CHAPTER 1

PART OF SPEECH

1. NOUNS

There are five kinds of nouns, namely:

a. Proper nouns: name of people, place, country, etc.
E.g. Bill Clinton, Indonesia, Sunday, Nile River, etc.

b. Common nouns: name of groups/things, idea, etc.

E.g. Boy, chair, conversation, description, etc.

c. Material nouns
E.g. Fish, stone, cement, sand. Etc.

d. Collective nouns
E.g. People, family, couple, etc.

e. Abstract nouns
E.g. Beauty, speed, honesty, truth, kindness, etc.

2. PRONOUN

Personal Pronouns Possessive Reflexive

Subject Object Adjective Pronouns Pronouns
I Me My Mine Myself
Yourself/
You You Your Yours
Yourselves
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
She Her Her Hers Herself
He Him His His Himself
It It Its Its Itself

Examples:
1. This is my umbrella. Your umbrella is over there.
2. This umbrella is mine. The other one is yours.
3. Jack has a part-time job. He works at a fast-food restaurant.

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Exercise 1.1
Choose the correct pronoun to complete the sentences below!
1. Mira is (my, mine) sister.
2. The pen is (your, yours).
3. Julia got (her, hers) salary yesterday.
4. Sam will buy (my, mine) father’s car.
5. A bird has (it, its) own cage.
6. Jack will help (me, I) tomorrow morning.
7. I called (her, hers) last Sunday.
8. I have a cat. (It, Its) name is Summer.
9. There are many wild cats in my house. (They, Them) are very tame.
10. The books on the table are (mine, my).

3. ADJECTIVES

Adjectives describe nouns. In grammar, we say that adjectives modify

nouns. The word modify means “change a little.” Adjectives give a little
different meaning to a noun: intelligent student, lazy student, a good student.
Examples of adjectives: young, old, rich, poor, beautiful, brown, French,
modern. An adjective is neither singular nor plural. A final –s is never added to
an adjective.

Examples:
a. Mary is an intelligent student.
b. The hungry children ate fruit.
c. She is a diligent student.

Adjective Orders
When a noun is described by two or more adjective, the orders should be:
1. Determiner; this, that, these, those, my, mine, Rita’s, a, an, the, etc.
2. Opinion; adjective (fun, happy, beautiful, etc).
3. Size;
- Height; tall, taller, tallest, etc.
- Width; wide, wider, widest, etc.
- Length; long, longer, longest, etc.
- Volume; fat, fatter, fattest, etc.
4. Shape; circular, oval, etc.
5. Age; new, young, old, ancient, etc.
6. Color; red, orange, yellow, etc.
7. Nationality; Chinese, Korean, Indonesian, etc.
8. Religion; Moslem, Christian, Pagan, etc.
9. Material; wood, plastic, metal, etc.
10. Noun as an Adjective.
11. The noun that is described.

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Examples:
➢ My mom bought me a beautiful wide new black chair.
➢ I have some funny best friends.
➢ The old man was carrying a brown paper sack.

Exercise 1.2
Arrange the words into a good sentence.
1. Amira – young – is – a – girl – beautiful.
2. have – I – yellow – long – ribbon.
3. is – Summer – a – fat – lazy – cat.
4. bought – my sister – many – peppers – red.
5. the young man – buying – is – delicious – food – Korean.

4. VERBS

A. Transitive verbs: verbs that are followed by an object.

Common transitive verbs: build, cut, find, like, make, need, send, use, want.

Examples:
• The student needs a pen.
S V O
• My friend enjoyed the party

B. Intransitive verbs: verbs that are not followed by an object.

Common intransitive verbs: agree, arrive, come, cry, exist, go, happen, live,
occur, rain, rise, sleep, stay, walk.
Examples:
• Birds fly.
S V
• The baby cried.

C. Linking verbs: other verbs like be that may be followed immediately by an

adjective.
Common verbs that may be followed by an adjective:
feel, look, smell, sound, taste
Appear, seem
Become (and get, turn, grow when they mean “become”)

Examples:
• The soup smells good.
• This food tastes delicious.
• The children feel happy.
• The weather became cold.

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5. ADVERBS

A. Adverb of frequency
Tell us how often something is done.
This includes: always, rarely, sometimes, seldom, often, almost never, hardly
ever, usually.

Examples:
• Ann always comes on time.
• She usually wakes up at 5 o’clock in the morning.

B. Adverb of time
Tell us when something happened.
This includes: now, soon, tomorrow, later, yesterday, last week, etc.

Examples:
• He came yesterday.
• They have arrived since last week.

C. Adverb of place
Indicated where something happened.
This includes: abroad, anywhere, here, outside, somewhere, there,
underground, upstair, etc.

Examples:
• She goes outside.
• Andi is upstair.

D. Adverb of manner
This adverb is formed by adding –ly** to the end of an adjective.
Common adverb of manners: easily, hardly, beautifully, quickly, quietly, etc.

Examples:
• He writes carelessly.
• She drives the car dangerously.

**some words do not added by –ly and have same form, such as:
Good – well late - late
Hard – hard low - low
Deep – deep Early – early
near – near Fast – fast
far – far

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Exercise 1.3
Choose the correct adjective or adverb in parentheses.
1. George is a (careless, carelessly) writer. He writes (careless, carelessly).
2. Frank asked me an (easy, easily) question. I answered it (easy, easily).
3. Sally speaks (soft, softly). She has a (soft, softly) voice.
4. I entered the classroom (quiet, quietly) because I was late.
5. Ali speaks English very (good, well). He has very (good, well)
pronunciation.

6. PREPOSITION

Common preposition:
On, in, at, after, for, before, of, above, behind, down, during, from, into,
besides, beside, between, around, etc.

Examples:
• The student studies in the library.
• That book is on the table.

If there is a preposition followed by verb, the verb must be changed into V-

ing called gerund, for example:
• I thank the woman of helping me.
• In studying French, you must be patient.

PREPOSITION OF TIME
IN (a) Please be on time in the in + the past, the present, the future
future.

(b) I usually watch TV in the in + the morning, the afternoon, the

evening. evening

(c) I was born in October. in + a month/ a year/ a century/ a

(d) I was born in 1985. season
(e) I was born in the twenty
century.
(f) The weather is hot in (the)
summer.
ON (g) I was born on October 31, on + date
1985.

(h) I went to a movie on on + weekday

Thursday.

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 (i) I have class on Thursday on + weekday morning, afternoon,
morning. evening

AT (j) We sleep at night. I was at + noon, night, midnight

asleep at midnight.

(k) I fell asleep at 9.30.

(l) He’s busy at present. Please at + “clock time”
call again.
at + present, the moment, the present
time

Exercise 1.4
Put correct preposition to complete the sentences
1. I usually sleep _____ 10 pm.
2. My boss has meeting _____ Sunday.
3. My brother has to go to Canada _____ September 30.
4. My family was moved to America _____ 1997.
5. The class will be begun _____ may.
6. We will meet _____ noon. Be on time!
7. Rita usually wake up _____ 6 am.
8. I’m going to watch a movie _____ Saturday night.
9. Don’t call me _____ midnight. It is very disturb me.
10. The Olympic will be started _____ the autumn this year.

7. CONJUNCTION

A. Coordinating Conjunctions

The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions
and but or yet for nor so

• The old man is extremely kind and generous.

• These shoes are old but comfortable.
• He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music.

B. Subordinating Conjunctions

A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or

subordinator) comes at the beginning of a Subordinate (or Dependent) Clause
and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the

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sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the
sentence for its meaning.

