Site Planning

SITE PLANNING
Site Planning
Kevin Lynch (Site Planning)

• the art of arranging structures on the land and
shaping the spaces between
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Site Planning
Kevin Lynch (Site Planning)

• the art of arranging structures on the land and
shaping the spaces between
• an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape
architecture and city planning
SITE PLANNING
Site Planning
Harvey M. Rubenstein (A Guide to Site and Environmental

Planning, 1980)
• the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land
SITE PLANNING
Site Planning
Harvey M. Rubenstein (A Guide to Site and Environmental

Planning, 1980)
• the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land
designated in detail by selecting and analyzing sites,
forming land use plans, organizing vehicular and pedestrian
circulation, developing visual form and materials concepts,
readjusting the existing landforms by design grading,
providing proper drainage, and developing the construction
details necessary to carry out the projects
SITE PLANNING
METHODS OF ESTABLISHING A SITE
1. SITE SELECTION PROCESS
2. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS
SITE PLANNING
METHODS OF ESTABLISHING A SITE
1. SITE SELECTION PROCESS
This process selects from a list of potential sites one that
suits best the given use and requirements of the project .
2. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS

This process selects the best possible use and development
suited for a given site.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Involves the study of the site in terms of the following :
1.Natural Factors
2.Cultural Factors
3.Aesthetic Factors
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
1. Geology
2. Geomorphology – physiography, landforms, soils,
drainage, topography and slopes, and soil erosion
3. Hydrology – surface and ground water
4. Vegetation – plant ecology
5. Wildlife – habitats
6. Climate – solar orientation, wind, and humidity.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
1. Geology
2. Geomorphology – physiography, landforms, soils,
drainage, topography and slopes, and soil erosion
3. Hydrology – surface and ground water
4. Vegetation – plant ecology
5. Wildlife – habitats
6. Climate – solar orientation, wind, and humidity.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Cultural factors
1. Existing land use – ownership of adjacent property, off-site
nuisances
2. Traffic and transit – vehicular and pedestrian circulation on
or adjacent to site
3. Density and zoning – legal and regulatory controls
4. Socio-economic factors
5. Utilities – sanitary, storm-water, water supply, power supply,
and communications.
6. Historic factors – historic buildings, landmarks, and
archeology
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Aesthetic factors :
1. Natural features
2. Spatial patterns (spaces and sequences)
3. Visual Resources (views and vistas)
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOLOGY is the natural science that studies the

Earth – its composition; the processes that shaped its
surface; and its history.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
ROCKS
Igneous Rocks – rocks produced by
crystallization from a liquid.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
ROCKS
Sedimentary Rocks – when igneous rocks are
exposed to surface and weathering reduces them to
particles, these particles are moved by erosional
process and deposited in layers into rivers and
oceans .
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
ROCKS
Sedimentary Rocks – when igneous rocks are
exposed to surface and weathering reduces them to
particles, these particles are moved by erosional
process and deposited in layers into rivers and
oceans .
Metamorphosed Rocks – when sedimentary
rocks are pushed to deeper levels of the earth,
they transform into metamorphosed rocks due to
changes in pressure and temperature .
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
branch of Geology that deals with the origin,
nature and distribution of landforms.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
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SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
Physiography
Refers to the description of landforms.
Landforms
Irregularities on the earth‟s surface.
Derived from volcanic, glacial, or erosional
processes.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
HOW DO WE WORK WITH GEOMORPHOLOGY?
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SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors

We “confront” the nature of the land.
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SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors

We are concerned with:

o Landform
o Slopes
o inherent capabilities for surface and subsurface
discharge of water supporting vertical and
horizontal structures, and for resisting erosion.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors

We are concerned with:

o Landform
o Slopes
o inherent capabilities for surface and subsurface
discharge of water supporting vertical and
horizontal structures, and for resisting erosion.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
The Four Geomorphologic Properties:
1. Soil Properties
2. Drainage
3. Topography & Slopes
4. Soil Erosion
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES
In site planning, it is important to establish the relationship between soil
composition and land uses (other than agriculture). Soil surveys help guide in
site selection for residential, industrial, and other forms of development that
involve surface and subsurface structures.
Several features, or properties, are used to describe soil for use in site
design. Of these ---
1. COMPOSITION
2. TEXTURE
are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make inferences about
bearing capacity, internal drainage, erodibility, and slope stability.
SITE PLANNING
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES:
1. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil:
a. Mineral Particles comprise 50% to 80% of the volume of the
soil and form the all important skeletal structure of the soil.
Sand and gravel particles provide for the greatest stability,

usually yield a relat-ively high bearing capacity,
• Bearing capacity is a soil’s resistance to penetration

from a weighted object such as a building foundation.
SITE PLANNING
BEARING CAPACITY FOR ROCK AND SOIL MATERIALS
Class Material Allowable Bearing
Value (psf)
1 Massive crystalline bedrock, e.g. granite, 200,000

Rock gneiss
2 Metamorphosed rock, e.g. schist, slate 80,000
3 Sedimentary rocks, e.g. shale, sandstone 30,000
4 Well compacted gravels and sands 20,000

5 Compact gravel, sand/gravel mixtures 12,000
6 Soil materials Loose gravel, compact coarse sand 8,000
7 Loose coarse sand; loose sand/gravel 6,000

mixtures, compact fine sand, wet coarse
sand
8 Loose fine sand, wet fine sand 4,000
9 Stiff clay (dry) 8,000
10 Medium-stiff clay 4,000
11 Soft clay 2,000
12 Fill, organic material, or silt (fixed by field
tests)
Source: Code Manual, New York State Building Code Commission
SITE PLANNING
BEARING CAPACITY FOR ROCK AND SOIL MATERIALS
Class Material Allowable Bearing
Value (psf)
1 Massive crystalline bedrock, e.g. granite, 200,000

Rock gneiss
2 Metamorphosed rock, e.g. schist, slate 80,000
3 Sedimentary rocks, e.g. shale, sandstone 30,000
4 Well compacted gravels and sands 20,000

5 Compact gravel, sand/gravel mixtures 12,000
6 Soil materials Loose gravel, compact coarse sand 8,000
7 Loose coarse sand; loose sand/gravel 6,000

mixtures, compact fine sand, wet coarse
sand
8 Loose fine sand, wet fine sand 4,000
9 Stiff clay (dry) 8,000
10 Medium-stiff clay 4,000
11 Soft clay 2,000
12 Fill, organic material, or silt (fixed by field
tests)
Source: Code Manual, New York State Building Code Commission
SITE PLANNING
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES:
1. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil:
b. Organic Matter varies radically in soils and usually imposes a

limitation to any building structure. Organic matter is important only
for soil fertility, moisture absorption and retention and for
landscaping.
c. Water content varies with particle sizes, local drainage, topography
and climate. Most water occupies the spaces between particles; only
in organic soils do the particles themselves actually absorb
measurable amounts of water.
d. Air is what occupies remaining space that is not occupied by water.
In layers where groundwater is formed by gravity water in the subsoil
and underlying rock, there is absence of air.
SITE PLANNING
GEOMORPHOLOGY
TEXTURE - is the term used to describe the composite sizes of

particles in a soil sample.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TEXTURE
There are 12 basic terms for texture, at the center of which is Class LOAM,
which is an intermediate mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
Sand Loam Clay
SITE PLANNING
GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE
GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soil‟s ability to transfer gravity water

downward through:
1. Infiltration - the rate at which water penetrates the soil
surface (usually measured in cm or inches per hour);
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE

downward through:
2. Permeability - the rate at which water within the soil moves

through a given volume of material (also measured in cm or
inches per hour)
SITE PLANNING
GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE

downward through:
2. Permeability - the rate at which water within the soil moves

through a given volume of material (also measured in cm or
inches per hour)
3. Percolation - the rate at which water in a soil pit or pipe
within the soil is taken up by the soil (used mainly in
wastewater absorption tests and measured in inches per
hour)
SITE PLANNING
GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE
POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity water is not readily transmitted

by the soil and soil is frequently or permanently saturated and may have
water standing on it.
SITE PLANNING
GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE
POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity water is not readily transmitted

by the soil and soil is frequently or permanently saturated and may have
water standing on it.
CAUSES OF POOR DRAINAGE

