PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTION

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE:
MIXTURE PROPORTION
CEE 306
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
CHANG-SEON SHON, PH.D., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
NAZARBAYEV UNIVERSITY
CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

1
ORDER OF OPERATIONS FOR

CONCRETE
SPECIFIC OPERATIONS MUST BE PERFORMED IN A CERTAIN ORDER
• FINAL QUALITY IS INFLUENCED BY EVERY STEP
I. mix design (proportioning)
II. trial mixes & testing
III. batching
------------------------------------------------------------start the clock
IV. mixing
V. transporting
VI. pouring (placing)
VII. vibrating (consolidating) Sampling and testing
-------------------------------------------------------------initial set here
VIII. finishing
-------------------------------------------------------------final set here
IX.curing
X. maintenance
CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 2
1
INTRODUCTION
• MIX PROPORTIONING
– Process of determining the quantities of concrete
ingredients that meet the mix design criteria
Vconcrete  Vwater  Vcement  Vcoarse aggregate  V fine aggregate  Vair

3
INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)
• CONCRETE = CEMENT + WATER + FINE AGGREGATES

+ COARSE AGGREGATE + (ADMIXTURES)
• ENGINEERS ARE DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
– Design of the mix Function of material properties &
combination
– Final quality of concrete
• DESIGNING & PROPORTIONING CONCRETE MIXTURE
– Process of determining the quantities of concrete
ingredients that meet the mix design criteria
2
FACTORS IN THE PROPORTIONING OF
QUALITY CONCRETE MIXTURES
DETERMINE PROPORTIONS OF MIX INGREDIENTS THAT WILL:

– Be economical
– Be practical
– Use available materials
– Satisfy requirements & specs
• Acceptable workability of fresh mix
• Quality (durability, strength, appearance) of hardened concrete
• Cost (economy)

5
PRINCIPLES OF MIX DESIGN

• WORKABLE MIX
• USE AS LITTLE CEMENT AS POSSIBLE → COST
• USE AS LITTLE WATER AS POSSIBLE
– The lower the w/c ratio, the higher the concrete strength
• COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGATE TO BE
PROPORTIONED TO ACHIEVE A DENSE MIX
– the percentage of aggregate → Cost
• THE AIM OF THE DESIGNER SHOULD ALWAYS BE TO GET
CONCRETE MIXTURES WITH OPTIMUM STRENGTH AT MINIMUM
CEMENT CONTENT, ACCEPTABLE WORKABILITY, AND GOOD
DURABILITY
3
PRINCIPLES OF MIX DESIGN
(CONT’D)
• A CONCRETE MIX DESIGN SHOULD FOCUS ON THREE KEY ISSUES:
– Does the mix meet the performance requirements of the
specifications with respect to strength and other
characteristics such as shrinkage, permeability, w/cm ratio,
etc.?
– Is the trial batch test data adequate to justify the strength?
– Do the materials used comply with the project requirements
as evidenced by test results, certifications, and product
data?

7
INPUTS & OUTPUT TO MIXTURE DESIGN
• Inputs to mixture design include constraints of the concrete element and clear spacing between
reinforcing, how the concrete will be batched and placed, the service environment with its
associated durability requirements, and the required mechanical properties for the concrete.
• Output is the set of required characteristics for the mixture and each ingredient.
4
INPUTS & OUTPUT TO MIXTURE DESIGN
(CONT’D)
• INPUTS TO MIXTURE
PROPORTIONING INCLUDE MIXTURE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS,
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPECIFIC
MATERIALS TO BE USED, AND
REQUIREMENTS BASED ON
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY.
• OUTPUT IS A SET OF MIXTURE
PROPORTIONS EXPRESSED AS BATCH
WEIGHTS.