• He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all
his life.
• Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the
movies.
• Unless we act now, all is lost.

 Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below —

after, before, since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are
being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to
the independent element in the sentence.

COMMON SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
after if though
although if only till
as in order that unless
as if now that until
as long as once when
as though rather than whenever
because since where
before so that whereas
even if than wherever
even though that while

Exercise 1.5
Choose the correct conjunction to complete the sentence.
1. I visit the Grand Canyon ____ I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)
2. This is the place ____ we stayed last tie we visited. (where, when, how)
3. ____ you win first place, you will receive a price. (wherever, if, unless)
4. You won’t pass the test____ you study. (when, if, unless)
5. I plan to take my vacation ____ in June ____ in July. (whether/or, either/or,
as/if)
6. ____ only is dark chocolate delicious, ____ it can be healthy. (whether/or,
not/but, just as/or)
7. I have to be on time, ____ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late. (and, nor,
for)
8. Nadia doesn’t like to drive, ____she takes the bus everywhere. (but, yet, so)

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9. Teresa likes to read, ____, her sister Julia prefers to watch TV. (however, in
contrast, again)
10. We were working hard, ____ Jill and Jerry were lounging by the pool.
(meanwhile, instead, therefore)

8. INTERJECTION

Interjections are words or phrases used to exclaim or protest or command.

They sometimes stand by themselves, but they are often contained within larger
structures.

Examples:
• Wow! I won the lottery!
• Oh, I don't know about that.
• I don't know what the heck you're talking about.
• No, you shouldn't have done that

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CHAPTER 2
TENSES
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

In general, the simple present expresses events or situations that exist

always, usually, habitually; they exist now, have existed in the past, and
probably will exist in the future.

Subject To Be Verb
I am
We
do
You are
They
She
He is does
It

a. To Be (am, is, are)

1. Noun
• My father is a carpenter.
• Linda is a student.
• They are teachers.
• I am an Acehnese.
• He is a Korean.

2. Adjective
• She is beautiful.
• He is clever.
• They are lazy.
• You are stupid.
• Lia and Anto are diligent.

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 3. Preposition Phrase
• My mother is in the kitchen.
• Uncle John is in the garden.
• My family and I are in the living room.
• They are at the police station.
• She is at home.

(+) S+BE (IS,AM,ARE)+N/A/P

She is a doctor
(-) S+ BE (IS,AM,ARE)+NOT+N/A/P

She is not a doctor

(?)BE (IS,AM,ARE)+S+ N/A/P?

Is she a doctor?

b. Verb (do/does)
This form is named verbal. In verbal, there is the difference between singular
and plural subject. In other word, subject determines the verb form.

Examples:
• They cook fish.
• She cooks fish.
• Andy and Lia watch TV.
• Lia watches TV.

(+) S+V1(es/s)+O

Anita plays volleyball every Sunday

(-) S+DO/DOES+NOT+V1+O

Anita does not play volleyball every Sunday

(?)DO/DOES+S+ V1+O?

Does Anita play volleyball every sunday?

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 Some of Verbs form in present tense to singular third person (singular
subject), those are:
Work – works
Fly – flies
Make – makes
Watch – watches
Lay – lays
Read – reads
Write – writes

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ Always
➢ Usually
➢ Everyday
➢ Every weekend
➢ etc.

Exercise 2.1
Spelling of –s/es form: Write the –s/es form each verb correctly.
Num. Verbs -s/es forms
1 Arrive
2 Copy
3 Cut
4 Go
5 Fill
6 Happen
7 Wash
8 Leave
9 Make
10 reply
11 Stay
12 Stop
13 Fly
14 Eat
15 Write
16 Study
17 Work
18 Read
19 Drink
20 Win

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Exercise 2.2
Change the verb in parentheses into present forms!
1. Dian _____ (wash) her hair.
2. I _____ (be) a doctor.
3. Lia and Ayu _____ (make) a cake.
4. They _____ (be) in the library.
5. Susan _____ (read) a book.

2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Subject To Be2 Verb

I was
We
You were
They Did
She
He was
It

a. To Be (was, were)
1. Noun
• My father was a carpenter.
• Linda was a student.
• They were teachers.
• I was Acehnese.
• He was Korean.

2. Adjective
• She was beautiful.
• He was clever.
• They were lazy.
• You were stupid.
• Lia and Anto were diligent.

3. Preposition Phrase
• My mother was in the kitchen.
• Uncle John was in the garden.
• My family and I were in the living room.
• They were at the police station.
• She was at home.

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 (+) S+TO BE (WAS, WERE)+N/A/P

She was a doctor

(-) S+ TO BE (WAS, WERE)+NOT+N/A/P

She was not a doctor

(?)TO BE (WAS, WERE)+S+ N/A/P?

Was she a doctor?

b. Verb (did)
The past simple tense of the most English verbs (regular verbs) is formed by
adding "-ed"/"-d" to their base form. (If the verb ends in "-e", we add "-d" to
form the past simple). There are also some verbs called irregular verbs that have
special past tense forms.

REGULAR VERBS: The simple past and past participle end in –ed
SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST PRESENT
FORM PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE

hope hoped hoped hoping

stop stopped stopped stopping
listen listened listened listening
study studied studied studying
start started started starting

IRREGULAR VERBS: The simple past and past participle do not end in
–ed.
SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST PRESENT
FORM PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE

break broke broken breaking

come came come coming
find found found finding
hit hit hit hitting
swim swam swum swimming

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Adverb of time in this tense, such as:
➢ Yesterday
➢ Last week
➢ Last month
➢ Two days ago
➢ Etc.

Examples:
• They cooked fish.
• She read newspaper.
• Andy and Lia watched TV.
• Lia wrote a letter.

(+) S+V2+O

Anita played volleyball

(-) S+DID+NOT+V1+O

Anita did not play volleyball

(?)DID+S+ V1+O?

Did Anita play volleyball?

Exercise 2.3
Regular and Irregular Verbs: Write past and past participle form correctly.
Num. Infinitives Form Past Form Past Participles Form
1 Buy
2 Bring
3 Give
4 Learn
5 Take
6 Play
7 Return
8 Scare
9 Try
10 Sit
11 Set
12 Read
13 Write
14 Run
15 Swim
16 Walk

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 17 Talk
18 Tell
19 Fall
20 Fly

Exercise 2.4
Change the verb in parentheses into past forms!
1. Dian _____ (wash) her hair.
2. I _____ (be) a doctor.
3. Lia and Ayu _____ (make) a cake.
4. They _____ (be) in the library.
5. Susan _____ (read) a book.

3. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

A. Will
1. Adjective, Noun, Prep. Phrase [To Be (will+be)]
• My father will be sick.
• Linda will be a student.
• She will be at home
• I will be fine.
• He will be here.

(+) S+WILL+BE+ N/A/P

It will be cloudy tomorrow.

(-) S+ WILL+ NOT+ BE+N/A/P

It will not be cloudy tomorrow.

(?)WILL+S+ BE+N/A/P?

Will It be cloudy tomorrow?

2. Verb
• She will go to Sabang.
• They will buy some books.
• Maria will give a gift.
• Ina and Andy will get a new job.
• Meutia will call you.

(+) S+WILL+V1+O

Anita will play volleyball tomorrow.

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 (-) S+ WILL+NOT+V1+O

Anita will not play volleyball tomorrow.

(+)WILL+S+ V1+O?

will Anita play volleyball tomorrow

B. Be going to
1. To Be (Be going to+be)
• My father is going to be sick.
• Linda is going to be a student.
• She is going to be at home
• I am going to be fine.
• He is going to be here.

