B ⫽ 98 h, C ⫽ 98 h, D ⫽ 3
8
h
3
⬖ Area of figure ⫽ 8
hy1 ⫹ 98 hy 2 ⫹ 9
8
hy 3 ⫹ 38 hy 4

or
3
Area of figure ⫽ 8
h(y1 ⫹ 3y 2 ⫹ 3y 3 ⫹ y 4 )

This is Simpson’s Second Rule.

Summary
3
A coefficient of 8
with multipliers of 1, 3, 3, 1, etc.

Simpson’s Third Rule

In Figure 10.3:

Area of the elementary strip ⫽ y dx

h
Area between y1 and y 2 in figure ⫽ ∫ O y dx
⫽ a 0 h ⫹ 12 a1 h 2 ⫹ 13 a 2 h 3
Let the area between y1 and y 2 ⫽ Ay1 ⫹ By 2 ⫹ Cy 3

Then area ⫽ Aa 0 ⫹ B(a 0 ⫹ a1 h ⫹ a 2 h 2 )

⫹ C(a 0 ⫹ 2a1 h ⫹ 4a 2 h 2 )
⫽ a 0 (A ⫹ B ⫹ C) ⫹ a1 h(B ⫹ 2C)
⫹ a 2 h 2 (B ⫹ 4C)

Equating coefficients:
A ⫹ B ⫹ C ⫽ h, B ⫹ 2C ⫽ h/2, B ⫹ 4C ⫽ h/3

dx

y1 y y2 y3

x
O x

h h

Fig. 10.3
 Simpson’s Rules for areas and centroids 73

From which:
5h 8h h
A⫽ , B⫽ , C ⫽⫺
12 12 12
5 8 1
⬖ Area of figure between y1 and y 2 ⫽ 12 hy1 ⫹ 12 hy 2 ⫹ (⫺ 12 hy 3 )

or
h
Area ⫽ (5y1 ⫹ 8y 2 ⫺ y 3 )
12
This is the Five/eight (or Five/eight minus one) rule, and is used to find the area
between two consecutive ordinates when three consecutive ordinates are known.

Summary
A coefficient of 1 with multipliers of 5, 8, ⫺1, etc.
12

Areas of water-planes and similar figures using

extensions of Simpson’s Rules
Since a ship is uniformly built about the centre line it is only necessary to
calculate the area of half the water-plane and then double the area found to
obtain the area of the whole water-plane.

a b c d e f g h j

h h h h h h h h

Fig. 10.4

Figure 10.4 represents the starboard side of a ship’s water-plane area. To

find the area, the centre line is divided into a number of equal lengths each
‘h’ m long. The length ‘h’ is called the common interval. The half-breadths, a,
b, c, d, etc., are then measured and each of these is called a half-ordinate.

Using Simpson’s First Rule

This rule can be used to find areas when there are an odd number of ordinates.
h
Area of Figure 10.5(a) ⫽ (a ⫹ 4b ⫹ c)
13

a b c

h h

Fig. 10.5(a)