9
DEFINITIONS
• CEMENT PASTE = CEMENT + WATER
• WATER FACTOR (WF) = GALLONS OR LITERS OF WATER PER
FULL BATCH OF CONCRETE
• BATCH FACTOR (BF) = RATIO OF YFULL/YBATCH
• CONCRETE UNIT WEIGHT = W/V
• LABORATORY PROPERTIES
– Bulk Specify Gravity – Fineness Modulus
– Absorption Capacity – Coarse aggregate factor (CAF)
– Dry Rodded Unit Weight – Mortar factor (MF)
– Field Moisture Content
5
DEFINITIONS (CONT’D)
• YIELD (Y) = TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE = 1 M3 (FULL BATCH)
• YBATCH = VOLUME OF THE CONCRETE BATCH
• VOLUME (V) = W/SG*WATER
• BSG = BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY (EITHER OVEN DRY OR SSD)
• CAF = COARSE AGGREGATE FACTOR
• %S = PERCENT SOLIDS
• CEMENT FACTOR (CF) = SACKS OF CEMENT IN A FULL BATCH
= 50 KG OR 94LBS OF CEMENT PER SACK
• DRUW = DRY RODDED UNIT WEIGHT = WOD/VOLLOOSE
• MORTAR FACTOR (MF) = VOLMORTAR/YIELD = 1 - CAF*%S
11
DEFINITIONS (CONT’D):
CONCRETE VOLUMETRIC RELATIONS
X
Z
X Z
CAF = %S =
Y X
6
DEFINITIONS (CONT’D):
CALCULATIONS
• VOLW = WWATER/WATER = WWATER/1000
• VOLC = WCEMENT/(3.15* WATER ) = WCEMENT/(3.15*1000)
• VOLCA = WCA/(BSGCA* WATER ) = WCA/(BSGCA*1000)
• VOLFA = WFA/(BSGFA* WATER ) = WFA/(BSGFA*1000)
• CAF= WCA/(Y*DRUW)
• %S = DRUW/(BSGCA* WATER ) = DRUW/(BSGCA*1000)
• VOLAIR = %AIR * Y
• MF = (1 - CAF*%S)
Yield (Y) = Total volume of concrete = 1 m3 (full batch)

13
METHODS FOR PROPORTIONING

CONCRETE MIXES
• DEPENDS ON PROJECT SIZE:
– Arbitrary volume method (1:2:3 = OPC : sand : coarse aggr.)
– Field experience (statistical data)
– Trial mixtures: Small jobs, non-critical
– Weight method: Easiest design method
– Water-cement ratio method (PCA)
– Absolute volume method (ACI 211.1): Most accurate
7
PCA MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE:
WEIGHT & ABSOLUTE VOLUME METHOD
1. EVALUATE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS.
2. DETERMINE THE WATER–CEMENT RATIO REQUIRED.
3. EVALUATE COARSE AGGREGATE REQUIREMENTS.
4. DETERMINE AIR ENTRAINMENT REQUIREMENTS.
5. EVALUATE WORKABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF THE PLASTIC CONCRETE.
6. ESTIMATE THE WATER CONTENT REQUIREMENTS OF THE MIX.
7. DETERMINE CEMENTING MATERIALS CONTENT AND TYPE NEEDED.
8. EVALUATE THE NEED AND APPLICATION RATE OF ADMIXTURES.
9. EVALUATE FINE AGGREGATE REQUIREMENTS.
10. DETERMINE MOISTURE CORRECTIONS.
11. MAKE AND TEST TRIAL MIXES
15
ABSOLUTE VOLUME METHOD

(ACI 211.1)
• ALTHOUGH NOT THE ONLY WAY TO DO A QUALITY MIX DESIGN,
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI) RECOMMENDED
PRACTICE 211.1 → THE ACI PROCEDURE IS WIDELY USED
• ACI 211.1
– Determination of the job parameters - aggregate properties,
maximum aggregate size, slump, w/c ratio, admixtures,
– Calculation of batch weight, and
– Adjustments to batch weights based on trial mix
• THE ABSOLUTE VOLUME METHOD SPECIFIED BY ACI 211.1
CONSISTS OF 11 STEPS PLUS ADJUSTMENTS
8
MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE:
ABSOLUTE VOLUME METHOD (ACI 211.1)
1. CHECK REQUIREMENT INCLUDING STRENGTH
2. SELECT SLUMP
3. SELECT MAX. SIZE OF AGGREGATE (MSA) BASED ON APPLICATION
4. ESTIMATE MIXING WATER AND AIR CONTENT
5. SELECT WATER TO CEMENT (CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL) RATIO
6. DETERMINE CEMENT (CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL) CONTENT
7. ESTIMATE COARSE AGGREGATE CONTENT
8. CALCULATE FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT
9. DETERMINE CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE CONTENT
10. ADJUST WATER DEMAND FOR AGGREGATE MOISTURE
11. PERFORM TRIAL BATCH (TRIAL BATCH ADJUSTMENT)
17
STEP 1. CHECKING REQUIREMENTS

• CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES (THE INTENDED USE OF
THE CONCRETE)
• ENVIRONMENT EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
• THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
• THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE REQUIRED FOR
THE STRUCTURE
– Material properties obtained from lab. testing
– Strength
9
STEP 1. CHECKING REQUIREMENTS:
EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
EXPOSURE CATEGORIES FOR DURABLE CONCRETE (ADAPTED FROM ACI 318)

19

EXPOSURE CONDITIONS (CONT’D)
10

21

• THE TYPE OF CEMENT IS SELECTED DEPENDING UPON THE REQUIRED RATE OF GAIN OF STRENGTH,
THE LIKELIHOOD OF CHEMICAL ATTACK AND THE REQUIRED THERMAL BEHAVIOR.
11
STRENGTH
• GENERALLY, THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN ENGINEER DOES NOT
CONSIDER VARIABILITIES (MATERIALS, BATCHING, AND MIXING
OF CONCRETE) WHEN DETERMINING THE SIZE OF THE
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.
• IF THE MATERIALS ENGINEER PROVIDES A MATERIAL WITH AN
AVERAGE STRENGTH EQUAL TO THE STRENGTH SPECIFIED BY THE
DESIGNER, THEN HALF OF THE CONCRETE WILL BE WEAKER THAN
THE SPECIFIED STRENGTH.

23

STRENGTH (CONT’D)
• MATERIALS ENGINEER DESIGNS THE CONCRETE TO HAVE AN
AVERAGE STRENGTH GREATER THAN THE STRENGTH SPECIFIED
BY THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER.
• IN ORDER TO COMPUTE THE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN, THREE QUANTITIES MUST BE KNOWN:
– The specified compressive strength f′c
– The variability or standard deviation s of the concrete
– The allowable risk of making concrete with an unacceptable
strength
12
STRENGTH (CONT’D)
• THE STANDARD DEVIATION IN THE STRENGTH IS DETERMINED
FOR A PLANT BY MAKING BATCHES OF CONCRETE, TESTING THE
STRENGTH FOR MANY SAMPLES, AND COMPUTING THE
STANDARD DEVIATION.
• RISK CRITERION BY THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI)
– One of the risk rules states that there should be less than
10% chance that the strength of a concrete mix is less than
the specified strength.

25

STRENGTH (CONT’D)
f’c f’cr
Average strength
Normal distribution
1.34s f’cr = f’c + 1.34s
½ the concrete has
a strength less than f’c – specified strength
average
f’cr – required average
strength for mix design
Adding 1.34s to f’c –

90% of the concrete will
be stronger than
specified strength
Standard deviations
Increasing strength
13
STRENGTH (CONT’D)
• REQUIRED STRENGTH WHEN DATA ARE AVAILABLE TO ESTABLISH A
STANDARD DEVIATION
• IF S IS BASED ON FEWER THAN 30 SAMPLES, THEN THE STANDARD
DEVIATION OF THE “POPULATION” IS UNDERESTIMATED
Specified compressive Required average

strength, f'c, MPa compressive strength, f'cr, MPa
f'cr = f'c+ 1.34s
 35 f'cr = f'c + 2.33s – 3.45 For mixes with a large
Use larger value
standard deviation in
strength
f'cr = f'c+ 1.34s
Over 35 f'cr = 0.90f'c + 2.33s
Use larger value
s = standard deviation of f’c for a particular mixing plant

27

STRENGTH (CONT’D)
• FOR 15 TO 30 SAMPLES, THE STANDARD DEVIATION IS
MULTIPLIED BY THE MODIFICATION FACTOR (F). USE MODIFIED
STANDARD DEVIATION (s’) Modification factor for
Number of tests standard deviation
– 15 to 30 tests: Multiplication Less than 15 see next slide
adjustment factor 15 1.16
20 1.08
• e.g. 15 samples multiply s by 1.16 25 1.03
• If # of tests is 17, linear 30 or more 1.00
interpolation is used.
Specified Required average
– Fewer than 15 tests: additive compressive strength, compressive strength,
f'c, MPa f'cr, MPa
factor based on f’c
Less than 21 f'c + 7.0
• SMALL # OF TEST → VERY 21 to 35 f'c + 8.5
CONSERVATIVE: NOT FOR LARGE PROJECT Over 35 1.10f'c + 5.0
14
STRENGTH (CONT’D)
• EXAMPLE. THE DESIGN ENGINEER SPECIFIES A CONCRETE
STRENGTH OF 31.0 MPa. DETERMINE THE REQUIRED AVERAGE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR:
a) A new plant for which s is unknown
b) A plant for which s = 3.6 MPa for 17 test results
c) A plant with extensive history of producing concrete with
s = 2.4 MPa (350 psi)
d) A plant with extensive history of producing concrete with
s = 3.8 MPa (550 psi)