(+) S+ BE GOING TO +BE+ N/A/P

It is going to be cloudy tomorrow.

(-) S+ BE GOING TO +BE+NOT+ N/A/P

It is not going to be cloudy tomorrow.

(+)BE +S+ GOING TO +BE+N/A/P?

Is it going to be cloudy tomorrow?

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ Tomorrow
➢ Next week
➢ Tonight
➢ Later, etc.

2. Verb
• She is going to go to Sabang.
• They are going to buy some books.
• Maria is going to give a gift.
• Ina and Andy are going to get a new job.
• Meutia is going to call you.

(+) S+BE GOING TO+V1+O

Anita is going to play volleyball

(-) S+ BE +NOT+GOING TO +V1+O

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 Anita is not going to play volleyball
(+)BE+S+ GOING TO + V1+O?

is Anita going to play volleyball?

Exercise 2.5
Change the verb in parentheses into future forms (will)!
1. Dian _____ (wash) her hair.
2. I _____ (be) a doctor.
3. Lia and Ayu _____ (make) a cake.
4. They _____ (be) in the library.
5. Susan _____ (read) a book.

4. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Examples:
• Andy is making some toys.
• My friends and I are studying mathematics.
• They are sleeping.
• We are catching dragonfly.

(+) S+TO TO BE+Ving+O

Anita is playing volleyball

(-) S+ TO BE+NOT+Ving +O

Anita is not playing volleyball

(?)TO BE+S+ Ving +O?

Is Anita playing volleyball?

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ Now
➢ Right now
➢ Still
➢ At present
➢ At this moment, etc.

Exercise 2.6
Use either the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. Diane (wash) ___________________ her hair everyday.
2. Kathy (sit, usually) ___________________ in the front row during the class.
3. It (snow) ___________________ now.

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4. He (attend) ___________________ college from September to May every
year.
5. I (wait, still) ___________________ for a reply.
6. Right now I (look) ___________________ around the classroom.
7. I (think) ___________________ about this grammar.
8. I can’t afford that ring. It (cost) ___________________ too much.
9. My mother (cook) ___________________ for lunch in the kitchen.
10. Every morning the sun (shine) ___________________ in my bedroom
window.

5. PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Examples:
• Andy was making some toys.
• My friends and I were studying mathematics.
• They were sleeping.
• We were catching dragonfly.

(+) S+TO BE2+Ving+O

Anita was playing volleyball

(-) S+ TO BE2+NOT+Ving +O

Anita was not playing volleyball

(?)TO BE2+S+ Ving +O?

Was Anita playing volleyball?

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ … when
➢ While …
➢ At the same time yesterday
➢ At … o’clock yesterday, etc.

Exercise 2.7
Use either the simple past or the past progressive of the verbs in parentheses.
1. I (call) _______________ Roger at nine last night.
2. Rita (sit) _______________ there at the same time yesterday.
3. My family and I (go) _______________ to the beach.
4. Stanley (climb) _______________ the stairs when he fell.
5. He (have, not) _______________ money.
6. While it (snow) _______________ in Iowa, the sun was shining in Florida.
7. We (watch) _______________ movie when his phone rang.
8. Ted (study) _______________ French last month.

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9. I (have, almost) _______________ a car accident last night.
10. I (slip) _______________ on the ice while I was crossing the street in front
of the dorm.

Reading 2 : Economic Activity

Most people work in order to earn their living.
They produce goods and services.
Goods are either produced on farms, like maize and milk, or in factories, like
cars and paper.
Services are provided by such things as schools, hospitals and shops.
Some people provide goods; some provide services.
Other people provide both goods and services.
For example, in the same garage, a man may buy a car, or he may buy some
service which helps him to maintain his car.
The work which people do is called their economic activity.
Economic activities make up the economic system.
The economic system is the sum-total of what people do and what they want.
The work which people undertake either provides what they need or provides
them with money.
People buy essential commodities with money.

Exercise 2.8
Answer the questions based on the reading above
1. Why do most people work?
2. What do they produce?
3. Where are goods produced?
4. What do schools, hospitals and shops provide?
5. What do we call the work which people do?

Exercise 2.9
Below are 20 kinds of people. Complete the diagram!

Cattle-breeder Pilot Shoemaker

Horse-breeder Builder Coal-miner
Teacher Steelworker Shopkeeper
Electrician Musician Doctor
Nurse Cook Policeman
Farmer Banker Fruit-grower
Fisherman Iron-ore mine

Most people produce (products)

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 goods services

6. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A. Will
Examples:
• Andy will be making some toys.
• My friends and I will be studying mathematics.
• They will be sleeping.
• We will be catching dragonfly.

(+) S+WILL+BE+Ving+O

Anita will be playing volleyball

(-) S+ WILL+NOT+BE+ +Ving +O

Anita will not be playing volleyball

(?)WILL+S+ BE+Ving +O?

Will Anita be playing volleyball?

B. Be going to
Examples:
• Andy is going to be making some toys.
• My friends and I are going to be studying mathematics.
• They are going to be sleeping.
• We are going to be catching dragonfly

(+) S+ BE GOING TO+BE+Ving+O

Anita is going to be playing volleyball.

(-) S+ BE NOT GOING TO+BE +Ving +O

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 Anita is not going to be playing volleyball.
(?)BE+S+ GOING TO+BE+Ving +O?

Is Anita going to be playing volleyball?

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ At the same time tomorrow
➢ At this time next month
➢ At ... o’clock tomorrow, etc.

Exercise 2.10
Use either the simple future or the future progressive of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. I (go) _______________ Jakarta next week.
2. Harry (study) _______________ when I come.
3. My father (drink) _______________ a cup of coffee at the same time
tomorrow.
4. She (be) _______________ an employee next week.
5. George (come) _______________ at 10 tomorrow morning.

7. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Subject Perfect Verb3

I
We
have Past
You
participles
They
She
Past
He Has participles
It

A. Adjective, Noun, Prep. Phrase [To Be (been)]

Examples:
• My father has been sick.
• Linda has been a students.
• She has been at home
• I have been fine.
• He has been here.
(+) S+HAS/HAVE+BEEN+ N/A/P

Anita has been there.

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 (-) S+ HAS/HAVE+NOT+BEEN+ N/A/P

Anita has not been there.

(+)HAS/HAVE+S+ BEEN+ N/A/P?

has Anita been there?

B. Verb
Examples:
• She has visited Sabang.
• They have bought some books.
• Maria has given a gift.
• Ina and Andy have got a new job.
• Meutia has already called you.

(+) S+HAS/HAVE+V3+ O/C

Anita has watched that movie.

(-) S+ HAS/HAVE+NOT+ V3+ O/C

Anita has not watched that movie.

(+)HAS/HAVE+S+ V3+ O/C?

has Anita watched that movie?

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ For
➢ Since
➢ Already
➢ Just
➢ Recently, etc.

Exercise 2.11
Fill the blank by using the present perfect form.
1. They (move) _______________ into a new apartment.
2. She (see, already) _______________ the movie.
3. I (be) _______________ here since 7 o’clock.
4. Bill (arrive) _______________ here since three days ago.
5. Up to now, Professor Williams (give) _______________ our class five tests.

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8. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Subject Perfect Verb3

I
We
Had Past
You
participles
They
She Past
He had participles
It

A. Adjective, Noun, Prep. Phrase [To Be (been)]

Examples:
• My father had been sick.
• Linda had been a student.
• She had been at home
• I had been fine.
• He had been here.

(+) S+HAD+BEEN+ N/A/P

Anita had been there.

