THE POTENTIAL OF QUANTUM COMPUTING

IN TRAFFIC OPTIMIZATION:
FOCUSED ON TRAFFIC CONGESTION DURING
PEAK SEASONS IN BAGUIO CITY

by

FRANCHESCA MARGARETTE F. VISITACION

August 2021

A Research Paper
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Senior High School Program of
Wellspring Christian Family Schools
Homeschool Global Baguio Hub
 © 2021
FRANCHESCA MARGARETTE F. VISITACION
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
 To the Almighty God in heaven
Who gave me a mind, a world, and a life of unraveling to my heart’s content
 ABSTRACT

In this contemporary world, most people find that the use of computer technology has been

increasingly becoming a part of their daily lives. Interestingly, despite the dominance of

technology in the major aspects of social, economic, and political spheres, humanity still has a

long way to go in overcoming global problems. In the Philippines, one perennial problem that the

government is putting forth a great effort at finding a sustainable solution is traffic congestion.

Looking into the country’s use of its technological infrastructure, we lack the technical means of

carrying out more efficient data gathering and probabilistic analytical strategies to solve traffic

congestion through data driven methods. This has led scientific research and advancement to

explore the realm of quantum computing, a new and probable means to execute better data driven

decision-making relative to solving traffic problem, which in a sense is a global problem.

The purpose of this research paper is to examine how quantum computing as a means of

analyzing traffic data can significantly optimize traffic flow in the Philippines. This study,

however, will only focus in the traffic congestion experienced during peak seasons in Baguio City.

In the first part of the study, an overview of the historical breakthroughs in data gathering and

quantum computing will be analyzed. Baguio City’s current statistical reports on traffic congestion

and its proposed solutions will then be discussed and evaluated. The second part focuses on

identifying the factors contributing to traffic optimization as they play determinants to the city’s

formulation and implementation of traffic congestion solutions. Then finally, the possibility of

adding quantum computing into the equation of finding an optimized solution to traffic flow as

well as how it can be recommended for other scales and settings of traffic congestion will be

thoroughly presented.

iv
 PREFACE

Just as the birth of quantum physics shook science, the film release of Ant-Man dropped my

jaws. You are probably wondering, what is the relation at this point? To tell you the truth, my train

of thought was pretty clear. As I wrapped up watching that movie, only one thing has since clung

to my head. That there was a tiny, atomic realm that no human can ever see, but the idea that

someday we can reach that world and maximize its powerful nature seemed so bizarre. Later on in

life, my fascination with the laws that governed nature grew, although the fictional side of it died

down, I still look at the world with so many possibilities in light of how many issues soared in

today's society.

This progression of mindset is what led me to conduct this research paper. As I continue to

be encouraged by world-changers, I learned that being one is not merely changing the world, it's

about wanting every individual to have the same privileges in experiencing a better world for them.

Although this is a relatively small thesis paper, I hope this inspires readers and fellow dreamers to

find the significance of this study as motivation to make the world a better place for everyone.

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Finally, I want to express my gratitude and acknowledge the people who made this research

paper possible:

Thank you to my family for their never-ending love and support, for helping me improve my

paper, and for providing valuable insights.

Thank you to my school and advisor for their motivational reinforcements, for allowing me

to go beyond.

Thank you to all the people who continued to propel my dreams and passions.

And above all, to the God who is sovereign in all laws of nature, who leaves humanity with

mystery and wonder so that we may appreciate Him more as our one and only Creator. I thank

him for imparting me strength and wisdom that only comes from Him. And for sending me these

people, whom He used to shape my ideology in life.

Franchesca Margarette F. Visitacion

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………...………………… i

COPYRIGHT PAGE………………………………………………………………………...…... ii

DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………...…....… iii

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….....…. iv

PREFACE……………………………………………………………………...……………..….. v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………….……………………………………...……………..…. vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………….........… vii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS……………………………………………...…….…………….……. ix

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..…… 1

Background of the Study………………….……...……………………… 1

Conceptual Framework…………………...…….…………………..……. 5

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………… 5

Hypothesis……………………………………..…………………………. 5

Scope and Limitations………………………………...………………….. 6

Significance of the Study…………………………...……….…………… 6

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES…………..………..... 8

Traffic Reports and Congestion Remedies in the Philippines

and Baguio City …………………………………………..….….. 8

Traffic Congestion Remedies using Traffic Data Analysis in

Various Cities............................................................................… 11

vii
 3. METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………... 13

Data Gathering Procedure…………………………..……….………….. 13

Data Analysis and Instrument……………………………………………13

4. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………….. 14

The Differential Impact Between Classical Computing and

Quantum Computing.…………………………………………… 14

The Potential of Quantum Computing in Traffic Optimization .….……. 17

Synthesis.….……………………………………………………………. 21

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………...……. 23

Conclusion……………………………………...………………………. 23

Recommendation……………………………………………………….. 23

REFERENCES…………………………………………...…………………………………….. 25

APPENDIX A…………………………………………...…………..…………...……………... 29

APPENDIX B…………………………………………...…………..…………...….………….. 33

APPENDIX C…………………………………………...…………..…………...….………….. 37

viii
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Computing (or Computer Science)

a term used to describe the activity of using computer machinery to perform algorithmic
processes and data calculations, and complete certain tasks by artificial intelligence

Computer Technology
the use and study of computers, networks, computer languages, and databases within an
organization to solve real problems

Motorized Consumers
people or consumers that make use of products and services directly involved with motors
for transportation; cars, buses, motorcycles, etc.

