Strategies in Various

Speech Situations
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT, UNIT II

REID CHRYSLER C. MANARES

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT AND STYLE
1. Types of Speech Context (pp. 32)
2. Types of Speech Style (pp. 35)
II. TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
1. Definition of Speech Acts (pp. 43)
2. Three Types of Speech Act (pp. 44)
3. Performatives (pp. 44)
4. Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act (pp. 45)
III. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
1. Types of Communicative Strategy (pp. 51)
Types of Speech
Context and Style
SPEECH CO NTEXT | SPEECH STY LE
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
▪ Differentiate types of speech contexts;

▪ Explain the importance of effective communication skills;

▪ Practice effective interpersonal skills and intrapersonal skills;

▪ Identify strategies in effective interpersonal skills and intrapersonal skills;

OBJECTIVES (CONT.)
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
▪ Exhibit appropriate verbal and nonverbal behavior in a given speech context;

▪ Apply learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy in understanding the
types of speech contexts; and

▪ Reflect on your learning on the types of speech contexts.

Types of
Speech Context
PAGE 32
Types of Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal
“Intrapersonal communication is a reflection of
your self-esteem.” – Asa Don Brown

This refers to communication that

centers on one person, where the
speaker acts as both sender and receiver
of message.
Types of Speech Context
2. Interpersonal
“The most basic of all human needs is the need to
understand and be understood.” – Ralph Nichols

This refers to communication between

and among people and establishes
personal relationship between and
among them.
Types of Speech Context
2. Interpersonal
“The most basic of all human needs is the need to
understand and be understood.” – Ralph Nichols

There are two types of interpersonal

communication:
▪ DYAD (occurs between two people)
▪ SMALL GROUP (involves 3-12 people)
Types of Speech Context
3. Public Communication
“A good speech should be like a woman's skirt;
long enough to cover the subject and short
enough to create interest.” – Winston Churchill

This refers to communication that

requires to be delivered before or in front
of a group. The message can be driven
by informational or persuasive purposes.
Types of Speech Context
4. Mass Communication
“It is a curious thing that the more the world
shrinks because of electronic communications,
the more limitless becomes the province of the
storytelling entertainer.” – Walt Disney

This refers to communication that takes

place through television, radio,
newspapers, magazines, books,
billboards, internet, and other types of
media.
Types of
Speech Style
PAGE 35
 1. INTIMATE
Types of This style is private,
Speech Style which occurs between or
among close family
The context dictates and
affects the way people members or individuals.
communicate, which results The language used in this
in various speech styles.
style may not be shared
In 1968, Martin Joos
introduced five (5) types of
in public.
speech styles, noting
characteristic shifts in
speech and vocabulary in
terms of formality and
situation.
 2. CASUAL
Types of This style is common
Speech Style among peers and
The context dictates and friends. Jargon, slang,
affects the way people or vernacular language
communicate, which results
in various speech styles. are used.
In 1968, Martin Joos
introduced five (5) types of
speech styles, noting
characteristic shifts in
speech and vocabulary in
terms of formality and
situation.

Types of
Speech Style
The context dictates and
affects the way people
communicate, which results
in various speech styles.
In 1968, Martin Joos
introduced five (5) types of
speech styles, noting
characteristic shifts in
speech and vocabulary in
terms of formality and
situation.
3. CONSULTATIVE
This style is the standard
one. Professional or
mutually acceptable
language is a must in this
style. Examples of situations
are communication between
teachers and students,
employers and employees,
doctor and patient, judge and
lawyer, or President and
his/her constituents.