(-) S+ HAD+NOT+BEEN+ N/A/P

Anita had not been there.

(+)HAD+S+ BEEN+ N/A/P?

had Anita been there?

B. Verb
• She had visited Sabang.
• They had bought some books.
• Maria had given a gift.
• Ina and Andy had got a new job.
• Meutia had called you when you took shower.

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 (+) S+HAD+V3+ O

Anita had watched that movie.

(-) S+ HAD+NOT+ V3+ O

Anita had not watched that movie.

(+)HAD+S+ V3+ O?

had Anita watched that movie?

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ After …
➢ … before
➢ …when, etc.

Exercise 2.12
Change the verb in parentheses into past perfect forms!
1. Dian _____ (wash) her hair.
2. I _____ (be) a doctor.
3. Lia and Ayu _____ (make) a cake.
4. They _____ (be) in the library.
5. Susan _____ (read) a book.

9. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Examples:
• She will have visited Sabang.
• They will have bought some books.
• Maria will have given a gift.
• Ina and Andy will have gotten a new job.
• Meutia will have called you.

(+) S+WILL+HAVE+V3+ O

Anita will have watched that movie.

(-) S+ WILL+NOT+ HAVE+V3+ O

Anita will not have watched that movie.

(?)WILL+S+ HAVE+V3+ O?

Will Anita have watched that movie?

29
Adverb of time in this tense, such as:
➢ By 7 o’clock tomorrow
➢ In a week, etc.

10. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Examples:
• Father has been reading a newspaper.
• They have been stealing those bags.
• Linda has been teaching English.

(+) S+ HAS/HAVE+BEEN+Ving+O

Anita has been playing volleyball

(-) S+ HAS/HAVE+NOT+BEEN +Ving +O

Anita has not been playing volleyball

(+)HAS/HAVE+S+ GOING TO+BE+Ving +O?

has Anita been playing volleyball?

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ For
➢ Since
➢ The whole day, etc.

Exercise 2.13
Fill the blank by using the present perfect progressive form.
1. They (play) _______________ for almost two hours.
2. He (talk) _______________ on the phone for over a half an hour.
3. I (try) _______________ to study for the last hour.
4. She (cry) _______________ for almost ten minutes.
5. It (rain) _______________ for whole day.

30
11. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Examples:
• Father had been reading a newspaper.
• They had been stealing those bags.
• Linda had been teaching English.

(+) S+ HAD+BEEN+Ving+O

Anita had been playing volleyball

(-) S+ HAD+NOT+BEEN +Ving +O

Anita had not been playing volleyball.

(+)HAD+S+ GOING TO+BE+Ving +O?

had Anita been playing volleyball?

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ For … when …
➢ By last ….
➢ … by yesterday, etc.

Reading 3

Exercise 2.14
Find and write down ten verbs from the reading above. Change them into simple
form (V1), simple past (V2), and past participle (V3).

31
12. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Examples:
• Father will have been reading a newspaper.
• They will have been stealing those bags.
• Linda will have been teaching English.

(+) S+ WILL+HAVE+BEEN+Ving+O

Anita will have been playing volleyball

(-) S+ WILL+NOT+HAVE+BEEN +Ving +O

Anita will not have been playing volleyball

(?)WILL+S+ HAVE+BEEN+Ving +O?

Will Anita have been playing volleyball?

Adverb of time in this tense, such as:

➢ For…+ by next week
➢ For…+ by this time tomorrow, etc.

Exercise 2.15
Complete these sentences below by using word in parentheses. Change it into a
correct tenses form.
1. He (drink)___________ coffee every morning.
2. They (watch) _____________ TV for two hours.
3. My mother (cook)__________ the delicious fish in the kitchen yesterday.
4. A bird (fly)_________ over the sky.
5. Mita (read)__________ right now.
6. They (play)____________ football tomorrow afternoon.
7. They (be)_________ carpenters.
8. My family and I (go)_________ to the beach next Sunday.
9. My wife (make) _____ me a cup of hot chocolate every Saturday night.
10. I (sit) ________ in the class at this exact same time yesterday.

32
 UNIT 2
PARTNERSHIP

A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on

business for profit. When the owners of partnership have unlimited
liability, they are called general partners. If one or more partners have
limited liability, they are called limited partners. There may be a silent
partner as well as if a person who is known to the public a member of the
firm but without authority in management. The reserve of the silent
partner is the secret partner, which is a person who takes part in
management but who is not known to the public.
Any business may be operated as a partnership. There are
partnerships in professional field such as medicine, law, accounting,
insurance, and stockbrokerage. Limited partnerships are common forms
of ownership in real estate, mining, and others.
Partnerships are more advantageous than the sole proprietorship if
one needs multiple sources of capital. On the other hand, besides it is
advantageous, there are a number of disadvantages. One is unlimited
liability. This means that each partner is responsible for all debts and
legal responsibilities in connection with the business. Another
disadvantage is that the partner may disagree with each other. The next is
when one of them dies suddenly; a share of the business could come into
less desirable consideration.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
A. Complete Answer
1. What is an important difference between a general partnership
and a limited partnership?
2. What is the difference between a silent and a secret partner?
3. What are some professional fields in which partnerships are found?
4. Tell the advantages of partnership!
5. Tell the disadvantages of partnership!

5
B. True and False Answer (T-F), If it is False, Correct it!
1. A partnership is a business that consists of only person. (……)
2. General partners are when the owners have unlimited liability.
(……)
3. Law, accounting, insurance, and stockbrokerage are common
forms of ownership. (……)
4. Real estate and mining are the kinds of limited partnership.
(……)
5. If one needs multiple source of capital, the business must be a
sole proprietorship. (……)
6. One of the disadvantages of the partnership is its unlimited
liability. (……)
7. If the partner of a business disagree each other, the business may
still run well. (……)
8. If one of the partners dies suddenly, a share of the business is
usually undesirable (……)
VOCABULARY: Fill in the blank with the words listed below:
- Capital - Benefits
- Silent partner - Unlimited liability
- Consideration - Management
1. A secret partner takes part in ………
2. General partner has ………
3. A ………. Is known to the public as a member of the firm, but
has no authority in management.
4. Partnerships often receive tax ……… from the government.
5. One advantage of a partnership is that it offers a multiple source
of ………
6. A partner’s share of the business can come into a less desirable
……… upon the partner’s death.

6
STRUCTURE 2: (Two): TENSES
1. Present Continuous / Progressive Tense :
Subject + be (is – am – are) + Verb I + ing + Object / Adverb
* Time Signals: now, right now, right away, soon, at present, at
this moment, soon after
Example: 1. Mitha is studying English in her room now.
2. The students are listening to the teacher very
attentively at this moment.
3. I am reading a news paper right now.

2. Simple Present Tense:

a. He – She – It : Subject + Verb I + s/es/ies (+)
Subject + does + not + Verb I (-)
Does + Subject + Verb I (?)
b. B) I – You – We – They: Subject + Verb I (+)
Subject + do + not + Verb I (-)
Do + Subject + Verb I (?)
* Time Signals: everyday, every week, always, usually,
generally, often, sometimes, seldom, ever, once in a while,
etc.
Example: a) Mitha studies English everyday (+)
Mitha does not study English everyday (-)
Does Mitha study English everyday ?
b) I study English everyday (+)
I do not study English everyday (-)
Do I study English everyday ?