Optimization
the process or action of making the best or most effective use of a situation or resource

Quantum Computing
an area of study harnessing the properties of quantum physics – primarily superposition,
entanglement, to develop new kinds of computers that perform enhanced computation

Quantum Theory
a branch of physics, a theoretical explanation on the relationship between matter and
energy using the basic concept of atomic and subatomic particles; hence, “quantum”
[plural: quanta], meaning the smallest possible discrete unit of any physical property

Traffic or Traffic Flow

the stream of all the vehicles and motorized consumer that are moving along the roads in a
particular area

Traffic Congestion
a result of an imbalance of the travel demand (vehicular volume) and the transport system
supply (road capacity)

ix
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A. Baguio City

At the onset of summer in the Philippines, local and international tourists flock to the

"Summer Capital of the Philippines", Baguio City. Baguio City is a city situated in the Cordillera

Mountains of Northern Luzon, home to its chilly atmosphere and pine surroundings, hence also

known as the "City of Pines". [1] These features alone have made Baguio an eye-catching getaway

in the Philippines. Although the Philippines does not exactly have the season "Winter"; indeed, it

is a thrilling opportunity for tourists to escape the sweaty summer of lowland cities and experience

the ideal cold December in the mountains. These times of the year are what Baguio identifies as

its peak seasons for tourism to surge.

Unfortunately, the bustling peak seasons caused by tourist arrivals come hand in hand with

traffic congestion in Baguio City. The city, being a small urban community with a limited road

network capacity due its mountainous terrain, traffic congestion is a perennial problem during peak

seasons, and it brings unpleasant travel experiences for both tourists and locals.

Notably, eliminating traffic congestion is a tireless pursuit for so many cities and citizens

throughout the Philippines as it is one of the nation's top economic problems. According to The

Manila Times, the peak seasons painted Baguio with its ill-famed gridlock traffic due to the

increase in vehicular volume from the lowlands. [2]

B. Traffic Congestion Defined

Traffic is known as the general progression of motorized consumers and vehicles on the

street. Traffic congestion, however, is a result of the imbalance between the demand for travel or

1
transport and the capacity or supply of road transportation. [3]. Sequentially, it slows down traffic

flow, decreases movement between vehicles, and increases travel time by a disturbing amount.

This is also known as traffic jam. See Figure 1.1 in Appendix A for an example.

Traffic congestion is a consequence of intertwined factors that vary from season to season

to hour to hour. This is why a set of measures have been standardized in order to address the

seriousness of traffic congestion. These measures are split into two categories called mobility

measures and reliability measures. [4] Mobility measures deal with the rate at which vehicles can

move at a certain traffic flow. Reliability measures, on the other hand, are more personal based in

a sense that it measures how much a traveler gets affected with the variability of travel time, hence,

his or her reliability towards traffic conditions. Table 1.1 in Appendix A offers an example of these

measures.

C. Causes of Traffic Congestion

Now that we understand how traffic congestion is solved, this study will look at what kinds

of factors affect or contribute to it.

As mentioned in the earlier descriptions, poor traffic flow is the result of an unbalanced ratio

between the volume of vehicles and motorized consumers on the street, transport demand, and the

capacity for a city’s road system and infrastructure to hold, transport system supply. If the transport

demand and transport supply are equal, the streets experience an optimized traffic flow. If the

transport demand is lesser than the transport supply, traffic flow may look ideal, but the city needs

more motorized consumers to meet the invested money on such road infrastructure. Lastly, if the

transport demand is greater than the average road supply, or if the road supply is lesser than the

average transport demand, it would lead to the immobility for traffic flow or cars cannot move

2
freely, in other words, traffic congestion. “Well-functioning transport markets should allow the

transport supply to meet transport demand to satisfy transport needs for mobility.” [6, Sec. 3.4.1]

A relationship like this can be easily illustrated with a set of equations such that A is equal to the

transport demand and B is equal to the transport system supply. If A is less than B, there is good

traffic flow, but demand needs to meet supply for financial balance. If B is less than A, there is

traffic congestion. Lastly, if A is equal to B, ideal or optimized traffic flow is present. See Table

1.2 in Appendix A.

Transport demand and transport system supply are not stand-alone determinants for traffic

congestion, yet they affect each other equally, meaning you can’t determine one without the other.

Several influences affect these two main components, this study has researched and provided what

exactly are these influential factors: 1) accuracy of traffic data analysis, 2) LGU ordinances and

policies, 3) strength of law implementors, 4) investment and funding of roadworks, 5) road safety,

and 6) potential road expansion due to geographical structure of location. Refer to Table 1.3 in

Appendix A.

D. Traffic Congestion State in Baguio City

The big question now is, what factors contribute to traffic congestion in Baguio City?

According to studies, the chief cause for the Philippines' traffic congestion is how the underlying

mismanagement of public funds to invest in proper road infrastructure is not keeping up with our

surging population growth [7]. In Baguio City, Mayor Magalong also stressed that the city’s road

system is good for only 15,000 to 17,000 vehicles, despite the 63,000 vehicles registered. [8, 9]

However, presently existing frameworks to address this issue have only aggravated to the problem.