1. The local accumulation of water ;
2. A rise in the level of groundwater within the soil
column;
3. The size of the particles in the soil being too
small to transmit infiltration water.
SITE PLANNING
GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY & SLOPES
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY & SLOPES
SLOPE ANALYSIS
Understanding slope forms for site design requires understanding
of local geologic, soil, hydrologic, and vegetative conditions.
SITE PLANNING
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY & SLOPES
SLOPE ANALYSIS
Understanding slope forms for site design requires understanding
of local geologic, soil, hydrologic, and vegetative conditions.
SLOPE FORM
is expressed graphically in terms of a slope profile, a silhouette
of a slope drawn to known proportions with distance on the
horizontal axis and elevation on the vertical axis
SITE PLANNING
Four basic slope forms detectable on contour maps:
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Four basic slope forms detectable on contour maps:
straight S - shape concave convex
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ANGLE OF REPOSE -- angle at which soil can be safely inclined and
beyond which it will fail.
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TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – a
map of a portion of the earth
that describes the shape of
the earth‟s surface by contour
lines.
SITE PLANNING
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – a
map of a portion of the earth
that describes the shape of
the earth‟s surface by contour
lines.
Contours – are imaginary

lines that join points of equal
elevation on the surface of the
land above or below a
reference surface such as the
mean sea level.
SITE PLANNING
SLOPE ANALYSIS
An important analytical process made on a topographic
map that makes a proper match between land uses and
slopes and produces an overall pattern of slopes which
helps the site planner in determining the buildable portions
of the site.
SITE PLANNING
GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
SITE PLANNING
DESIRABLE SLOPES – when slopes are selected according
to building type and the activities associated with it.
SITE PLANNING
• Flat or gently sloping sites are preferred for industrial

and commercial buildings
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• Hilly sites are preferred for fashionable suburban
residences.
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• Hilly sites are preferred for fashionable suburban
residences.
• Slopes influence the alignment of modern roads
according to class of roads; the higher the class, the
lower the maximum grades allowable.
SITE PLANNING
BASIC SLOPE PATTERN GUIDELINE
0 – 5% Generally flat Highly buildable

5 – 10% Gently rolling Moderately buildable
10 – 15% Gentle to mild slopes Moderately difficult to build
15 – 20% Mild to steep slopes Difficult to build
20% and over Harsh, steep slopes Unbuildable
SITE PLANNING
SLOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS LAND USES
Land Use Maximum Minimum Optimum
Housing Sites 20% - 25% 0% 2%
Playgrounds 2% - 3% .05% 1%
Public Stairs 50% --- 25%
Lawns (mowed) 25% --- 2% -- 3%
Septic Drainfields* 15% 0% .05%
Paved Surfaces
Parking Lots 3% .05% 1%
Sidewalks 8% 0% 1%
Streets and Roads 15% -- 17% --- 1%
20 mph 12%
30 mph 10%
40 mph 8%
50 mph 7%
60 mph 5%
70 mph 4%
Industrial Sites
Factories 3% - 4% 0% 2%
Lay Down Storage 3% .05% 1%
Parking 3% .05% 1%
* Special drainfield designs are required at slopes above 10 to 12 percent.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES
SOIL EROSION
when rocks are broken down (weathered) into small
fragments, and carried by wind, water, ice and gravity.
Energy for this process is solar and gravitational.
SITE PLANNING
“In the confrontation between the stream
and the rock, the stream always wins, not
through strength but by perseverance.”
-H.Jackson Brown Jr.
“In the confrontation between the stream
and the rock, the stream always wins, not
through strength but by perseverance.”
-H.Jackson Brown Jr.
#EROSION
PREVENTION
Factor to consider in forecasting erosion rates:
1. Vegetation
SITE PLANNING
PREVENTION
1. Vegetation
• Foliage intercepts raindrops
• Organic litter on the ground reduces impact of