7
Exercise: Structure 3 (Three):
A. Put the Verb in brackets into Simple Present or Present
Continuous Tense:
1. Mira usually (do) her homework before she (go) to bed.
2. (not talk) in the class while the teacher (explain) the new lesson
seriously
3. Sally (not want) to go before her friend Santi (come) to pick her
up.
4. Look., The old woman (cross) the street. Please (help) her.
5. Some students often (play) in the yard when they (not have) any
work to do.
6. What (do) you here? -- I (look) for my friend’s address but I (not
know) where he (live) in this town.
7. Don’t just (listen) to the speech. Now (start) practicing to speak.
8. Donny (be) always diligent, but now he (come) very late.
9. My father (not smoke) cigarettes but he (have) a cough every
morning.
10. Your teacher (not get) angry if we (do) our assignments regularly.
B. Change the Sentences above into Negative and Interrogative!

8
 UNIT 3
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Economics is a science which is based upon the facts of our

everyday lives. So, the science of economics is concerned with all our
material needs and wants. Economist studies our everyday lives. He
studies the system which affects our lives. The economist tries to
describe the facts of the economy in which we live. He tries to explain
how the system works. His methods should be objective and scientific.
We need food, clothes, and shelter. If we could get food, clothes, and
shelter without working, we probably would not work. However, when
we have got those basic needs, we still want some other things such as
radios, toys for children, books, seeing movies, and many others that
might make our lives more enjoyable.
Most people have to work in order to earn their living. They
produce goods and services. Goods are either produced on farms, such as
rice, soybean, tobacco, and milk, or in factories, like cars, television, and
computers. Services are produced by such things as schools, hospitals,
and shops. Some people provide goods, some provide services. Other
people provide both goods and services. For example, in the same
garage, a man may buy a car, or he may buy some service which helps
him to maintain his car.
All of the works which people do is called economic activity.
Economic activities can make up the economic system. The economic
system is the sum total of what people do and what they want. The work
which people undertake either provides what they need or want, they
need or provide them with money, because people buy essential
commodities with money.
A. Comprehension Questions!
1. What do you know about economics?
2. What is the main job of economist? What does he do?
3. What are our basic needs?

9
 4. Mention some of our secondary needs! Why do we need them?
5. Why do we have to work?
6. Mention some goods produced on farms, and in factories (5 items)!
7. How can we get both goods and service in the same garage?
8. What is meant by economic activity? What is its purpose?
9. What is the function of money?
10. What do the people have to do in order to buy everything they need?

B. Vocabulary: Supply the following sentences with the most appropriate

word below:
a. Economic b. Economics c. Economist d. Economical
e. Economy f. Economize
1. Sri Mulyani and Boediono are the two famous ................................
from Indonesia.
2. We will usually get .................................... prices during the midnight
sale.
3. We should .................................. our natural resources to provide our
next generation.
4. The housewives must spend the money from their husbands ..
................................
5. The ..........................system of the country is usually called the national
.................
6. Your major is Accounting that belongs to the faculty of
..........................................and business.
7. The people should be very ............................... .. in using the electrical
energy and gasoline.
8. If I were a famous .................................like Sri Mulyani I would rather
stay in Indonesia to be the minister of...................................

3. Present Perfect Tense: Subject + has / have + Verb III (+)

Subject + has / have + not + Verb III (-)
Has / have + Subject + Verb III (?)
Example: I have studied English for 7 years (+)
I have not studied for 7 years (-)
Have I / you studied English for 7 years?

10
 4. Present Perfect Continuous / Progressive Tense, and the other
Tenses are used as the student’s Task / Assignment:
***Make small groups consisting of 2 0r 3 students to do this
assignment: - to explain about the usage, pattern, time signals,
examples not less than 4 with different Subjects and Verbs.
Those sentences should be in positive (+); negative (-) and
interrogative (?)

A. Supply the Verbs in bracket into Simple Past or Past Continuous

Tense
Pattern:
1. Subject + was / were + Verb-1 + ing + When + Subject +
Verb-2
2. Subject + was / were + Verb-1 + ing + While + Subject + was /
were + Verb-1 + ing
a. It (rain) very hard when I (get) up this morning
b. I (have) my dinner when some of my friends (come) to my
house and (ask) me to go out with them.
c. What you (do) when I (call) you on the phone last night?
d. While Mrs. Rachmat (wash) the dishes, her children (play) in
the yard.
e. The people (work) when the fire (break) out yesterday
afternoon.
f. I (not want) anything on my last birthday. I just (want) my
computer (repair)
g. My father (read) the news paper when I (arrive) home from
campus.
h. I (listen) to the music in my bedroom when you (knock) at the
door.

11
 i. Last Semester holiday I (go) out of town and (visit) some
recreation places, but this semester I (not go) anywhere.
j. The teacher (explain) in front of the class while the students
(listen) to him seriously.
k. Why (not attend) you the seminar last Saturday? There (be)
two guest speakers from America.
l. I (be) absent a week ago because I (have) to pick up my father
in the airport.
B. Supply the Verb in brackets into Present Perfect, Present Perfect
Continuous, Past Perfect, or Future Perfect Tense
1. Mr. Ahmad (not see) his family since last month.
2. I (know) my friend well since we were kids.
3. My father (work) since 6 o’clock in the morning, and now he is
still completing his work.
4. By this time next October the students (study) at this campus for
2 years.
5. When the world war broke out, the Dutch (colonize) Indonesia for
hundreds of years.
6. By the end of this year that man (drive) his car more than a
million miles
7. The students (learn) English for more than 10 years, but up to
now they are not able to speak it well.
8. If you (finish) your work, you may leave the class
9. Before I went to bed, I (close) all the doors and (switch) off the
lights.
10. By this time next month, Mitha (live) in this town for seven
months.
11. I left home after I (have) my breakfast and (get) some pocket
money.

12
12. After the teacher (give) some quiz to his students, he left the class
right away.
13. Don’t disturb your mother. She busily (cook) in the kitchen all
morning
14. He thanked me for what I (do) for him.
15. My sister (finish) her study within less than 4 years.

13
 CHAPTER 3

NOUNS
1. SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

A. Plural nouns by adding -s

Examples:
Singular Plural
One bird Two birds
One street Two streets
One rose Two roses

B. Plural nouns by adding -es to nouns ending in -sh, -ch, -ss, and –x
Examples:
Singular Plural
One dish Two dishes
One match Two matches
One class Two classes
One box Two boxes

C. Nouns ending by -y change the ending to -ies or just add -s in the end of the
word
Examples:
Singular Plural
One baby Two babies
One city Two cities
One toy Two toys
One key Two keys

D. Nouns ending by -fe/-f change the ending to -ves

Examples:
Singular Plural
One knife Two knives
One shelf Two shelves

39
E. Nouns ending by -o is sometimes -oes/-os
Examples:
Singular Plural
Two tomatoes
One tomato
Two
One zero
zeros/zeroes
One zoo
Two zoos

F. Irregular plural noun forms

Examples:
Singular Plural
One child Two children
One foot Two feet
One goose Two geese
One man Two men
One mouse Two mice
One tooth Two teeth
One woman Two women
One person Two people

G. Plural noun form is same with the singular form

Examples:
Singular Plural
One deer Two deer
One fish Two fish
One sheep Two sheep
One offspring Two offspring
One species Two species

H. Nouns borrowed from other languages

Examples:
Singular Plural
One bacterium Two bacteria
One cactus Two cacti
One crisis Two crises
One phenomenon Two phenomena

40
Exercise 3.1
Write the correct singular or plural form.
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. mice
2. pocket
3. teeth
4. tomatoes
5. fish
6. women
7. branch
8. friend
9. duty
10. highway
11. thief
12. belief
13. potato
14. radio
15. offspring
16. children
17. season
18. custom
19. business
20. centuries
21. occurrence
22. phenomena
23. sheep
24. loaves
25. glass
26. problem
27. family
28. wife
29. shelf
30. roof
31. feet
32. ox

41
2. COUNT NOUNS

Some common count nouns:

finger bottle award
candidate table chair
word remark chair
book table apple
orange etc

Examples:
• My mother buys some apples and oranges.
• She has four new chairs.
• They steal some spoons.