The reason to this stems from the fact that such solutions only focused on adjusting five out of the

six mentioned influential factors: LGU ordinances and policies, law implementing, funding for

3
roadworks, road safety, and potential road widening. With the current traffic management of

Baguio enacting such solutions while leaving out the sixth and most crucial influential factor,

accurate traffic data, these solutions are bound to become ineffective. According to Ken Nicholas

on SunStar Philippines Section Baguio,

…we are looking at traffic policies that may be ineffective, lack of prioritization between

public and private transportation, how increasing parking spaces in the downtown Baguio

area is likely to increase traffic congestion, and how clearing the streets and improving the

sidewalks are all interconnected with potentially improving the metro Baguio

transportation system. [10, para. 24.2]

These action points became venues for tourists and motorized consumers to be more

attracted to travel, therefore increasing transport demand and outpacing the increase of transport

system supply instantaneously. “Whatever policy that will be introduced will only be reactionary,

a band-aid to a wound that is simply too infected to cure.” [11, para. 7.7]

Accurate traffic data has been identified as the missing link, the missing influential factor

that could potentially make a desired change or improvement to the whole traffic management of

Baguio City. “Using big data is one of the potential solutions to the challenges faced by our

transport systems. Through this we can provide accurate, real-time information that can help

alleviate traffic congestion and improve road safety,” said DOTC Secretary Joseph Emilio A.

Abaya. [12]

Capturing accurate data of the speed of a vehicle at a specific point of space and time is a

daunting task for traffic management groups due to the limited power that current data processing

4
technology offers. Quantum computing, however, holds the potential to not just store but analyze

data to its complexity in near-instantaneous speed; a quality that can make the latter obstacle

feasible. This research paper will delve deeper into why and how this statement is true.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.2 in Appendix A illustrates this study's Conceptual Framework. Quantum

Computing will be the platform used to process the following traffic data and various factors

discussed earlier to optimize traffic flow by using these data and finding the best route to get from

location A to destination B in reduced travel time and increased travel speed, within the context of

traffic during peak seasons in Baguio City.

Statement of the Problem

This research paper will study whether quantum computing can be used as an effective data

analysis tool to arrive at a potentially effective and sustainable solution to optimize traffic flow in

Baguio City during peak seasons. With the failure of existing frameworks to improve traffic

congestion to a desired state, this study aims to evaluate whether quantum computing can surpass

these systems’ current capabilities and create a better environment for road users motorized

consumers.

Hypothesis

If we can generate exponential numbers of realistic data driven scenarios relevant to traffic

congestion during peak seasons in Baguio through quantum computing, then quantum computing

5
can indeed pose as a potential solution to optimize traffic flow and significantly reduce traffic

congestion.

Scope and Limitations

This research will only focus on traffic congestion during peak seasons in Baguio City to

provide an attainable setting for the study. Due to this being conducted at a time of the nationwide

pandemic, the following datasets and information presented have been acquired through means

that do not involve physically related tasks such as face-to-face meetings, interviews, and surveys.

It has been clearly stated that the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potentiality of

quantum computing to solve and optimize traffic flow. Quantum computing per se is currently a

young discovery in the midst of intense research, so then the more concrete lack of information is

reflected in this research paper with only mathematical context to show potentiality. Lastly,

because we are not factoring in elements such as the cost and funding for quantum computing to

be executed, this is only to outline what needs and how can it be done.

Significance of the Study

Quantum computing became a scientific and technological breakthrough out of the need for

more accurate data calculations and computations to make better decision-making in any kind of

circumstance with such scale. As a matter of fact, quantum computing was exploited in order to

achieve finer and polished solutions to foster good governance, without going through

inconvenient lengths of sorting probabilistic data and minimizing risky errors and uncertainties.

Due to the rapid urbanization of the Philippines, improper planning and inefficient traffic

management led to the chaotic traffic congestion problems that we now face. Alas, this is the root

6
cause to our country’s other economic problems such as accident health costs, air pollution, climate

change, and urban environment deterioration. Metro Manila and Cebu severely need an efficient

transportation infrastructure to address this spiral downfall. Although smaller cities like our Baguio

City have a higher chance of overcoming this obstacle, it is not difficult to imagine that they too

will experience these undesired conditions that established cities are already experiencing. [13]

As a citizen, aware and concerned, I decided to focus on this issue believing that it could

contribute to bringing awareness to the government and development agencies of the Philippines

that they may be able to devise realistic plans on how to utilize quantum computing in battling

traffic congestion. With this study being conducted on Baguio City's peak season setting, this could

kickstart in recommending and addressing other scales such as Metro Manila, and slowly execute

it to a national scale, improving the citizens’ quality of life and the wellbeing of the country.

7
 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Traffic Reports and Congestion Remedies in the Philippines and Baguio City

A. Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program

When we think about traffic management policies implemented in the Philippines, the

Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program (UVRRP) will undoubtedly cross people's minds.

Many do not know the term which is why the mass public refers to this as the "number coding

scheme". This program simply bans certain vehicles from traveling roads during peak hours based

on the final digit of plate numbers. Up to this day, this traffic reduction program is still being

implemented but has aroused a lot of speculation with regards to its effectiveness, especially seeing

no desired improvement of traffic flow in the Philippines.