Types of
Speech Style
The context dictates and
affects the way people
communicate, which results
in various speech styles.
In 1968, Martin Joos
introduced five (5) types of
speech styles, noting
characteristic shifts in
speech and vocabulary in
terms of formality and
situation.
4. FORMAL
This style is used in formal
settings. Unlike the
consultative style, this is
one-way. Examples are
sermons by priests and
ministers, State of the
Nation Address of the
President, formal speeches,
or pronouncements by
judges.
 5. FROZEN
Types of This style is “frozen” in
Speech Style time and remains
unchanged. It mostly
The context dictates and
affects the way people occurs in ceremonies.
communicate, which results Common examples are
in various speech styles.
the Preamble to the
In 1968, Martin Joos
introduced five (5) types of
Constitution, Lord’s
speech styles, noting Prayer, and Allegiance to
characteristic shifts in country or flag.
speech and vocabulary in
terms of formality and
situation.
Types of
Speech Act
DEFINITIO N | TY PES | PER FO R MATIV ES | CLASSIFICATIO NS
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
▪ Define speech acts;

▪ Distinguish types of speech act;

▪ Recognize that communicative competence requires understanding of speech acts;

▪ Demonstrate effective use of communicative strategy in a variety of speech

situations;
OBJECTIVES (CONT.)
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
▪ Apply learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy in understanding the
types of speech acts; and

▪ Reflect on your learning on the types of speech acts.

Definition of
Speech Acts
PAGE 4 3
Definition of Speech Acts
A speech act is an utterance that
a speaker makes to achieve an
intended effect.

Some of the functions which are carried

out using speech acts are offering an
apology, greeting, request, complaint,
invitation, compliment, or refusal.
Types of
Speech Act
PAGE 4 4
Types of Speech Act
JOHN LANGSHAW AUSTIN

According to J. L. Austin (1962),

there are three types of acts in
every utterance, given the right
circumstances or context.
Types of Speech Act
1. LOCUTIONARY ACT
It refers to saying something with a
certain meaning in traditional sense.
Simply put, it is the actual act of
uttering.

The speaker says “Please do the dishes.”

Types of Speech Act
2. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
It refers to the social function of what is
said. In other words, it is the act that
must be performed as stated. The
illocutionary force is the speaker's
intent.

By uttering the locution “Please do the

dishes,” the speaker requests the
addressee to wash the dishes.
Types of Speech Act
3. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
It refers to acts that create an effect on
the feelings, thoughts, or actions of
either the speaker or listener; it is the
resulting act of what is said.
By uttering the locution “Please do the
dishes,” the speaker wants to drop
whatever the addressee is doing and go
wash the dishes. This would lead to the
addressee washing the dishes.
Types of Speech Act
RUTH MARGARET KEMPSON
R. M. Kempson (1977) offers this
summary of the speech acts originally
presented by J. L. Austin (1962):

"A speaker utters sentences with a

particular meaning (locutionary act), and
with a particular force (illocutionary act),
in order to achieve a certain effect on the
hearer (perlocutionary act)."
Performatives
PAGE 4 4
Performatives
J. L. Austin also introduced the concept of performative utterances.
Performative utterances are statements which enable the speaker
to perform something just by stating it. It does not just describe a
given reality, but also change the social reality they are describing.
A performative utterance said by the right person under the right circumstances
results in a change in the world. Note that certain conditions have to be met when
making a performative utterance.
Performatives are verbs that execute the speech act that they
intend to effect.
Performatives
Performatives name actions that are performed, wholly or partly,
by saying something.
Examples include “state,” “promise,” “recommend,” “forbid,” and “apologize.”