3. NONCOUNT NOUNS

Some common non-count nouns:

a. Whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, clothing, equipment,
food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage,
machinery, mail, makeup, money/cash/change, postage, scenery, traffic.
b. Fluids: water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc.
c. Solids: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper,
wood, cotton, wool, etc.
d. Gases: steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution, etc.
e. Particles: rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt,
sand, sugar, wheat, etc.
f. Abstractions:
- beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness,
health, help, honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice,
knowledge, laughter, luck, music, patience, peace, pride, progress,
recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, etc.
- advice, information, news, evidence, proof.
- Time, space, energy
- Homework, work
- Grammar, slang vocabulary.
g. Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish, etc.
h. Fields of study: chemistry, engineering, history, literature, mathematics,
psychology, etc.
i. Recreation: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker, etc.
j. General activities: driving, studying, swimming, traveling, walking (and
other gerunds).
k. Natural phenomena: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lightning,
rain, sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire,
gravity.

42
 Examples:
1. I have some coins in my pocket. In other words, I have some change in
my pocket.
2. We bought some furniture.
3. I put some sugar in my coffee.

Exercise 3.2
List these words below into count noun and non-count noun.

meat table apple

baggage furniture book
oxygen bag knife
gold fan cheese
box garbage air
spoon plate blood
silver guitar friend
chalk person corn
pillow dust cat
picture water house
confidence fork energy
jar pen vocabulary
fog lightning fire
chair advice beauty
mice geese book

4. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

USED WITH
EXPRESSIONS OF USED WITH COUNT
NONCOUNT
QUANTITY NOUNS
NOUNS
One one apple ᴓ
each each apple ᴓ
every every apple ᴓ
two two apples ᴓ
both both apples ᴓ
a couple of a couple of apples ᴓ
three, etc. three apples ᴓ

a few a few apples ᴓ

several several apples ᴓ
many many apples ᴓ
a number of a number of apples ᴓ

43
 a little ᴓ a little rice
much ᴓ much rice
a great deal of ᴓ a great deal of rice
not any/no not any/no apples not any/no rice
some some apples some rice
a lot of a lot of apples a lot of rice
lots of lots of apples lots of rice

plenty of plenty of apples plenty of rice

most most apples most rice
all all apples all rice

5. USING A FEW, A LITTLE, (VERY)FEW, AND (VERY)LITTLE

A few and few are used with plural count nouns. A little and little are used
with noncount nouns.

1. A few and a little

 A few and a little give a positive idea; they indicate that something exists.

Ex. (a) She has been here only two weeks, but she has already made a
few friends.
(positive idea: she has made some friends.)
(b) I’m very pleased. I’ve been able to save a little money this month.
(positive idea: I have saved some money instead of spending all of
it.)

2. Few and little

 Few and little (without a) give a negative idea; they indicate that
something is largely absent.
 Very (+few/little) makes the negative idea stronger, the number/amount
smaller.

Ex. (a) I feel sorry for her. She has (very) few friends.
(negative idea: she does not have many friends; she has no
friends.)
(b) I have (very) little money. I don’t even have enough money to buy
food for dinner.
(negative idea: I do not have much money; I have almost no
money)

44
Exercise 3.3
Complete the sentences with the given nouns. Add final –s/-es if necessary. Use
each noun only one time.

Screwdriver Change junk

stuff City
Thunder Garbage music
traffic river

1. I have some coins in my pocket. In other words, I have some ____________

in my pocket.
2. The Mississippi, the Amazon, and the Nile are well-known ___________ in
the world.
3. I like to listen to operas, symphonies, and folk songs. I enjoy ____________.
4. Since I came to the United States, I have visited Chicago, New York, and
Miami. I want to visit other __________before I return to my country.
5. The street is full of cars, trucks, and buses. This street always has heavy
________, especially during rush hour.
6. I put some banana peels, rotten food, and broken bottles in the waste can.
The can is full of ______________.
7. They have a rusty car without an engine, broken chairs, and an old
refrigerator in their front yard. Their yard is full of _____________.
8. Paul has books, pens, papers, notebooks, a clock, scissors, a tape recorder,
and some other things on his desk. He has a lot of ___________ on his desk.
9. The children got scared when they heard ___________ during the storm
10. Tools that are used to fasten screws into wood are called _______________.

45
 UNIT 1
A SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

A business may be privately owned in three important forms.

These are the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation.
The sole proprietorship is the most common in American business. More
than 80 percent of all businesses in the United States are sole
proprietorship.
Sole proprietorships, however, do not do the greatest volume of
business. They account for less than 16 percent of all business receipts.
What kind of business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? These small
businesses are very often service industries such as Laundromats, beauty
salons, repair shops, and restaurants.
A sole proprietorship does not need a lawyer to form a business.
The owner can start or stop the business whenever he likes. He also does
not need to consult partners or a board of directors, so he can put his
policies info effect quickly. He can decide his vacation, salary, hiring,
and firing. Besides that, a sole proprietorship has some of the risks. The
most important risk to remember is that it has unlimited liability. The
owner is responsible for all business debts. If there is a bankruptcy, he
will lose his own personal assets. Another thing to know is that he will
not get some of the tax benefits, other types of business get. A
bookkeeper is needed unless the owner can do the book himself.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
A. Complete Answer
1. What are three ways that a business can be privately owned?
2. What form do most American businesses have?
3. What form do most businesses in your country have?
4. Do sole proprietorships make the most money?
5. List some businesses that are likely to be sole proprietorships?
6. List some businesses that are not likely to be sole proprietorships?

1
B. True and False Answer (T-F), If it is False, Correct it!
1. In America, sole proprietorships are less than partnerships and
corporations. (……)
2. A sole proprietorship can be regarded as a big business like
service industries. (…...)
3. A bookkeeper is needed unless the owner can do the book
himself. (……)
4. One of the risks to be considered is that a sole proprietorship has
limited liability. (……)
5. If the business goes down, the owner can bear the bankruptcy
with his partner. (……)
6. Eighty four percent of all business receipts are from sole
proprietorships. (……)
7. Sole proprietorships account only a small part of all business
transactions. (……)
8. In opening the business, the owner has to consult with his partner.
(……)
VOCABULARY: Fill in the blanks with the words listed below:
- Corporation - Privately
- Forms - Service
- Account for - Business
- Receipts
1. A sole proprietorship is very often a small ……… that deals in a
service.
2. The ……… industries do not manufacture products.
3. Eighty four percent of all businesses ……… are not from sole
proprietorships.
4. Less than 20 percent of American businesses are partnerships or
………
5. Sole proprietorships ……… only a small part of all business
transactions.
6. Our bank is not public owned. It is ……… owned.
7. There are three important ……… of business ownership.

2
 CHAPTER 4
ARTICLES
1. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE – THE

The definite article the is the same for all genders in singular and in plural:
the boy, the girl, the cat, the computers. If the following word begins with a
vowel, we speak [ ]: the English girl, the orange book, the old school, the
uncle. If the following word begins with a consonant, we speak [ ]: the girl, the
book, the school, the unit.