According to JICA’s Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study, they concluded

that the UVVRP did not produce the projected reduction of 20% by MMDA but rather produced

as low as 4.3%. This value represents people giving up the use of their cars for the day; however,

it proved to be inefficient due to research disclosing how such citizens either change their times of

travel, change routes to use minor roads, or buy and use another vehicle. All of these continue to

induce traffic congestion in the Philippines. [14]

B. OpenTraffic Initiative

The OpenTraffic initiative was launched in 2016, a partnership among Grab, The World

Bank, and the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC), to utilize big data in

addressing traffic congestion and improving traffic flow in the Philippines.

Free, open-source tools are continuously being developed for public transportation use for

traffic flow statistics such as vehicular speeds, intersection delays, and accident-prone areas to be

8
identified, notified, and avoided by public vehicles including taxi cabs via GPS coordination in

apps. The project is currently still conducting key area studies that have the potential to improve

traffic management. These studies are identification of weather or traffic accident prone areas,

travel time reliability, and travel or transport demand during peak hours. “Through this initiative,

the Philippines will leapfrog traditional approaches to road safety, traffic management, and

planning,” said Holly Krambeck, World Bank Senior Transportation Specialist. [12, 15]

Although this initiative seems to provide a bright future ahead for traffic optimization in the

Philippines, the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) has since then been subject to inaccuracy

and incorrect tracking. Common problems with GPS Systems stem from both the producer and

consumer. The insufficiency of satellites is inversely proportional to the percentage of inaccuracy,

meaning the fewer the satellites, the higher possibility or increase of incorrect tracking of location.

On the other hand, if the consumer's end has poor hardware (e.g., a taxi's data provider is too weak

to get updated GPS information speedily), it will lead to less precise signals and predicted

information. [16]

Accurate prediction results of traffic congestion levels can provide residents with

reasonable decision support, save residents’ time, and improve road utilization and traffic

capacity. Consequently, the efficiency and security of the transportation network will be

improved by predicting traffic congestion accurately. [17, para. 3.3-3.4]

Unfortunately, this ideal goal was not met due to the lack of proper algorithms to predict

optimal routes and lack of coordination with government traffic management. According to

research, the launch of GPS navigation apps only led to more traffic congestion due to the

9
limitation of their algorithms. Instead of taking into account all possible routes, potential

neighborhood and surroundings, and real-time traffic flow influences; it only suggests the best and

fastest routes, causing unexpected traffic congestion whenever the driver meets sudden accidents,

doesn't know the nature of the road, and worst of all encounters vehicles who have been suggested

the same route. [18]

C. Traffic Management in Baguio City

In the past, Baguio implemented various traffic reduction remedies. But these are not

enough. More concrete action by the city government is needed because as traffic problems evolve,

so must be the solutions. [7]

Fortunately, even with the lack of data processing in Baguio City and faster-improved results

of traffic congestion, Mayor Benjamin Magalong has already addressed this issue with an

infrastructure plan to improve traffic flow. At the United Nations Development Programme-

sponsored Low Carbon Transport Forum on January 7, 2020, Magalong talked about how he

would make Baguio a model for sound environmental management and sustainable mobility. [2]

Our mayor strived to modernize public transport as well as promote cleanliness in Baguio City by

establishing public transport terminals, establish a traffic management center, begin more road

widening works, and implementing a "no garage, no car policy" to eliminate illegal parking.

Lastly, one current initiative being implemented under his administration is our weekly

“carless" Baguio, not allowing any sort of vehicular travel to cross Session Road on a specific day

of the week. [2, 19]

In recent years, Session Road has been plagued by heavy congestion and poor air quality,

mainly from motor vehicle fumes. It's great to see this reduced on a constant basis; however, this

10
initiative will need to take a step further to avoid the traffic congestion that tourists induce daily

during peak seasons.

Traffic Congestion Remedies using Traffic Data Analysis in Other Various Cities

A. London: Electronic Journey Planner

In London, real-time traffic management is a government's priority as they currently funded

and supported the advancement of technology to combat traffic congestion. This product is

London's electronic or online journey planner. It allows users to access open data and all modes of

public transport services, therefore maximizing all kinds of ways to get to destinations without

excessive use of the street. Mobile app versions allow users to opt between taxi booking, walking,

bicycle, train, and more while providing GPS information to monitor traffic flow. [20, 21]

B. Barcelona: Urban Lab – Dynamic Traffic Forecasting

The notable policy implemented in Barcelona focuses on the management of parking spaces,

striving to eliminate illegal parking, via their Urban Lab Dynamic Traffic Forecasting. This

process is achieved by placing sensors and cameras in parking spot areas. These smart technologies

provide real-time data on parking availability [20], and users receive this information through their

devices which are supported by the city's WiFi system. This has improved vehicular mobility

because such information is also sent to traffic management authorities and centers. Allowing them

to decide whether or not they should reduce the number of green lights for parking availability,

based on traffic demand. [22]

C. Lisbon: Traffic Optimization using Quantum Computing, Volkswagen Pilot Project

In 2019, traffic optimization through quantum computing was made possible during the first-ever

pilot project launched in Lisbon by Volkswagen. They utilized D-wave quantum computer systems

11
that are integrated with buses involved in the experiment.; significantly reducing travel time by

predicting future traffic volumes and avoiding traffic congestion. Due to its present testing, there

was a lack of transparency between its detailed results and the mass public. [23]

12
 Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

This research paper has been conducted through data extraction and qualitative analysis of

existing mathematical experimentations in line with its scope and limitations. Because of this

qualitative approach, the researcher has a passive role in the procedures extracting data from

secondary sources and evaluating this information for content analysis.