raindrops
• Roots bind together aggregates of soil

particles
• Cover density, in form of ground cover or tree

canopy, decreases soil loss to runoff
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PREVENTION
1. Vegetation
2. Soil type
SITE PLANNING
PREVENTION
1. Vegetation
2. Soil type • Intermediate textures like sand will usually
yield (erode) first
• To erode clay, the velocity of the runoff should be high

enough to overcome cohesive forces that bind the particles
together
• Similarly, high velocities would be needed to move masses
of pebbles and particles larger than those of sand
SITE PLANNING
PREVENTION
1. Vegetation
2. Soil type
3. Slope size and inclination
• The velocity of runoff is closely related to the slope of the ground
over which it flows. Slopes that are both steep and long produce the
greatest erosion because they generate runoff that is high in velocity
and mass.
• Slope also influences the quantity of runoff since long slopes collect
more rainfall and thus generate a larger volume of runoff.
SITE PLANNING
PREVENTION
1. Vegetation
2. Soil type
4. Frequency and intensity of rainfall
SITE PLANNING
PREVENTION
1. Vegetation
2. Soil type
4. Frequency and intensity of rainfall
• Intensive rainfalls produced by thunderstorms promote
the highest rates of erosion.
• Accordingly, the incidence of storms plus total annual
rainfall can be a reliable measure of the effectiveness of
rainfall in promoting soil erosion.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
HYDROLOGY
Natural science that studies the Waters of the Earth, their occurrence, circulation
and distribution, their chemical and physical properties, and their reaction to the
living environment including their relation to all living things.
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
HYDROLOGY
Natural science that studies the Waters of the Earth, their occurrence, circulation
and distribution, their chemical and physical properties, and their reaction to the
living environment including their relation to all living things.
Hydrologic cycle – or the

planet‟s water cycle,
described by the
movement of water from
the oceans to the
atmosphere to the
continents and back to the
sea . SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
VEGETATION
The relevance of Plant Materials in site planning is in their role in :
1. Climatic control
2. Environmental Engineering
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
a. Solar Radiation – is Earth‟s source of light and
heat. It warms the earth‟s surface, is reflected by
paving and other objects, and produces glare.
SITE PLANNING
Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation.
• they block or filter sunlight;
• they cool the air under their canopies
providing natural air conditioning;
SITE PLANNING
Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation.
• they block or filter sunlight;
• they cool the air under their canopies
providing natural air conditioning;
SITE PLANNING
Scientists have recorded that with an air temperature of
84deg F, surface temp of a concrete paving was 108
deg, while surface temp under shade trees were
20deg lower.
SITE PLANNING
Scientists have recorded that with an air temperature of
84deg F, surface temp of a concrete paving was 108
deg, while surface temp under shade trees were
20deg lower.
NOTE:
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
AT CONCRETE PAVING WAS
+24 DEGREES!
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION
b. Wind
When winds are of low velocity, they may be pleasant, but
when velocity increases, may cause discomfort or damage.
Trees help to buffer winds in urban areas

caused by convection and Venturi effects.
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION
b. Wind
When winds are of low velocity, they may be pleasant, but
when velocity increases, may cause discomfort or damage.
The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid

pressure that results when a fluid flows
through a constricted section (or choke) of
a pipe.
The Venturi effect is named after Giovanni