29

STRENGTH (CONT’D)
• SOLUTION
a) A new plant: f′cr = f′c + 8.5 = 31.0 + 8.5 = 39.5 MPa
b) Need to interpolate modification factor: Specified Required average
compressive strength, compressive strength,
f'c, MPa f'cr, MPa
1.16 − 1.08 Less than 21 f'c + 7.0
= 1.16 − 17 − 15 = 1.13 21 to 35 f'c + 8.5

20 − 15 Over 35 1.10f'c + 5.0
Multiply standard deviation by the modification factor

s′ = (s)(F) = 3.6(1.13) = 4.1 Mpa
So, determine f′cr
• f′cr = 31.0 + 1.34(4.1) = 36.5 Mpa
• f′cr = 31.0 + 2.33(4.1) - 3.45 = 37.1 MPa
15
STRENGTH (CONT’D)
• SOLUTION
c) A plant with extensive history of producing concrete with
s = 2.4 MPa
• f′cr = f′c + 1.34s = 31.0 + 1.34(2.4) = 34.2 MPa
• f′cr = f′c + 2.33s -3.45 = 31.0 + 2.33(2.4) - 3.45 = 33.1 MPa
a) A plant with extensive history of producing concrete with
s = 3.8 MPa
• f′cr = f′c + 1.34s = 31.0 + 1.34(3.8) = 36.1 MPa
• f′cr = f′c + 2.33s -3.45 = 31.0 + 2.33(3.8) - 3.45 = 36.4 MPa

31
STEP 2. SELECTING SLUMP:

RECOMMENDED SLUMP RANGES
Slump, mm (in.)
Concrete construction
Maximum Minimum
Reinforced foundation walls and
75 (3) 25 (1)
footings
Plain footings, caissons, and
75 (3) 25 (1)
substructure walls
Beams and reinforced walls 100 (4) 25 (1)
Building columns 100 (4) 25 (1)
Pavements and slabs 75 (3) 25 (1)
Mass concrete 75 (3) 25 (1)
16
STEP 3. SELECTING MAXIMUM
AGGREGATE SIZE (MSA)
• GRADATION & MAXIMUM SIZE
– Use large – most dense gradation for economy & specs
• large aggregate improves workability (or less water & cement)
• NATURE OF PARTICLES (SHAPE, TEXTURE, POROSITY)
– Round shape and smooth texture are workability (or less
water & cement)
• THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE AGGREGATE SIZE IS LIMITED BY THE
DIMENSIONS OF THE STRUCTURE AND THE CAPABILITIES OF THE
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. THE LARGEST MAXIMUM
AGGREGATE SIZE PRACTICAL UNDER JOB CONDITIONS THAT
SATISFIES THE SIZE LIMITS SHOULD BE USED.
33

AGGREGATE SIZE (MSA) (CONT’D)
• REQUIREMENTS FOR LIMITS ON NOMINAL
MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE PARTICLES
BY ACI 318 (ACI 318-08)
– Not exceed 1/5 of minimum
(narrowest) dimension of a vertical
concrete member, Dmax = ⅕B
– Not exceed three-quarters the clear
spacing between bars and between
the reinforcing bars and the formwork,
Dmax = 3/4S, and 3/4C
– One-third the depth of slabs, Dmax = ⅓T
17
• ONCE THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE IS DETERMINED,
NOMINAL MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE IS USED FOR THE
REMAINDER OF THE PROPORTIONING ANALYSIS.
• NOMINAL MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE IS GENERALLY ONE SIEVE
SIZE SMALLER THAN THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE.