Data Gathering Procedure

Due to the limitations of physical involvement in this study, the following data to be

analyzed for realistic simulations and results will be extracted through researched reports and

statistics on traffic congestion during peak seasons in Baguio City 2019. This is because such

numbers cannot be acquired in our current pandemic setting where tourism is not yet completely

encouraged in the city, specifically from 2020 to 2021.

Data Analysis and Instrument

The following method of analysis that is to be used in this study is qualitative content

analysis, where such numerical, observed, and descriptive data involved in this research will be

compared and identified to support the hypothesis. [24]

Quantum computing has been exploited by different major studies to address their specific

need for data calculation. Because this study deals with its potential to optimize traffic flow,

especially in comparison to current systems in traffic management, the analysis will describe in

detail how might certain flaws of current systems be outdone with quantum theory’s nature.

13
 Chapter 4
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Our present system of computing, also known as classical computing, is the kind of

computer technology that is still mainstream today from calculators to computers to cloud servers.

Although it has proven to create a whole new era of information technology for several

generations, its limits are evident as we are still unable to solve pervasive and complex global

issues. The renowned quantum theory is becoming a place to venture, due to its nature and physical

properties, so that humanity may be able to advance today’s computer technology and address

these global issues like traffic congestion more effectively. This chapter will discuss its potential.

The Differential Impact Between Classical Computing and Quantum Computing

A. States and Systems

The mechanism behind today’s computer technology has always been regarded as

unnecessary to learn for a big majority of its consumers. However, it is very important for various

fields of engineering and science because this spurs the accessibility of knowledge to grow

exponentially over the years. Computer technology always boils down to the concept of bits. A

bit is defined as the basic unit of information. [25-26]

In a classical state or general computer, a bit takes the form of two states: 1s or 0s, this is

known as the binary system of computer language. When you want to do some calculation, you

basically create a certain set of rules depending on how this stream of 1s and 0s should actually

move. [27] Like an on-and-off button or true-or-false, we can think of computers today as entering

input and receiving the output. For example, encoding 01000001 would register as the letter ‘A’

whenever you start typing.

14
 On the other hand, a bit in a quantum computer or quantum state wields a totally different

realm of data calculation and computation because it relies on the principles of superposition and

entanglement, two highlighted physical properties of the quantum theory. Such units of data

information are distinguished from (classical) bits by the term: qubits (quantum bits). [25-26] See

Figure 4.1 in Appendix B for an illustrated example of the difference between these two.

Superposition is the physical property of the quantum theory wherein particles can exist at

multiple states simultaneously, this allows qubits to exist in multiple versions and proportions of

1s and 0s at the same time. This concept can be easily pictured by replacing a qubit with a nickel.

If heads is equal to 1 and tails is equal to 0, then a nickel coin spinning could either be a 1, 0, or

both. See Figure 4.2 in Appendix B.

Superposition can also be seen as when a bit enters the quantum state, each spin, angle, and

position have the potential to correspond to different outputs simultaneously. A qubit, due to this

property, can now take on the form of four states: 11s, 10s, 00s, 01s. [25-26] This nature of

quantum theory paves the way for its second physical property to come into play.

Entanglement is the physical property of the quantum theory where a qubit can immediately

affect the output of another because they are atomically connected or have a physical relationship,

even when they are a large distance apart. “Thanks to entanglement, qubits can hold up to two bits

of data and transmit data between qubits up to 1400 meters apart.” [25, Sec 4.2] For example,

when one qubit is at a certain spin and angle (which corresponds to an output value), its entangled

qubit will also turn out the same. Another way to see this is how a switch works in a series circuit.

See Figure 4.3 in Appendix B.

15
 B. Computing Power

Now that we have discussed the qualities of computing that could be potentially exploited

for technology, let us move on to the comparison of computing power between classical computers

and quantum computers; how their properties affect the strength of each.

Whenever we refer to answers or outputs in computer technology, scientists often use the

term “paths”.

Just like Microsoft’s Excel, classical computer technology operates in the form of formulas

and algorithms where the binary system of 1s and 0s are the only ways to calculate. Because each

bit provides two paths only, this can be described with the formula: 2n (2 multiplied by n), where

n is the number of bits present in a system. This leads to classical computing’s nature to be

considered deterministic, where you encode input, and you will be able to determine one answer

or one output. [27, 29]

However, a qubit operates in a very distinct manner due to the previously mentioned

physical properties. Superposition allows for the computing power of the quantum state to increase

exponentially. Because each spin, angle, and position offer a path, this can be described with the

formula: 2n (2 raised to the power of n), where n is the number of qubits present in a system. This

leads to quantum computing’s nature to be able to analyze every possibility at the same time, hence

also known to be probabilistic [26, 29], where it determines the probabilities of each output based

on a set of input.

