Solidatity & politeness

Talk & action

Anisa mutia rahayu

Endisyah
Mitha sawitri
Nur Aini Ghina N
Tu and Vous
• Many languages ​have a distinction corresponding to the tu-vous
(T / V) distinc- tion in French, where grammatically there is a
‘singular you’ tu (T) and a ‘plural you 'vous (V) but usage
requires that you use vous with individuals on certain occasions.
Example: Brown and  Gilman in 1960 (in Wardhaugh, 2006: 265).
They stated that  the use of tu and vous is a binary system based
on solidarity and power.  This solidarity is demonstrated by the
use of reciprocity in a relationship,  Brown and Gilman (in
Wardhaugh, 2006: 261) say that the opposition is vous  seen as
power, namely physical size, age, wealth, origin, type  gender,
profession or social function.
Address Terms

• The addressing term is one of the important tools of 

communication which is used in society. Wardaugh said
that many social factors were developed for determine the
address terms, such as profession, social status, gender,
age, family relations, hierarchy at work, or intimacy.

Example : Dr. Smith expect to be called a

doctor by his patient, called Dad by his
son, called John by his brother, dear by
his wife, and sir by police officers.
Politeness is generally defined as social
propriety which is where someone shows
regular behavior and respects others with
the norms prevailing in society

The concept of "politeness" owes a great

deal to Goffman's original work (1955,1967)
on "face".
• Brown and Levinson (1987) define face as the public
self-image that every member wants to claim for
himself
* Speech acts
Speech acts is an utterance defined in terms
of a speaker’s intetion and the effect it has on
a listener.

* Constative utterances
Such utterances are connected in some
way eith events or happenings in a
possible world, i.e., one that can be
experienced or imagined, a world in
which such propositions can be said to
be either true or false
Perfomative utterances
Austin (1975), a philosopher, distinguished still
another kind pf utterance, a person is not just saying
something but is actually doing something if certain
real-world condition to met.

The category of Perfomative :

Verdictives
Exercitives
Commisives
Behabitives
Expositives
Three categories according
to searle Cooperation
• Locutions
• Cooperation means in
• Illocutionary communication people need t
• Perlocutionary corporate with others.
• There are 4 types in
coorporation
1. maxim of quantity
2. maxim of quality
3. maxim of relation
4. maxim of manner
Conversation
• Conversation can be planned or unplanned (Ochs, 1979).
• Note, that a lot of conversation has a certain amount of
planning in it: it may not be all thought out and carefully
planned and even rehearsed, as, for example, is the welcoming
speech of a visiting head of state, but parts may be pre-planned
to a greater or lesser extent.
• Unplanned speech is talk which is not thought out prior to its
expression.
• Conversations are a series of speech acts: greetings, inquiries,
congratulations, comments, invitations, requests, accusations.
There are several kinds of conversations:
1. Turn taking – pausing
2. Adjancency pairs
3. Opening sequences
4. Closing sequences
5. Cross-Cultural Communication
Thankyou 