35

• EXAMPLE. A STRUCTURE IS TO BE BUILT WITH CONCRETE WITH
A MINIMUM DIMENSION OF 0.2 M, MINIMUM SPACE BETWEEN
REBARS OF 40 MM, AND MINIMUM COVER OVER REBARS OF 40
MM. TWO TYPES OF AGGREGATE ARE LOCALLY AVAILABLE, WITH
MAXIMUM SIZES OF 19 AND 25 MM, RESPECTIVELY. IF BOTH
TYPES OF AGGREGATE HAVE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME COST,
WHICH ONE IS MORE SUITABLE FOR THIS STRUCTURE?
18
• SOLUTION
– 25 mm < (1/5)(200 mm) = 40mm minimum dimensions.
– 25 mm < (3/4)(40 mm) = 30 mm rebar spacing.
– 25 mm < (3/4)(40 mm) = 30 mm rebar cover.
 Therefore, both sizes satisfy the dimension requirements.
However, 25 mm aggregate is more suitable, because it will
produce a more economical concrete mix. Note that the 25
mm maximum aggregate size would correspond to a
nominal maximum aggregate size of 19 mm.
Situation Maximum aggregate size
Form dimensions 1/5 of minimum clear distance
Clear space between reinforcement or prestressing tendons 3/4 of minimum clear space
Clear space between reinforcement and form 3/4 of minimum clear space
Concrete
CEE 306: slab
Civil Engineering Materials 1/3 of thickness 37
Lecture 04
STEP 4. ESTIMATION OF MIXING

WATER & AIR CONTENT
• NON AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
Nominal maximum aggregate size
Water, kilograms per cubic meter of concrete,
for indicated sizes of aggregate
9.5 12.5 19 25 37.5 50 75 150
Slump, mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
25 to 50 207 199 190 179 166 154 130 113
75 to 100 228 216 205 193 181 169 145 124
150 to 175 243 228 216 202 190 178 160 —
Approximate amount of
entrapped air in non-air- 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.3 0.2
entrained concrete, percent
19
WATER & AIR CONTENT (CONT’D)
• AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
9.5 12.5 19 25 37.5 50 75 150
25 to 50 181 175 168 160 150 142 122 107
75 to 100 202 193 184 175 165 157 133 119
150 to 175 216 205 197 184 174 166 154 -
Recommended average total air content,
percent, for level of exposure
Mild exposure 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
Moderate exposure 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0
Severe exposure 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0
39

• AIR CONTENT AND AGGREGATE SIZE
20
• FROM TABLES THAT SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLUMP

AND NOMINAL MAX. SIZE OF AGGREGATE,
– Determine water content (kg/m3)
– Determine air content (%)
• ALSO, FROM GRAPH, AIR CONTENT
• THE DETERMINED WATER CONTENT SHOULD BE CONVERTED TO
ABSOLUTE VOLUME OF WATER USING SPECIFIC GRAVITY BASED
ON 1 m3.
168
• Example, 168kg / m3   0.168
11000 
Specific gravity

41
STEP 5. SELECTING W/C: RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN W/C & STRENGTH
• TO DETERMINE W/C, THE DESIGNER WILL HAVE TO KNOW 28-

DAY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Water-cementitious materials ratio

Compressive by mass
strength at Non-air-entrained Air-entrained
28 days, MPa concrete concrete
45 0.38 0.30
40 0.42 0.34
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
21
BETWEEN W/C & STRENGTH (CONT’D)
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VS. W/C

43

BETWEEN W/C & STRENGTH (CONT’D)
• FROM TABLE THAT SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

REQUIRED AVERAGE STRENGTH (TARGET STRENGTH) AND
CONCRETE TYPE (AIR-ENTRAINED OR NON-AIR ENTRAINED
CONCRETE),
– Determine water to cement ratio (w/c)
• IF THE TARGET STRENGTH IS Water-cementitious materials ratio
Compressive by mass
NOT GIVEN IN FROM TABLE, strength at Non-air-entrained Air-entrained
FIND THE REQUIRED VALUE 45
43
0.38 0.30
40 0.42 0.34
USING LINEAR INTERPOLATION. 35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
22
STEP 6. DETERMINATION OF CEMENT
CONTENT
• KNOWING THE WATER-CEMENT RATIO AND WATER CONTENT,
Wwater 168
Cement content = Wcement    536.17 kg / m 3
w 0.313
/ c
• AFTER DETERMINING THE CEMENT CONTENT, IF A MINERAL

ADMIXTURE SUCH AS FLY ASH OR SILICA FUME IS USED, REPLACE
A CERTAIN PERCENT OF CEMENT WITH IT AT THIS STAGE.
• THE DETERMINED CEMENT CONTENT SHOULD BE CONVERTED TO
ABSOLUTE VOLUME OF CEMENT USING SPECIFIC GRAVITY BASED
ON 1 m3. 536.17
536.17 kg / m 3   0.170
 3.15 1000 
Specific gravity