According to Professor Michael Lukin, a physicist from Harvard University,

“It’s pretty easy to understand how this can be so powerful. In classical computers, you

give me a certain input, I put it in my computer, I give you an output. But if our hardware

16
 was quantum mechanical, rather than just sequentially providing some input and reading

out the answers, I could prepare the computer register in the quantum superpositions of

many kinds of inputs. This means that if I then take this superposition state and process it

using the laws of quantum mechanics, I can process many, many inputs at once. It could

be potentially an exponential speed-up, compared to the classical programs.” [27, para. 8-

9]

An illustrated example can be seen in Figure 4.4 in Appendix B.

Figure 4.4 provides a clearer view of how the discussed computing powers between classical

states and quantum states greatly differ. If we place a problem in a classical computer of 6 bits, it

will take 12 steps of individualized solving or trial and error to find the solution. In a quantum

computer of 6 qubits, however, it would only take 4 steps to find all possible solutions because

superposition allows you to see all kinds of predictions at once. Entanglement also comes into play

as it transmits data at the speed of light to other qubits, speeding up computation. [26]

Although quantum computers won’t be in need to replace classical computer tasks such as

social media and spreadsheets any time soon, in a few years, when quantum computers are fully

developed, they can solve complex data problems in almost seconds where classical computers

can take a few hundred years to solve. [28]

The Potential of Quantum Computing in Traffic Optimization

A. Discussion

The race of information technology continues to exploit quantum computing for many

purposes including cybersecurity, financial assessment, chemical simulation, medicine

17
development, weather and climate prediction, and general optimization. Optimization problems

are a class of mathematical formulas or algorithms used to solve situations that deal with finding

the best or most optimal solution, these are then encoded in quantum computers to be solved.

Scientists often struggle with analyzing huge-scale optimization problems because our today’s

computers do not wield the capacity to compute big data in an efficient span of time. Remember

when IBM’s computer Deep Blue defeated chess champion, Garry Kasparov in 1997? It was able

to gain a competitive advantage because it examined 200 million possible moves each second. A

quantum machine would be able to calculate 1 trillion moves per second. [28] The dataset only

needed to analyze chess pieces and each chess piece’s moves. When we deal with real-life

circumstances, a lot of data values come into play and can increase the complexity of computation.

Because we are finding the best route a vehicle should take to avoid traffic congestion, while

considering other influential factors, we say that through quantum computing, traffic optimization

can be achieved.

B. Application to Baguio City During Peak Seasons

Presently, there are two systems or innovations that have adopted the power of quantum

computing: Universal Gate Quantum Computer and Annealing Quantum Computer. The latter is

what is currently known to address optimization problems which is why this system is chosen as

the focus of this research’s analysis. [23] The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization

(QUBO) is the known mathematical formula or algorithm language that annealing quantum

computers use.

This process usually begins by collecting and analyzing the set of data needed to address the

problem. If we go back to the tabular equation of traffic flow’s influential factors (See Appendix

18
A), we can identify vehicular volume and road capacity values to see quantum computing’s

potential.

According to the Baguio Public Information Agency, data collected from the Department of

Public Works and Highways (DPWH) road monitoring report for the Cordillera Administrative

Region showed tens of thousands of private cars flocking to the summer capital from December

21 to 26, 2019. [8] Refer to Table 4.1 in Appendix B.

According to a Baguio Midland Courier article [7], The road sections that need some

attention for traffic improvements are the Harrison-Abanao intersection, Stretch of Bonifacio

Street and Gen. Luna Road, Magsaysay/Bonifacio (Center Mall) intersection, Magsaysay flyover,

and Gov. Park Road.

From this data, we can deduce that the vehicular volume exceeded the road capacity by

around 100%, this can already show the extreme imbalance that causes traffic congestion during

peak seasons in Baguio City. Quantum computing can address the minimization of the traffic flow

by managing ways to reduce the density of vehicular volume in certain areas. To translate this data

into a quantum computer’s algorithm, the nodes of each route, intersection, a car’s trajectory must

be inputted. Nodes are the coded versions of the location of a route or road; this describes the

longitude and latitude of certain points in a city. An example of this can be seen in Figure 4.5 in

Appendix B. Because of this, aspects such as geographical nature of the road and what kind of

vicinity that is present are considered.

When such a dataset has been inputted in the quantum computer, the next step is to formulate

the quantum algorithm or QUBO formula that will sort, calculate, and make use of this dataset to

find the best or optimal solution to minimize traffic congestion. See Figure 4.6 in Appendix B.

Another way to grasp this is that an algorithm needs to be encoded in the quantum computer so

19
that quantum superposition can analyze the best combination of routes and see which one has the

least error or probability to cause traffic congestion.

In a more descriptive analysis, we are going to look at what the QUBO formula means and

how it is applied in traffic optimization. The first part of the equation represents the objective

function, or what is the goal you are trying to solve. Our goal is to minimize the flow of vehicles

and find the fastest route to their destinations. The second part is known as the constraint function,

or under what limitations should the solutions be. An example would be how the constraint is to

make sure each vehicle is provided only two suggested optimal routes that do not intersect with

any other vehicle’s routes.