Battista Venturi (1746–1822), an Italian
physicist.
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION
c. Precipitation .
Plants help to control precipitation reaching the ground.
By intercepting rain and slowing it down, they aid in
moisture retention, and in the prevention of soil
erosion. They also help soil retain water by providing
shade, or protection from the wind, or by water shedding
function of trees‟ roots.
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION
a. Air Purification
Plants clean air through the process of photosynthesis
where they use up carbon dioxide emissions of cars and
trucks and in the process release oxygen into the air.
Trees also help filter out other pollutants, i.e. sulfur

dioxide, dust, pollen, and smoke.
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION
b. Noise – To understand noise:

The sound level of normal conversation is about 60
decibels; a plane taking off produces 120 decibels at
a distance of 200 ft. Sound energy usually spreads out
and dissipates in transmission. Sound waves can be
absorbed, reflected or deflected.
Plants absorb sound waves through their leaves,

branches, twigs, especially those with thick fleshy
leaves and thin petioles.
Tree trunks deflect sounds and it has been
estimated that a 100 ft. depth of forest can reduce
sound by 21 decibels.
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION
VEGETATION:
c. Glare and Reflection –

Plants reduce glare and reflection
caused by sunlight. A light source
received directly produces primary
glare while reflected light is
secondary glare. Plants may be
used to filter or block glare by use
of plants with the appropriate size,
shape, and foliage density.
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION
VEGETATION:
d. Erosion Control – Plants are a primary means of preventing

erosion from stormwater runoff and of controlling erosion during
construction. Erosion is also minimized by the plants action of
intercepting rain, decreasing splash, and increased water
absorption.
• Vegetation with extensive root systems imparts

stability to slopes.
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION
VEGETATION:
d. Erosion Control – Plants are a primary means of preventing

erosion from stormwater runoff and of controlling erosion during
construction. Erosion is also minimized by the plants action of
intercepting rain, decreasing splash, and increased water
absorption.
• Vegetation with extensive root systems imparts

stability to slopes.
• On sandy slopes, the presence of woody
vegetation can increase the angle of repose by
10 to 15 degrees.
SITE PLANNING
Vitiveria ziziainoides or
Vetiver Grass „miracle‟ grass of
amazing bio-engineering
capabilities.
SITE PLANNING
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VEGETATION:
A. SPACE DEFINITION
Wall elements to form outdoor spaces, as canopies to provide
shade, or as ground covers to provide color and texture on the
base plane
b. View Control – While trees and shrubs can screen out objectionable
views, they can also provide backdrops for sculpture and fountains.
Additionally, they may provide filtered views of buildings or spaces, or
frame a view, maximizing its effect.
c. Mood – Plants affects peoples‟ moods.
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION:
A “Living” Wall
SITE PLANNING
VEGETATION:
A Retaining Wall
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
WILDLIFE
Wildlife relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities. The three
groups of habitat elements essential to the different species of wildlife are:
1. Openland Wildlife – includes birds and mammals commonly associated

with crop fields, meadows, pastures, and non-forested lands. Habitat
elements essential for openland wildlife include:
a. Grain and seed crops
b. Grasses and legumes
c. Wild herbaceous upland plants
d. Hardwood woody plants
2. Woodland Wildlife – These species need various combinations of:

a. Grasses and legumes
b. Wild herbaceous upland plants
c. Hardwood woody plants
d. Cone-bearing shrubs such as pines. SITE PLANNING
WILDLIFE:
3. Wetland Wildlife – wetland species include birds and mammals needing
habitats with:
a. Wetland food plants or wild herbaceous plants of moist to wet
sites, excluding submerged or floating aquatic plants;
b. Shallow water development with water impoundments not deeper
than 5 ft.;
c. Excavated ponds with ample supply of water at least one acre and
average 6ft depth.
d. streams
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
CLIMATE
An integration in time of the atmospheric
environment of a certain geographical location
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Precipitation
• Sky Conditions/ Solar Radiation
• Wind
• Special Elements
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
CLIMATE
Climates can be generally classified into four types: COLD, TEMPERATE,