45
STEP 7. ESTIMATING COARSE

AGGREGATE CONTENT
• BULK VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE
Nominal
Maximum size Fineness modulus of sand
of aggregate,
2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
mm (in.)
9.5 (3/8) 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5 (1/2) 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
19 (3/4) 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
25 (1) 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
37.5 (1 1/2) 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
50 (2) 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
75 (3) 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
150 (6) 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
23
AGGREGATE CONTENT (CONT’D)
• BULK VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE

47

• FROM TABLE THAT SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
NORMIAL MAX. SIZE OF AGGREGATE AND FINENESS MODULUS
(FM) OF FINE AGGREGATE,
– Determine bulk volume of coarse aggregate
• IF THE FM OBTAINED FROM THE LAB TESTING IS NOT GIVEN IN
FROM TABLE, FIND THE REQUIRED VALUE (BULK VOLUME)
USING LINEAR INTERPOLATION.
24
• THE WEIGHT OF COARSE AGGREGATE PER CUBIC METER WILL BE
DETERMINE:
WtCA = . × ℎ ( )
3
m kg
Wtcoarse aggregate ( CA )  Vol.CA  DRUW  0.68  1600 3  1088kg / m 3
m3 m
• THE DETERMINED COARSE AGGREGATE CONTENT (CA) SHOULD

BE CONVERTED TO ABSOLUTE VOLUME OF CA USING SPECIFIC
GRAVITY BASED ON 1 m3
1088
1088kg / m3   0.411
 2.65  1000 
Specific gravity

49

1 m3
• GIVEN:
– 0.46 m3 of coarse aggregate
– Bulk density (DRUW) = 1567 kg/m3 0.46 m 3
– Specific gravity (relative density) = 2.65

– Water = 1000 kg/m3
– Weight of aggregate = 0.46 m3/m3 x 1567 kg/m3 = 715.5
kg/m3
– Absolute volume = 715.5 / (2.65x1000) = 0.27 m3
– So, the coarse aggregate is 27% of the absolute volume of
the concrete
WtCA =× . ℎ ( )
25
STEP 8. CALCULATION OF FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT
• MASS (OR WEIGHT) OF COMPONENTS USED
WITH DENSITY (UNIT WEIGHT) TO
DETERMINE VOLUME OF EACH COMPONENT
• ONLY THE FINE AGGREGATE (Wt) AND VOL.
ARE UNKNOWN
– Assume Volconc. = 1 m3 (1 yd3) of concrete
 
Vol. fine aggregate  1  Vol.water  Vol.cement  Vol.coarse aggregate  Vol.air 

51
STEP 8. CALCULATION OF FINE

• THE DETERMINED VOLUME OF FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT (FA)
BASED ON 1 m3 SHOULD BE CONVERTED TO WEIGHT BY
MULTIPLYING SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE AND 1000
Wt fine aggregate ( FA )  Vol.FA  specific gravity  1000  0.185  2.65  1000  488.97 kg / m3
26
STEP 9. DETERMINE CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE
CONTENT
• DOSAGE OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE IS GIVEN BY MANUFACTURE

– E.g. Air-entraining admixture
• A dosage of 0.5 g per kg of cementing materials
– E.g. Retarding water reducer
• A dosage of 3 g per kg of cementing materials
– E.g. Superplasticizer
• A dosage of 30 g per kg of cementing materials

53
STEP 10. ADJUSTMENT OF MOISTURE IN

THE AGGREGATES
• MOISTURE CONTENT (MC) = AC + SM

• THE WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE FROM THE STOCK PILE IS:
– Wtstock pile=WtOD(1+MC)
• THE CHANGE IN THE WEIGHT WATER DUE TO THE MOISTURE OF

THE AGGREGATE FROM THE STOCK PILE IS:
– ∆Wtwater = WtOD(SM)
– Adjusted Wtwater = Wtwater - ∆Wtwater
27
THE AGGREGATES (CONT’D)
• ADJUST THE WEIGHT OF WATER AND AGGREGATES TO ACCOUNT FOR THE

EXISTING MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE AGGREGATE
– Moisture Content of fine and coarse aggregate = Zero
Mass Absorption Moisture Weight Free

(OD) content with moisture
moisture Adjusted
aggregate
CA 1088 0.5% 0.0% 1088 5.44
weights
FA 488.97 0.7% 0.0% 488.97 3.42
(2041 x 0.005) = 5.44 Total
(488.97 x 0.007) = 3.42 excess
New water weight = 168+8.86 = 176.86 moisture 8.86