As previously mentioned in this study, quantum computers compute all this data using the

formulated algorithm of optimization and find the most optimal solution or route. How exactly is

this optimal solution known? The last step of this process is to analyze the concept of minimum

energy level. If we remember our quantum chemistry subject, electrons and particles strive to reach

their ground state or lowest energy level and moving to another orbital position means jumping

between energy levels. Just like that, when qubits simulate all probabilistic solutions of a given

problem, each qubit falls under a certain energy level. And the one with the least energy level is

what is identified as the optimal solution because it is the ground state. See Figure 4.7 in Appendix

B to picture this as a diagram.

C. Maintenance and Costs

But of course, with anything, there are always setbacks. Although the quantum computer

has posed an exciting path for scientists to explore, there are still reasons as to why it is still being

developed. Quantum information processing offers dramatic speedups, yet is susceptible to

decoherence, whereby quantum superpositions decay into mutually exclusive classical

20
alternatives, thus robbing quantum computers of their power. [26, 31] This tendency is due to its

extreme sensitivity or fragility to the outside world such as temperature, noise, and energy

interruption. [26] Thus, creating and managing a quantum computer system requires heavy and

expensive maintenance. Qubits require very low temperatures and precise physical conditions to

function. [25] To keep quantum computers stable, they need to be cold. That’s why the inside of

D-Wave Systems’ quantum computer is -460 degrees Fahrenheit. [28] This temperature is near

absolute zero.

Fortunately, quantum computing is only expensive when setting up the system. If quantum

computing becomes stable enough to be commercially used, it is known by researchers to consume

less electricity and power consumption from 100 up to 1000 times because quantum computers

use quantum tunneling. [28] Quantum tunneling is the phenomenon and physical property where

quantum particles can travel through energy levels naturally.

Synthesis

How does this significantly impact traffic optimization? Think about it, if we use classical

computing’s binary system to find the best routes that vehicles should take to avoid traffic, we

need to try every possible solution before seeing if it’s the best: is this route the best solution, true

or false. To do that, we would have to conduct this data computation on the spot when the traffic

congestion has already begun. To manually trial and error every solution will take inefficiently

forever and will be subject to a huge risk of errors. Therefore, such a method has not been

conducted and therefore limits traffic management today in a more convenient but inaccurate

means.

21
 With quantum computing, it can simulate all possible solutions at once and pinpoint the best

routes to avoid traffic congestion. To do this, you can take data from let’s say toll terminals to

determine the number of potential tourists going up to Baguio via different roads, and overall

create a plan before the cars could even arrive. When an optimal solution is determined, this can

be communicated to traffic management systems and LGUs to implement better policies to avoid

traffic congestion. This can also be very beneficial to arrange a proper budget in investing road

infrastructure and capacity. And lastly, it can decrease the frequency of road accidents during peak

seasons and minimize its second-hand impact on pollution and climate. Refer to Table 4.2 for the

modified and finalized equation from the results of this research.

22
 Chapter 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

Although quantum computing is still in its early phases of development, studies have already

shown remarkable discoveries of its possible contributions to technological advancement,

especially in the race of big data and complex global problems. Through content analysis, this

study was able to isolate the advantages and disadvantages of today’s computer technology and

traffic management systems; and was able to pose a potential and better alternative through

quantum physics and quantum computing. To summarize, quantum computing offers a significant

increase in the speed and efficiency of computing power due to its physical properties enabling

multiple output predictions and possibilities simultaneously. This cannot be done with classical

computing due to the limitation of computing power, inconvenience of time, and inefficiency of

machine learning.

The findings of this research paper answer and therefore conclude the hypothesis that

quantum computing can pose as a potential solution to optimize traffic flow and significantly

reduce traffic congestion. Utilizing quantum computers can provide optimal solutions to avoid

traffic congestion by exponentially increasing data collection, data processing power, and accuracy

which then lead to minimizing errors and uncertainty in traffic data, predicting sound vehicle

routes, and dictate better decision-making in traffic management.

Recommendation

Current solutions and existing frameworks that our government executed has evidently

shown no desirable results. Furthermore, with the rapid growth of urbanization such as new

23
expressways cutting travel time to Baguio City, the volume of tourists continues to surge. With

this being directly proportional to the tendency for traffic congestion to occur in Baguio City’s

peak seasons, none of these current solutions will be able to outpace this in the near future due to

their high risk of inefficiency and a general decline of the feasibility to test them simultaneously.

As previously mentioned in this study, such solutions that focus on adjusting policies, road safety,

road expansion, and road financial investments have evidently not proved to be optimal solutions.

Quantum computing, however, promotes the accuracy of traffic data as this will create a significant

impact in traffic management.

Being fully aware of the impact of poor traffic management in the Philippines and Baguio

City, this study highly suggests LGUs and traffic management authorities to explore this area of

technological advancement as it can alleviate the current plight of road users and motorized

consumers. This can even begin with public transportation to balance prioritization between public

and private vehicles. Quantum computing is a potential tool not just because it can increase the

efficiency of traffic data analysis but also provide the means to make better decisions in traffic

policies and ordinances, decrease the risk of road accidents, give a better foundation for budget

planning in road expansion, improve management of law implementors, and give each individual

in Baguio City a healthier experience. Tourists and locals alike will not need to suffer unpleasant

nuisances such as pollution and ruined trips, unnecessary anxiety, and road accidents but will reap

the relaxation that a travel to Baguio City offers.