Non-performative verbs, on the other hand, name actions that are

performed independent of speech.
Examples include “walk,” “sleep,” “eat,” “run,” and “jump.”
Searle’s
Classifications of
Speech Act
PAGE 4 5
Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act
JOHN ROGERS SEARLE
As a response to Austin’s
Speech Act Theory, J. R. Searle
(1976), a professor from the
University of California,
Berkeley, classified illocutionary
acts into five distinct
categories.
 1. ASSERTIVE
Searle’s
Classifications A type of illocutionary act
of Speech Act in which the speaker
expresses belief about
As a response to
Austin’s Speech Act
the truth of a proposition.
Theory, J. R. Searle
(1976), a professor from “No one makes better
the University of pancakes than I do.”
California, Berkeley,
classified illocutionary
acts into five (5) distinct
categories.
 2. DIRECTIVE
Searle’s
Classifications A type of illocutionary act
of Speech Act in which the speaker tries
to make the addressee
As a response to
Austin’s Speech Act
perform an action.
Theory, J. R. Searle
(1976), a professor from “Please close the door.”
the University of
California, Berkeley,
classified illocutionary
acts into five (5) distinct
categories.
 3. COMMISSIVE
Searle’s
Classifications A type of illocutionary act
of Speech Act which commits the
speaker to doing
As a response to
Austin’s Speech Act
something in the future.
Theory, J. R. Searle
(1976), a professor from “From now on, I will
the University of participate in our group
California, Berkeley, activity.”
classified illocutionary
acts into five (5) distinct
categories.

Searle’s
Classifications
of Speech Act
As a response to
Austin’s Speech Act
Theory, J. R. Searle
(1976), a professor from
the University of
California, Berkeley,
classified illocutionary
acts into five (5) distinct
categories.
4. EXPRESSIVE
A type of illocutionary act
in which the speaker
expresses his/her
feelings or emotional
reactions.
“I am so sorry for not
helping out in our group
projects and letting you
do all the work.”

Searle’s
Classifications
of Speech Act
As a response to
Austin’s Speech Act
Theory, J. R. Searle
(1976), a professor from
the University of
California, Berkeley,
classified illocutionary
acts into five (5) distinct
categories.
5. DECLARATION
A type of illocutionary act
which brings a change in the
external situation. Simply
put, declarations bring into
existence or cause the state
of affairs which they refer to.
“I now pronounce you
husband and wife,” as uttered
by a Roman Catholic priest
during a wedding ceremony.
Types of
Communicative
Strategy
TY PES
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
▪ Distinguish various types of communicative strategies;

▪ Use acceptable, polite, and meaningful communicative strategies;

▪ Engage in a communicative situation;

▪ Explain the effects of a shift in communicative strategy;

OBJECTIVES (CONT.)
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
▪ Demonstrate effective use of communicative strategy in a variety of speech
situations;

▪ Practice learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy; and

▪ Reflect on your learning on the types of communicative strategy.

Types of
Communicative
Strategy
PAGE 51
Types of Communicative Strategy
Knowing and applying grammar ANDREW COHEN
appropriately is one of the most
basic strategies to maintain a
conversation.
Since engaging in conversation
is also bound by implicit rules,
Cohen (1990) states that
strategies must be used to start
and maintain a conversation.
Types of Communicative Strategy
1. Nomination

Nomination is a topic carried out by the

speaker to collaboratively and
productively establish a conversation.
Basically, you try to open a topic with the
people you are talking to.
Types of Communicative Strategy
2. Restriction

It refers to any limitation you may have

as a speaker. When communicating, you
are typically given specific instructions
that must be followed. These
instructions tend to confine and limit
what you can say.
Types of Communicative Strategy
3. Turn-taking

Turn-taking pertains to the process by

which people decide who takes the
conversational floor. Sometimes people
are given unequal opportunities to talk
because others take much time during
conversation. This aims to give all
communicators a chance to speak.
Types of Communicative Strategy
4. Topic Control

Topic control refers to development of a

topic through the formality of a
conversation. It is used to control and
prevent unnecessary interruptions and
topic shifts in a certain conversation.
Types of Communicative Strategy
5. Topic Shifting

Topic shifting refers to the moving from

one topic to another. In other words, it is
where one part of a conversation ends
and where another begins.
Types of Communicative Strategy
6. Repair

Repair refers to the act of addressing

problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending during a conversation.
Although speakers will always try to fix
the conversation once misunderstanding
arises, always seek to initiate the repair.
Types of Communicative Strategy
7. Termination

Termination refers to the close-initiating

expressions that end a topic in a
conversation. Most of the time, the topic
initiator takes responsibility to signal the
end of the discussion as well.