55

THE AGGREGATES (CONT’D)
• ADJUST THE WEIGHT OF WATER AND AGGREGATES TO ACCOUNT FOR THE

EXISTING MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE AGGREGATE
– Wet aggregate weighs more than dry aggregate (we used
dry density)
– We assumed SSD and must adjust free mix water if not SSD.
Mass Absorption Moisture Weight Free
(OD) content with moisture
moisture Adjusted
aggregate
CA 2041 0.80% 2.30% 2088 31
weights
FA 1019 1.70% 4.50% 1065 29
(2041 x 0.023) – (2041 x 0.008) = 31 Total
(1019 x 0.045) – (1019 x 0.017) = 29 excess
New water weight = 280 – 60 = 220 moisture 60
28
STEP 11. PERFORMING TRIAL BATCH
• TRIAL BATCHING VERIFIES THAT A
CONCRETE MIXTURE MEETS DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS PRIOR TO USE IN
CONSTRUCTION
• CHECK PROPORTIONS WITH TRIAL BATCHES
– Air content
– Slump
– 28 day compressive strength:
• 3 cylinders – 6″ Dia. x 12″ H
• ADJUST FOR OPTIMUM WORKABILITY &
ECONOMY
57
COMMON MIX DESIGN MISTAKES

• NOT VARYING WATER-CEMENT RATIO (3 POINT CURVE) FOR
PCA PROCEDURE USING GRAPH
• NOT MONITORING SLUMP LOSS DURING MIX DESIGN TO
IDENTIFY FALSE SETTING TENDENCY IN CEMENT
• NOT MONITORING EARLY AGE CONCRETE TEMPERATURES TO
IDENTIFY RETARDATION EFFECTS OF WATER REDUCERS
29
APPROX. WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR
VARIOUS AGGREGATE SIZES AND SLUMPS

59
MINIMUM CEMENTING MATERIALS

CONTENT FOR FLATWORK
Nominal maximum size Cementing materials,

of aggregate, mm (in.) kg/m3 (lb/yd3)
37.5 (1½) 280 (470)
25 (1) 310 (520)
19 (¾) 320 (540)
12.5 (½) 350 (590)
9.5 (3/8) 360 (610)
30
DENSITY OF WATER VS.
TEMPERATURE
Temperature, °C Density, kg/m3

16 998.93
18 998.58
20 998.19
22 997.75
24 997.27
26 996.75
28 996.20
30 995.61

61
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN:
• SLUMP
• AGGREGATE SIZE
• W/C
• CEMENT CONTENT
31
MIX DESIGN EXAMPLE
• Exterior concrete column to be located above ground level in an area where
it will be wet and subjected to substantial freezing and thawing
• An average 28-day strength: 30MPa (about 4000 psi)
• Sump: 75 – 100mm (3 – 4 in.)
• Column is 635mm (25 in.) square with a minimum clear space for aggregate
50mm (2 in.)
• Cement: Type I, specific gravity = 3.15
• Fine aggregate: Bulk specific gravity (SSD) = 2.63; absorption capacity =
1.3%; surface moisture = 4.2% (SSD state); FM = 2.70
• Coarse aggregate: Nominal maximum size = 19 mm; bulk specific gravity
(SSD) = 2.68; absorption capacity = 1.0%; surface moisture = 0.5% (SSD
state); dry-rodded unit weight = 1600 kg/m3 (100lb/ft3)
• Wood-resin type AE admixture: 0.5g per kg of cement
63
MIX DESIGN EXAMPLE (CONT’D)

• STEP 1. CHECK REQUIREMENT Exterior concrete column
Substantial freezing and thawing → severe F&T
– Given value
Strength: 30MPa
• STEP 2. CHOICE OF SLUMP
– Given value: 75~100 mm
• STEP 3. MAX. SIZE OF AGGREGATE
– 635 = 25.1 ; = 127 ; × 50 = 37.5
– Thus, nominal max. aggregate 19mm is o.k.
32
• STEP 4. ESTIMATE MIXING WATER & AIR CONTENT
9.5 12.5 19 25 37.5 50 75 150
25 to 50 181 175 168 160 150 142 122 107
75 to 100 202 193 184 175 165 157 133 119
150 to 175 216 205 197 184 174 166 154 -
Recommended average total air content,
percent, for level of exposure
Mild exposure 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
Moderate exposure 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0
Severe exposure 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0
65