With the right knowledge and budget planning, Baguio City may be able to invest in creating

this system and set a model for all other parts of the Philippines to follow, so that the whole country

may fight this battle with traffic congestion.

24
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28
 APPENDIX A – INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.1 Basilio Sepe, ABS-CBN News, Dec. 26, 2019, Holiday rush in Baguio

29
 Example Traffic Congestion Performance Metrics
Vehicle-Miles of Travel
Truck Vehicle-Miles of Travel
Person-Miles of Travel
Average Congestion Conditions
Average Travel Speed
Travel Time
Number and percent of trips with
travel times > (1.5 * average travel
time)
Number and percent of trips with
travel times > (2.0 * average travel
time)
Travel Time Index
Reliability
Planning Time (computed for actual
travel time and the Travel Time
Index)
Planning Time Index (computed for
actual travel time and the Travel Time
Index)
Buffer Index
For a specific road section and time
period:
Buffer Index (%) =
Table 1.1 Example of Traffic Congestion Performance Metrics and Measures [5]
Vehicle-miles of travel are the number of vehicles on the
system times the length of highway they travel. Person-miles
of travel is used to adjust for the fact that some vehicles carry
more than a driver.
The average speed of vehicles measured between two points.
The time it takes for vehicles to travel between two points.
Both travel time and average travel speed are good measures
for specific trips or within a corridor.
Thresholds of 1.5 and 2.0 times the average may be adjusted
to local conditions; additional thresholds may also be
defined.
Ratio of actual travel time to an ideal (free-flow) travel time.
Free-flow conditions on freeways are travel times at a speed
of 60 mph.
The 95th percentile of a distribution is the number above
which only 5 percent of the total distribution remains. That
is, only 5 percent of the observations exceed the 95th
percentile. For commuters, this means that for 19 out of 20
workdays in a month, their trips will take no more than the
Planning Time.
Ratio of the 95th percentile ("Planning Time") to the "ideal"
or "free flow" travel time (the travel time that occurs when
very light traffic is present, about 60 mph on most freeways).
Represents the extra time (buffer) most travelers add to their
average travel time when planning trips.
95th percentile travel time (minutes) - average travel time
(minutes)
average travel time (minutes)
30
 If A = Transport Demand and B = Transport System Supply,

A=B Optimized Traffic Flow

A>B Traffic Congestion

B>A Good Traffic Flow but Needs Demand to Meet Supply

Table 1.2 Traffic Flow Equation

Transport Demand ∝ Transport System Supply

Accurac LGU Strength of Investmen Road Potential

y of Ordinance Law t and Safet Road
Traffic s and Implementor Funding y Expansion
Data and Policies s of due to
Data Roadwork Geographica
Analysis s l Structure
of Location
a b c d e f

a + b + c + d + e + f = Optimized Traffic Flow

A + B = Optimized Traffic Flow

Table 1.3 Influential Factors of Traffic Congestion

31
 TRAFFIC OPTIMIZATION DURING PEAK SEASONS IN BAGUIO CITY

Location is a Tourist Spot

Volume of Vehicles Control Variable Capacity of Road
(Motorized Consumers
Infrastructure (Supply)
Demand) on the Street
Moderating Variable
Moderating Variable
Traffic Management
System

Real-Time or Strength of Investment Potential Road

Accurate Policy and Funding Expansion due
Traffic Data Implementors of Roadworks to Geography
Mediating Mediating Mediating Mediating
Variable Variable Variable Variable

LGU
Ordinances Road Safety
and Policies Mediating
Mediating Variable
Variable

Real-Time Quantum Computing Traffic Data Analysis

Independent Variable

Optimized Traffic Flow

(Reduced Travel Time and Increased Travel Speed)
Dependent Variable

Figure 1.2 Diagram of Conceptual Framework

32
 APPENDIX B – PRESENTATION OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 4.1 Classical Bit vs. Quantum Bit [26]

Figure 4.2 The Nickel Coin Analogy of Quantum Superposition

33
Figure 4.3 Quantum Entanglement of Particles (Credit: Mark Garlick Getty Images)

Figure 4.4 System with 6 bits in the Classical State and Quantum State [26]

34
 Via Kennon Road 30,414

Via Marcos (Ben Palispis) Highway 25,169

Via Naguilian Road (Elpidio Quirino Highway) 14,944

Total: 70,077

Road Capacity: 15,000-17,000

Table 4.1 Traffic Report of Baguio City’s December Peak Season 2019 [8]

Figure 4.5 Node Trajectories (taken from T-Drive Trajectories Data Sample)

Figure 4.6 Quantum Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) Equation [31]

35
Figure 4.7 Energy Minimum of Optimization

QUANTUM COMPUTING CAN…

Increase: Decrease:

Accuracy of Traffic Data Road Safety

Efficiency of LGU Policies and Ordinances Mismanagement of Roadwork Finances

Better Expansion of Transport Infrastructure Mismanagement of Law Implementors

VEHICULAR VOLUME = ROAD CAPACITY = OPTIMIZED TRAFFIC FLOW

Table 4.2 Modified Equation of Traffic Optimization via Quantum Computing

36
 APPENDIX C – SUPPLEMENTARY IMAGES

Quantum Computer

Quantum Processing Unit (QPU)

37