WITHOUT THE DEFINITE WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

ARTICLE
General Words (Indefinite)
• Life is too short.
• I like flowers.
Names Of Persons On The Singular,
Relatives
• Peter and John live in London.
• Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles.
Public Buildings, Institutions, Means
Of Transport (Indefinite)
• Mandy doesn't like school.
• We go to school by bus.
• Some people go to church on
Sundays.
Names Of Countries In The Singular;
Summits Of Mountains; Continents;
Towns
Germany, France;
Mount Whitney, Mount McKinley;
Africa, Europe;
Cairo, New York
Single Islands
Corfu, Bermuda, Sicily
General Words (Definite)
• I've read a book on the life of Bill
Clinton.
• I like the flowers in your garden.
Family Names In The Plural
• The Smiths live in Chicago.
Public Buildings, Institutions, Means
Of Transport (Definite)
• The school that Mandy goes to is old.
• The bus to Dresden leaves at 7.40.
• The round church in Klingenthal is
famous.
Names Of Countries In The Plural;
Mountain Ranges; Regions
the United States of America, the
Netherlands; the Highlands, the Rocky
Mountains, the Alps; the Middle East,
the west of Australia
Groups Of Islands
the Bahamas, the British Islands, the
Canaries

46
 Parks; Lakes; Streets Name With Of-Phrase; Oceans; Seas;
Rivers
Central Park, Hyde Park; the Statue of Liberty, the Tower (of
Lake Michigan, Loch Ness; London), the Isle of Wight;
42nd Street, Oxford Street the Atlantic (Ocean);
the Mediterranean (Sea);
the Nile, the Rhine, the Suez Canal
Months, Days Of The Week Months, Days Of The Week (Definite)
(Indefinite)
• The weekend is over on Monday • I always remember the Monday when
morning. I had an accident.
• July and August are the most popular • The August of 2001 was hot and dry.
months for holidays.
 We use the seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) with or
without the definite article:
in summer or in the summer
 The American English word for autumn >fall< is always used with the
definite article.

2. INDEFINITE ARTICLE –A/AN

Indefinite article is used in singular count nouns only.

For example:
• a banana
• an hour
• an apple
• an orange
• etc.

47
Exercise 4.1
In the following dialogues, try to decide whether the sentences below would
probably use a/an or the.
1. I have idea. Let’s go on a picnic Saturday.
2. Did you have fun at picnic yesterday?
3. You’d better have good reason for being late!
4. Did you think ________ reason Jack gave for being late was believable?
5. My blue shirt is in the washing machine. I’ll have to wear _______ different
shirt.
6. I wish we had _______ washing machine.
7. What happened to your bicycle? _______ front wheel is bent.
8. I ran into ____ parked car when I swerved to avoid a big pot hole in the
street.
9. ______ radiator has a leak, and one of the wind shield wipers doesn’t work.
10. They’re in a closet in ________ front hallway.

Reading 5
Exercise 4.2
Fill the blank with the articles (a/an/the) or leave blank if not needed.

There is _1_ one deficiency in _2_ commuting data. It relates to _3_ units which
are often large and heterogeneous in _4_ character. _5_ [d]ata is presented in _6_
form of _7_ matrix or _8_ flows between _9_ administrative areas (_10_
Metropolitan, County, and Municipal Boroughs; Urban and Rural Districts).
This leads to particular difficulties in _11_ interpretation in _12_ rural areas.
Since one big rural area may be oriented towards as many as _13_ four different
towns, with no possibility of saying which pars of _14_ area are most strongly
orientated towards which towns. _15_ Dunmow Rural District, in Essex, is _16_
good example of this problem. In such _17_ case, it wa generally necessary to fit
_18_ entire rural district into _19_ hinterland of that centre to which it sent _20_
most commuters, though it would have been more realistic to draw _ 21_
hinterland boundaries within _22_ rural district itself. This would be possible
only if _23_ commuting statistics, and hence _24_ workplace statistics, were
coded and presented by _25_ Census on _26_ basis of _27_ wards and _28_ civil
parishes. But this limitation is _29_ minor one when set against _30_ general
richness and _31_ comprehensive character of _32_ commuting data.

(part of text taken from Ellman, 2014,p.136)

48
 UNIT 8
ECONOMIC MOTIVES

In general we may say that the primary economic motive of

industrials and business firm is to maximize their profits or to minimize
their losses. Or we may say it is the attempt to obtain the greatest
possible profit at the least possible cost. For business firm the profit or
the gains consist mainly in net income for the individual the gains
consists in the satisfaction of wants.
Even if all individuals attempted to maximize their economic
gains we would not expect them all to act in the same way. Some
individuals will prefer more leisure to the greater amount of goods and
other will be willing to work longer to obtain more goods. Differences in
temperament will also affect other aspects of economic conduct. Thus,
daring people may be willing to assume great risks when there is a
chance of large gains. Others will prefer security and will be content with
small gains if there appears to be little risks of loss.
We should expect more uniformity in business decision than in
the economic actions of individual consumers. Among businessmen,
however, there are both daring and cautious individuals just as in other
occupations. Even though businessmen may be guided by similar
motives, their decision will be different as they place different
interpretations upon facts. A fall in the price of a raw material, for
instance, may cause some businessmen to buy great stock of it. Others
may interpret the fall in price as a sign of a further decline and so may
decrease their purchases rather than increase them. These circumstances
are the reason why business planning in advance is so difficult. Not only
do we have to know the facts, we have also to estimate how the majority
of businessmen will react to them.

45
EXERCISE
A. Translate the text (A) into Indonesian!
B. Answer the following questions, basing your answer on the text!
1. What does a person have in mind if he wants ‘to maximize his
gains’ or ‘to minimize his losses’? (Use the term ‘greatest
possible’ and ‘less possible’)
2. Why should we not expect all individuals to act in the same way
in maximizing their economics gains?
3. In what way do daring people differ from cautious people in
economic conduct?
4. Do business decisions differ from individual economic actions?
5. Fill in the blanks: “If a certain raw material decreases in price,
some businessmen may …………… in order to make a profit.
Other businessmen may ……….… because they think prices may
fall still further.

C. Stay whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If
they are false, say why!
1. An individual attempts to obtain the greatest satisfaction from the
last dollar spent on each article. (………)
2. A businessman wants to make the greatest possible gain because
he is mainly thinking of his financial profits. (………)
3. People never take great risks in order to make a large gain.
(………)
4. All decision of business people show uniformity and are of the
same pattern. (………)
5. If we want to predict business events, we have to know the facts,
and people’s reactions to them. (………)

D. Find the words in the text for which the following pronouns are
substitutes!
1. Their (line 3) 4. Their (line 4) 7. Their (line 8)
2. Them (line 9) 5. Their (line 20) 8. Their (line 20)
3. It (line 22) 6. Them (line 24) 9. Them (line 27)

46
 CHAPTER 5
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
Adjective clause is a clause which is used as adjectives to modify nouns.
Common adjective clauses, those are:
• That, used to a thing/a person.
• Who, used to a person (as a subject).
• Whom, used to a person ( as an object).
• Whose, used for possessive.
• Which, used to a thing
• When, used for time.
• Where, used for place.

Examples:
a. The house that has the green shutters is for sale.
NOUN ADJ. CLAUSE

b. I thanked the woman who helped me.

NOUN ADJ. CLAUSE

c. The man whom I saw was Mr. Jones.

NOUN ADJ. CLAUSE

Note: who is usually used instead of whom, especially in speaking. Whom is

generally used only in very formal English.

d. I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.

NOUN ADJ. CLAUSE

e. The book which is on the table is mine.