• STEP 5. DETERMINE W/C Water-cementitious materials ratio
Compressive by mass
strength at Non-air-entrained Air-entrained
45 0.38 0.30
40 0.42 0.34
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
• STEP 6. CALCULATE CEMENT CONTENT

– w/c=0.45 → 184/0.45 = 409 kg/m3
33
• STEP 7. ESTIMATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE CONTENT
– FM = 2.7; DRUW = 1600
– Interpolating = 0.63 m3
– So, 0.63 x 1600 = 1008 kg
– SSD weight = Nominal
Maximum size Fineness modulus of sand
1008 x 1.01 = of aggregate,
2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
1018 kg mm (in.) 2.7
9.5 (3/8) 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5 (1/2) 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
19 (3/4) 0.66 0.64 ? 0.62 0.60
25 (1) 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
absorption capacity = 1.0% 37.5 (1 1/2) 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
50 (2) 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
75 (3) 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
150 (6) 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
67

• STEP 8. ESTIMATE FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT
– Water: 184/1000 = 0.184 m3
– Cement: 409/(1000x3.15) = 0.130 m3
Sum =
– Coarse aggregate (SSD) = 1018/(1000x2.68) = 0.38 m3 0.754 m3
– Air content: 0.06 m3
– Fine aggregate: 1-0.745 = 0.246 m3
– Thus, Wt-fine aggr. = 0.246 x 2.63 x 1000 = 647 kg
• STEP 9. DETERMINE CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE CONTENT
– AE content = 409 x 0.5 = 204.5g

34
• STEP 10. ADJUST MOISTURE CONTENT IN AGGREGATES
– Coarse aggregate: 1018 x 1.005 = 1023 kg
– Fine aggregate: 647 x 1.042 = 675 kg
– Surface moisture content: 184 - (1018x0.005) – (647x0.042)
= 152 kg
Materials SSD Mix proportion for the 1st
trial batch
Cement 409 409
Fine aggr. surface moisture
Coarse aggregate 1018 1023 = 4.2%
Fine aggregate 647 674 Coarse aggr. surface
Water 184 152 moisture = 0.5%
AE admixture 204.5 204.5
Total 2462.5 2462.5
69
35

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTION

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTION

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE:

CHANG-SEON SHON, PH.D., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

ORDER OF OPERATIONS FOR

Vconcrete  Vwater  Vcement  Vcoarse aggregate  V fine aggregate  Vair

• CONCRETE = CEMENT + WATER + FINE AGGREGATES

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 4

DETERMINE PROPORTIONS OF MIX INGREDIENTS THAT WILL:

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

PRINCIPLES OF MIX DESIGN

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

INPUTS & OUTPUT TO MIXTURE DESIGN

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 10

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 12

Yield (Y) = Total volume of concrete = 1 m3 (full batch)

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

METHODS FOR PROPORTIONING

Vconcrete  Vwater  Vcement  Vcoarse aggregate  V fine aggregate  Vair

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 14

ABSOLUTE VOLUME METHOD

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 16

STEP 1. CHECKING REQUIREMENTS

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 18

EXPOSURE CATEGORIES FOR DURABLE CONCRETE (ADAPTED FROM ACI 318)

STEP 1. CHECKING REQUIREMENTS:

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 20

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

STEP 1. CHECKING REQUIREMENTS:

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

STEP 1. CHECKING REQUIREMENTS:

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 24

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

STEP 1. CHECKING REQUIREMENTS:

Adding 1.34s to f’c –

Specified compressive Required average

s = standard deviation of f’c for a particular mixing plant

STEP 1. CHECKING REQUIREMENTS:

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 28

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

STEP 1. CHECKING REQUIREMENTS:

= 1.16 − 17 − 15 = 1.13 21 to 35 f'c + 8.5

Multiply standard deviation by the modification factor

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 30

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

STEP 2. SELECTING SLUMP:

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 32

STEP 3. SELECTING MAXIMUM

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 34

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

STEP 3. SELECTING MAXIMUM

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 36

STEP 4. ESTIMATION OF MIXING

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 38

STEP 4. ESTIMATION OF MIXING

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 40

• FROM TABLES THAT SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLUMP

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04

STEP 5. SELECTING W/C: RELATIONSHIP

• TO DETERMINE W/C, THE DESIGNER WILL HAVE TO KNOW 28-

Water-cementitious materials ratio

CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 04 42