OSH 1162

Mathematics
CHAPTER 2
Geometry

SITTI RATNA CHE SOH

 Learning Objectives
• To identify the surface area for two-dimensional (2-D) shapes
(e.g. square, rectangular, circle and triangle)

• To determine surface area and volume for three-dimensional

(3-D) shapes (e.g. cube, cuboids, sphere, cylinder, cone and
pyramid)

• To recognize applications of geometry (e.g. building,

ponds/reservoir/tank, pipes, roads, contaminated site, etc).
 2.1 Introduction to Algebra

• Geometry is a branch of mathematics, in which, as the name

suggests, combines abstract algebra, especially commutative
algebra, with geometry

• It can be seen as the study solution sets of system of

polynomials.
 2.2 Surface Area for 2-D Shapes
Shape Area (A) Volume (V)
1. Square
a A=a×a
A = A2 N/A

a where: a = side

2. Rectangular
A=l×w
A = lw N/A
w
where: l = length
l w = width
 2.2 Surface Area for 2-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Shape Area (A) Volume (V)
3. Circle
A = ∏r2
C = 2∏r N/A
C
r where: ∏ = 3.142
r = radius
C = circumference
4. Triangle
A = ½ bh
N/A
h where: b = base
h = height
b
 2.2 Surface Area for 2-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Example 1: Find the area of the below circle.

r = 2m Solution:
A = ∏r2 C = 2∏r
= ∏(2)2 = 2∏(2)
= 12.57 m2 = 12.57 m
 2.2 Surface Area for 2-D Shapes (..cont’d)

Example 2: Calculate the area of a triangle as given below.

Solution:
A = ½ bh
h = 2.8 cm = ½ (3.3) (2.8)
= 4.62 cm2
b = 3.3 cm
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes shapes
Shape Area (A) Volume (V)
1. Cube
A = 6a2
V = a3
a
where: a = side

a
a

2. Cuboids
A = 2 (lh + lb + bh)
V=l×b×h
h where: l = length
b = base
l b
h = height
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d) shapes
Shape Area (A) Volume (V)
3. Sphere
A = 4∏r2
V = 4/3 ∏r3
where: r = radius

a
a

4. Cylinder
A = 2∏rh + 2∏r2
V = ∏r2h
where: r = radius
h = height
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d) shapes
Shape Area (A) Volume (V)
5. Cone
A = ∏r (r + √h2 + r2)
V = 1/3 ∏r2h
where: r = radius
h = height
a
a

6. Pyramid

A = lw + [l √(w/2)2 + h2] V = 1/3 ha2

h + [w √(1/2)2 + h2]

l w
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Example 1: Calculate the area and volume of the below sphere.
Solution:
i) A = 4∏r2
= 4∏(33.8)2
= 33.8 m
= 14,356.32 m2
ii) V = 4/3∏r3
= 4/3∏(33.8)3
= 161,747.92 m3
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Example 2: Calculate the area and volume of the below semi-
cylinder tub, given that the radius is 3.5 inches and the length is
28 inches.
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Solution:
i) A = ½ (2∏rh + 2∏r2)
= ½ [2∏(3.5)(28) + 2∏(3.5)2]
= ½ (615.75 + 76.97)
= ½ (692.72)
= 346.36 inch2
ii) V = ½ ∏r2h
= ½ ∏(3.5)2(28)
= ½∏ (12.25)(28)
= ½ (1,077.57)
= 538.78.36 inch3
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Example 3: Below diagram shows a treatment tank containing
1-chloro-2-methylbenzene (C6H4ClCH3), by joining a cuboids and
half-cylinder. By using ∏ = 22/7, calculate the volume, in cm 3,
of the treatment tank.

5 cm
E F
G 12 cm
H D
6 cm C

A
B
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Solution:
i) Volume (cuboids) = AB × BC × CF
= (12 × 6 × 5) cm
= 360 cm3
ii) Volume (half-cylinder) = ½ (∏r2h)
= ½ (∏ × (6/2)2 × AB)
= ½ (3.142 × 32 × 12)
= ½ (339.34)
= 169.67 cm3
iii) Volume (total) = Volume (cuboids) + Volume (half-cylinder
= (360 + 169.67)
= 529.67 cm3
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Example 4: Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS) water supply
System as below depicted. Given the diameter of the tanker is
9 m (d = 9 m) and the length is 32 m (l = 32 m), calculate:
i. Volume in cm3, of the cylinder.
ii. Volume in cm3, of the water contains in the cylinder.
(Assume that the water level are up to three-quarter (3/4) of the whole cylinder).
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)

Solution:

Diameter, d = 9 m (900 cm)

Radius, r = d/2 = 9/2 = 4.5 m (450 cm)
Length, l/h = 32 m (3,200 cm)
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Solution:

i) V (entire cylinder) = ∏r2h

= ∏ × (4502 × 3,200)
= 3.142 × 202,500 × 3,200)
= 2036016000
= 2.04 ×109 cm3

ii) V (water) = ¾ (V entire cylinder)

= ¾ (2.04 ×109 cm3)
= 1.53 ×109 cm3
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Example 5: Below diagram shows a semi-sphere. Given that the
diameter is 8 mm (d = 8 mm) and the circumference is 25 mm
(c = 25 mm), calculate:
 
i.Area in cm2, of the semi-sphere.
ii.Volume in cm3, of the semi-sphere.
 Solution: Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
2.3 Surface
i) A (semi-sphere) = ½ 4∏r2
= ½ (4 × 3.142 × 0.42)
= ½ (4 × 3.142 × 0.16)
= ½ (2.01)
= 1.01 cm2

ii) V (semi-sphere) = ½ (4/3∏r3)

= ½ (4/3 × 3.142 × 0.43)
= ½ (4/3 × 3.142 × 0.064)
= ½ (0.268)
= 0.13 cm3
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
Example 6: Below diagram shows a solid pyramid reservoirs. A small
pyramid (shaded region) containing methylene-blue (C16H18N3SCl)
with base square 6 cm and height 4 cm. while the large pyramid
containing water.
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)

i. Calculate the volume in cm3, of the large pyramid

containing water.

ii.What is the ratio of the small to the large pyramid.

 Solution:
2.3 Surface Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
i)V (large pyramid) = 1/3 ha2
= 1/3 (18 × 152)
= 1/3 (18 × 225)
=1/3 (4,050)
= 1,350 cm3

V (small pyramid) = 1/3 ha2

= 1/3 (4 × 62)
=1/3 (4 × 36)
= 1/3 (144)
= 48 cm3
2.3 Surface
Solution Area & Volume for 3-D Shapes (..cont’d)
(..cont’d):
V (water) = V (large pyramid) – V (small pyramid)
= (1,350 – 48) cm3
= 1,302 cm2

ii) V (small pyramid) : V (large pyramid)

48 : 1,350
1 : 28.125
1 : 28
2.4 Applications of Geometry
 Exercises

a. Diagram 5 above shows a circle with radius 3.5 cm. By using

π=3.142, calculate the surface area of the circle
b. Given the height of a cone is 10 cm and the diameter of the
base of cone is 30 cm. By using π=3.142, calculate the area
of the cone.
 Exercises
7 cm

20 cm

The diagram 6 above shows a composite solid of a cylinder

and hemisphere. Given the radius of the cylinder and the
cone is 7 cm. By using π = 3.142, calculate the total:
i) Area
ii) Volume of the composite solid.
Thank You…