NOUN ADJ. CLAUSE

f. The building where he lives is very old.

NOUN ADJ. CLAUSE

g. I’ll never forget the day when I met you.

NOUN ADJ. CLAUSE

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Exercise 5.1
Put the proper adjective clause in sentences below.
1. The student …. sits next to me is from China,
2. The book …. I read was good.
3. The doctor …. examined the sick child was very gentle.
4. The month …. the weather is usually hottest is July.
5. The town …. I grew up is small.

Exercise 5.2
Combine these pairs of sentences as in the example.

Example:
The services are useful.
The workers provide the services
>> The services which the workers provide are useful.

1. The goods are essential.

They need the goods.

2. The schools and hospitals are essential.

They provide the schools and hospital.

3. The goods are valuable.

He buys the goods.
4. The money buys essential commodities.
People earn this money.

5. The goods and services are very useful.

People produce these goods and services.

6. The work is called economic activity.

We do this work.

7. The work provides them with money.

People do this work

8. The economic activities make up the economic system.

People undertake these economic activities.

9. The book was good.

I read it.

10. I like the woman.

I met her at the party last night.

51
 UNIT 11
BANKING ACTIVITY

My name is Jane Carson, and I’m the manager of a saving bank in

Portland, Oregon. My bank is open every day from 08:30 in the morning
until 04:00 in the afternoon. On Fridays the bank remains open until
06:30 in the evening. Friday is our busiest day. Many people get their
paychecks on Fridays and they come in to deposit them. I find that on
Fridays I have to keep six windows open all day long. My bank tries very
hard to reduce the amount of time that customers have to wait for service.
We have many signs to remind people that they need their passbooks for
all transactions and that they must still fill out their deposit or withdrawal
slips completely. If our depositors cooperate with us we can
accommodate them with as few delays as possible.
Of course, people do forget. The tellers inform me that many
customers still forget to endorse their checks or try to open or close join
accounts with the signature of only one of the parties. But I hope my
program of information for customers will reduce such delays. Banking has
changed a lot in recent years. Computers now do much of the work that the
tellers used to do. As computers improve, they are able to accomplish more
difficult task and they help us serve our customer better.
Another important change in banking, especially for savings
banks, is the many different term-deposit accounts that are now available
to our customers. Since these certificates of deposit offer very high
interest rates, they help attract depositors to our bank. I make sure that
my staff always has the latest information about these accounts so that
they can advise our depositors correctly.
My bank is not a very large bank. The total of our current assets
and fixed assets comes to 15.550.000 dollars. I’m proud of our balance
sheet. Although some banks across the country are having difficulties,
my bank has more assets than liabilities. We are solvent and growing.

68
The numbers of customers we serve has increased this year and I expect
that it will continue to grow in the future.

EXERCISE
A. Vocabulary practice:
Select the answer that correctly completes these sentences!
1. An account that two depositors have together:
a. Joint account
b. Term-deposit account
c. Saving account
2. In order to withdraw money the bank requires your ……………
a. Depositor
b. Interest
c. Signature
3. The bank records all transactions of an account in the customers’
……………
a. Withdrawal slip
b. Assets
c. Passbook
4. Many banks work with so many different customers and accounts
that they need ……………to record all transactions.
a. Refrigerator
b. Computer
c. Calculator
5. You have to …………… your check in order to cash it.
a. Withdraw
b. Endorse
c. Accommodate
B. State whether the sentences are true (T) or false (F) based on the
reading!
1. Jane Carson’s bank closes at 03:00 p.m. on Fridays.
2. Fridays are very busy days at Jane Carson’s bank.

69
 3. Ms. Carson has an information program for customers.
4. Computers and term-deposit accounts have brought changes to
banks.
5. Jane Carson’s bank has more liabilities than assets.

C. Answer the following questions orally!

1. What does a bank manager do?
2. How many windows are open on Fridays?
3. Why do they need so many windows on Fridays?
4. What are some of the ways in which customers cause delays?
5. What does a depositor have to do to open or close a joint account?
6. Why are computers important to a bank?
7. How does term-deposit accounts help a bank get new customers?
8. Why does the bank manager want her staffs to have the latest
information on term-deposit accounts?
9. How much money does Jane Carson’s bank assets?
10. Why is Ms. Carson hopeful about the future of her bank?
D. Composition: Make a list of the most important aspects of Jane
Carson’s job!

E. Building Vocabulary: Match-making

Find the words in the right-hand column that match the words
closest in meaning in the left-hand column:
1. Percentage a Savings
2. Customer of a bank b. Joint-account
3. Person’s written name c. Rate
4. Money owed d. Slip
5. Two-party account e. Delay
6. Director f. Account
7. Piece of paper g. Manager
8. Money in the bank h. Depositor
9. Record i. Signature
10. Lateness j. Liabilities

70
Structure: Present Habit, Past Habit and Some Special
Patterns
1. Present Habit: Subject + be (is-am-are) + used to + Verb-1 +
ing
Ex: - I am used to reading the news paper in the morning.
- The teacher is used to explaining the new material before
he gives some quiz.
2. Past Habit:
a. Subject + used to + Verb-1.
Ex: Donny used to play kites with his friends when he was a
small boy.
b. Subject + be (was/were) used to + Verb-1 + ing
Ex: Donny was used to playing kites with his friends when
he was a small boy.
3. Some certain Verbs such as: ask, request, demand, permit, use,
prohibit in Passive Construction, consider (ing form): Subject +
Passive Construction + to + Verb-1
Ex: You are demanded to work hard; Sheila is not permitted
to go out with her boy friend.
4. Verbs such as: want, decide, like, have, expect, need, plan, (+
to + Verb-1)
Ex: I expect to get a good score for my English subject this
semester.
5. Some other Verbs such as: stop, like, start, practice, avoid, keep
on, can’t help, enjoy, fail, finish, look forward to (+ Verb-1 +
Ing).
Ex: I enjoy(ed) listening to the classical music very much.
6. Subject + (Had better – Would rather) + Verb-1
Ex: I would rather go home earlier

71
Exercise:
1. Many students __________ having lunch at the campus cafeteria
before having a math class.
a. Are used to
b. Used to
c. Use to
d. Were used
2. Mila __________ her seat a week before the departure if she
wants to go to Jakarta.
a. Had better to reserve
b. Had to better reserve
c. Had better reserve
d. Had to reserve better
3. Unlike most Europeans, many Americans __________ a bowl of
cereal for breakfast every day.
a. Used to eating
b. Are used to eat
c. Are used to eating
d. Use to eat
4. In Indonesia as early as ten years old, young boys enjoyed
__________ football.
a. To play
b. Playing
c. Played
d. The play
5. The hotel manager looked forward __________ from you as soon
as possible before Winter season.
a. To hear
b. To hearing
c. Hearing
d. To be heard

72
6. The architect is considering __________ an apartment in the
coastal areas of the tropical countries.
a. Building
b. To build
c. Built
d. To be built
7. Some foreign postgraduate students at Wisconsin University
failed __________ the entrance exam because they had not been
admitted yet.
a. To take
b. Take
c. Taking
d. Taken
8. In canning, heat can be used __________ bacteria and halt
enzymes activity in food.
a. To destroy
b. Destroy
c. Destroying
d. Destroyed

9. Mr. Guzman wanted spending more money on advertising after

A B C
consulting a marketing expert.
D
10. Mr. Gilden’s friends thoroughly enjoyed to plan his retirement
A B C D
party two weeks ago.
11. Guests who possibly delayed are asked registering for late arrival.
A B C D

73