HOT ARID and HOT HUMID.
a. Solar orientation
for buildings;
b. The best facing

slopes; and
c. Wind flows for

breezes.
SITE PLANNING
SITE PLANNING
TROPICAL CLIMATE
those regions where heat is the dominant problem, where the

annual mean temperature is not less than 20 degrees
SITE PLANNING
TROPICAL CLIMATE
those regions where heat is the dominant problem, where the

annual mean temperature is not less than 20 degrees
TROPICAL DESIGN
This is concerned with countries where discomfort due to heat
and humidity are the dominant problems. Tropical Design is
applicable to Tropical, Sub-Tropical and Equatorial Climates
covering the Southeast Asian Countries.
SITE PLANNING
SITE PLANNING
CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CLIMATES
SITE PLANNING
• Temperature – average mean temperature (dbt) 20 – 30 deg C

Small diurnal temperature change/range 2-5 deg C
SITE PLANNING

• Humidity Levels - 50% - 100% Relative Humidity
SITE PLANNING

• Wind Conditions – Slow Wind Flow (Average of 2 m/s)

Prevailing Wind in the Philippines :
Amihan (NE) – November to April
Habagat (SW) - May to October
SITE PLANNING


• Sky Conditions – Overcast Sky most of the time, thus a lot of reflected heat/ solar gain
SITE PLANNING


• Precipitation – high during the year – average of 1000mm/yr.
SITE PLANNING


• Precipitation – high during the year – average of 1000mm/yr.
Others :
Climate conditions breed insects (flies, mosquitoes, termites)
Damp Ground Conditions SITE PLANNING
PROBLEMS IN AREAS WITH TROPICAL CLIMATES
• HIGH TEMPERATURE LEVEL (HEAT)
SITE PLANNING

• HIGH HUMIDITY LEVELS
SITE PLANNING

• SLOW WIND VELOCITIES
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• HIGH PRECIPITATION LEVELS DURING RAINY DAYS,

HIGH INCIDENCE OF TYPHOONS
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• ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS AND RODENTS
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• DAMP GROUND CONDITIONS
SITE PLANNING
Design Objectives in Tropical Climates :
SITE PLANNING
• HIGH PRECIPITATION LEVELS

DURING RAINY DAYS, HIGH
INCIDENCE OF TYPHOONS

SITE PLANNING
• HIGH TEMPERATURE LEVEL (HEAT) Minimize Heat Gain


SITE PLANNING
• HIGH HUMIDITY LEVELS Prevent unnecessary increase in

humidity levels


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humidity levels
• SLOW WIND VELOCITIES Maximize Ventilation (but protect from

typhoon wind)


SITE PLANNING

humidity levels

typhoon wind)
• HIGH PRECIPITATION LEVELS Have good drainage systems to

DURING RAINY DAYS, HIGH accommodate high precipitation
INCIDENCE OF TYPHOONS during the year

SITE PLANNING

humidity levels

typhoon wind)

• ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS AND RODENTS Protect spaces from insects

and rodents
SITE PLANNING

humidity levels

typhoon wind)

• ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS AND RODENTS Protect spaces from insects

and rodents
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
A cooling system using a building’s design and construction to maintain
a comfortable temperature within the building
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
A cooling system using a building’s design and construction to maintain
a comfortable temperature within the building
Passive design is essentially low-energy

design achieved by the building’s
particular morphological organization
rather than electro-mechanical means.
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
Some passive cooling methods used in building design are:
1. BUILDING CONFIGURATION, SITE LAYOUT and SITE PLANNING
2. BUILDING ORIENTATION
3. FACADE DESIGN
4. WIND AND NATURAL VENTILATION
5. Others :
Passive daylight devices, Building envelope color, Vertical Landscaping
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
1. BUILDING CONFIGURATION, SITE LAYOUT and SITE

PLANNING
A building can be protected

from direct sunlight by placing
it on a location within the site
that utilizes existing features
such as trees, terrain etc.
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING

PLANNING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING

PLANNING
A building can be protected

from direct sunlight by placing
it on a location within the site
that utilizes existing features
such as trees, terrain etc.
SITE PLANNING
SITE PLANNING
In tropical countries such as the Philippines, it is best to place

service areas in the west and east facing sides of the building
because these sides are exposed to direct sunlight.
SITE PLANNING
In tropical countries such as the Philippines, it is best to place

service areas in the west and east facing sides of the building
because these sides are exposed to direct sunlight.
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
FACADE DESIGN
Use of Double-layered façade
Use Low-emissivity glass

(Low-E glass)
SITE PLANNING
FACADE DESIGN
Use of Insulation
SITE PLANNING
STACK EFFECT / CHIMNEY EFFECT
The tendency of air or gas in a shaft or other vertical space to

rise when heated, creating a draft that draws in cooler air or gas
from below
SITE PLANNING
STACK EFFECT / CHIMNEY EFFECT
The tendency of air or gas in a shaft or other vertical space to

rise when heated, creating a draft that draws in cooler air or gas
from below
SITE PLANNING
CROSS VENTILATION
The circulation of fresh air through open windows, doors or other
openings on opposite sides of a room
SITE PLANNING
CROSS VENTILATION
The circulation of fresh air through open windows, doors or other
openings on opposite sides of a room
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
Wind speeds increase with the height above the

ground, and the smoothness of the ground surface.
This variation in wind speed is known as wind gradient.
SITE PLANNING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SITE PLANNING
WIND BEHAVIOR WITHIN A ROOM
SITE PLANNING
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
A chart relating the wet-
bulb and dry-bulb
readings from a
psychrometer to relative
humidity, absolute
humidity and dew point
SITE PLANNING
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SUNSHADING DEVICES
HORIZONTAL TYPES
Horizontal Sun Shades are

generally used on the North-
Facing and South Facing Sides
of a building
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SUNSHADING DEVICES
HORIZONTAL TYPES
Horizontal Sun Shades are

generally used on the North-
Facing and South Facing Sides
of a building
SITE PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
SUNSHADING DEVICES
VERTICAL TYPES
Vertical Sun Shades are

generally used on the East-
Facing and West- Facing Sides
of a building
SITE PLANNING
EGGCRATE TYPES
Combination of Horizontal and

Vertical Shades
SITE PLANNING
CLIMATE:
Best facing slopes
• Temperatures vary with elevation – by about 3 deg for

every 1000 ft. (300m) in the daytime.
• The more perpendicular a slope is to the rays of the
sun, the warmer the surface temperature.
SITE PLANNING
CLIMATE:
Wind flows
Abrupt forms cause unpleasant air Smooth forms induce smooth flow
turbulence. of air.
SITE PLANNING
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
EXISTING LAND USE:
Land Use Plans are available in each city and municipality to determine the
areas for commercial, institutional, industrial, residential, and open space
uses. These were planned according to the most rational use of land in
relation to the natural and socio-economic factors, and in accordance with
compatibility with adjacent land uses.
Each site must conform to the land use plan: a residential subdivision, for
example, cannot be developed in a site designated as Industrial.
SITE PLANNING
TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT SYSTEMS:
The relationship of traffic pattern to each other and to the site must be
studied for adequacy of access and efficiency of circulation within and
outside of the site.
Efficient traffic and transportation systems will result in successful

integration of the different developments in the vicinity.
Direction of dominant traffic flow, both vehicular and pedestrian will also
help establish points of highest visual impact for the site.
Access must also consider pedestrian movement.
SITE PLANNING
DENSITY AND ZONING:
Density refers to the population per unit land area. This data will determine
whether existing utilities and land areas will be sufficient to sustain additional
future development, which will naturally add to the existing population and
bear on the capacity of these utilities.
Density is expressed in number of families or dwelling units per hectare. It

may also be expressed in Floor Area Ratio (FAR).
Density influences the privacy, social contact among people, and freedom of
movement of an individual or a group of people.
Zoning regulations, laws and codes are present in every city and municipality
to regulate the type of development. It divides the city or municipality into
land use areas that are designated by building height, building coverage,
density of population, and open space.
SITE PLANNING
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:
The study of the community and its social and economic structures are done
to determine whether there is a need, an interest, or any objections on the
project.
Any proposed project must be compatible with the economy of the particular
community. For example, a high-end boutique is hardly suitable in a low-
income community.
The social structure of the community must be taken into consideration to
ensure that a proposed development will not result in any displaced families,
and any major disruption in their businesses and other activities.
SITE PLANNING
UTILITIES / SERVICES:
It is important to determine the existing availability of utilities on site in terms

of adequacy and efficiency. This includes:
• Sanitary/sewage system
• Electric power supply
• Water supply
• Drainage
Most water systems will supply domestic, industrial, and fire stand-by supply
from a distribution system. Storm drains collect surface water and conduct it
to rivers, creeks, or other bodies of water.
SITE PLANNING

Site Planning

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SITE PLANNING

Kevin Lynch (Site Planning)

Kevin Lynch (Site Planning)

Harvey M. Rubenstein (A Guide to Site and Environmental

Harvey M. Rubenstein (A Guide to Site and Environmental

2. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS

2. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS

GEOLOGY is the natural science that studies the

HOW DO WE WORK WITH GEOMORPHOLOGY?

HOW DO WE WORK WITH GEOMORPHOLOGY?

HOW DO WE WORK WITH GEOMORPHOLOGY?

We are concerned with:

HOW DO WE WORK WITH GEOMORPHOLOGY?

We are concerned with:

Sand and gravel particles provide for the greatest stability,

• Bearing capacity is a soil’s resistance to penetration

1 Massive crystalline bedrock, e.g. granite, 200,000

3 Sedimentary rocks, e.g. shale, sandstone 30,000

4 Well compacted gravels and sands 20,000

6 Soil materials Loose gravel, compact coarse sand 8,000

7 Loose coarse sand; loose sand/gravel 6,000

1 Massive crystalline bedrock, e.g. granite, 200,000

3 Sedimentary rocks, e.g. shale, sandstone 30,000

4 Well compacted gravels and sands 20,000

6 Soil materials Loose gravel, compact coarse sand 8,000

7 Loose coarse sand; loose sand/gravel 6,000

b. Organic Matter varies radically in soils and usually imposes a

TEXTURE - is the term used to describe the composite sizes of

Sand Loam Clay

GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soil‟s ability to transfer gravity water

GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soil‟s ability to transfer gravity water

2. Permeability - the rate at which water within the soil moves

GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soil‟s ability to transfer gravity water

2. Permeability - the rate at which water within the soil moves

POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity water is not readily transmitted

POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity water is not readily transmitted

CAUSES OF POOR DRAINAGE

Contours – are imaginary

TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES

• Flat or gently sloping sites are preferred for industrial

• Flat or gently sloping sites are preferred for industrial

• Flat or gently sloping sites are preferred for industrial

0 – 5% Generally flat Highly buildable

• Organic litter on the ground reduces impact of

• Roots bind together aggregates of soil

• Cover density, in form of ground cover or tree

• To erode clay, the velocity of the runoff should be high

Hydrologic cycle – or the

The relevance of Plant Materials in site planning is in their role in :

3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses

Trees help to buffer winds in urban areas

The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid

The Venturi effect is named after Giovanni

Trees also help filter out other pollutants, i.e. sulfur

b. Noise – To understand noise:

Plants absorb sound waves through their leaves,

c. Glare and Reflection –

d. Erosion Control – Plants are a primary means of preventing

• Vegetation with extensive root systems imparts

d. Erosion Control – Plants are a primary means of preventing

• Vegetation with extensive root systems imparts

1. Openland Wildlife – includes birds and mammals commonly associated

2. Woodland Wildlife – These species need various combinations of: